Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Research Articles

Enhanced non-enzymatic glucose biosensor of ZnO nanostructure via Non-thermal plasma

Enhanced non-enzymatic glucose biosensor of ZnO nanostructure via Non-thermal plasma

PH-Dependent Morphology of Copper (II) Oxide in Hydrothermal Process and Their Photoelectrochemical Application for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor

In this study, we investigated the influence of pH on the hydrothermal synthesis of copper (II) oxide CuO nanostructures with the aim of tuning their morphology. By varying the pH of the reaction medium, we successfully produced CuO nanostructures with three distinct morphologies including nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanosheets according to the pH levels of 4, 7, and 12, respectively. The observed variations in surface morphology are attributed to fluctuations in growth rates across different crystal facets, which are influenced by the presence of intermediate species within the reaction. This report also compared the structural and optical properties of the synthesized CuO nanostructures and explored their potential for photoelectrochemical glucose sensing. Notably, CuO nanoparticles and nanorods displayed exceptional performance with calculated limits of detection of 0.69 nM and 0.61 nM, respectively. Both of these morphologies exhibited a linear response to glucose within their corresponding concentration ranges (3–20 nM and 20–150 nM). As a result, CuO nanorods appear to be a more favorable photoelectrochemical sensing method because of the large surface area as well as the lowest solution resistance in electroimpedance analysis compared to CuO nanoparticles and nanosheets forms. These findings strongly suggest the promising application of hydrothermal-synthesized CuO nanostructures for ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical glucose biosensors.

MOF-derived NiCo hydroxide for highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensing

An efficient and robust electrocatalyst is significant for glucose biosensing. The emergence of metal–organic framework (MOF) derived materials opens up new avenues for the development of high-performance glucose sensing catalysts. Herein, MOF derived nickel-cobalt hydroxide supported on conductive copper sheet (NiCo-OH/Cu sheet) is prepared at room temperature. The as-obtained NiCo-OH is endowed with three-dimensional network structure which enables the effective exposure of active materials, sufficient contact between glucose molecule and catalyst. The NiCo-OH/Cu sheet is revealed as good glucose electrochemical sensing material with a wide linear range of 0.05∼6.0 mM and a high sensitivity of 1340 μA mM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the as-fabricated NiCo-OH/Cu sheet displays good anti-interference ability and long-term stability.

Highly Efficient Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Copper Metal Organic Framework Coated on Graphite Sheet

Detection of glucose is highly informative, creating a constant demand for fabricating high-precision glucose biosensors. Metal–organic frameworks, a family of porous materials renowned for their tunability, can be an excellent choice for developing such sensors. We have developed a highly-sensitive, non-enzymatic sensor for electrochemical detection of glucose fabricated using Copper Metal–Organic Framework (Cu MOF), synthesized by a simple, room-temperature stirring method using Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (BTC) as ligand and Copper nitrate trihydrate as precursor. The synthesized nanostructure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analytical techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction study and thermogravimetric analysis were also done. Further, Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller analysis revealed the porous nature of Cu MOF. The materials exhibited strong electro-catalytic activity for glucose oxidation as revealed from cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric studies done under alkaline pH conditions. The Cu MOF deposited on a conducting graphite sheet electrode displayed a significantly low detection limit of 0.019 mM through a broad detection range (1–15 mM) and a strong sensitivity of 229.4 μAmM−1 cm2. Overall, the Cu MOF/GS exhibits exceptional stability, short response time (less than 1 s), and good repeatability and reproducibility, making it a promising future material for non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Bamboo-derived activated carbon-functionalized ZnO NPs for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Recently, bamboo activated carbon (BAC) attracted the researchers with considerable attention and as electrode material for biosensor application, due to its high surface to volume ratio, low cost, easy of synthesis, good stability, and better profit in the matter of commercialization. The present work report the synthesis of bamboo activated carbon and functionalization of bamboo carbon with ZnO nanoparticles through the green approached method with different weight ratios for non-enzymatic glucose biosensing. Moreover, bamboo leaves work as a capping and stabilizing agent for the functionalization of activated carbon. As synthesized BAC, biosynthesized ZnO and BAC functionalized ZnO NPs with different ratios of ZnO/BAC1wt%, ZnO/BAC 2 wt% and ZnO/BAC 3 wt% were analyzed with nano-characterization tools such as XRD, FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, FESEM, EDX analysis, TEM. As fabricated modified electrodes ZnO/BAC 2 wt% showed better conductivity followed by ZnO/BAC 3 wt% and ZnO/BAC1wt%. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the modified ZnO/BAC 2 wt% /Screen printed gold electrode (SPCE) exhibited good catalytic nature towards the enzyme-free glucose oxidation and the results showed an excellent sensitivity of 5048.61 μA mM−1 Cm−2, the limit of detection 0.40 μM with linearity of 1–2 mM with better stability and repeatability. This proves that a fabricated ZnO/BAC 2 wt% /SPCE sensor will be a cost-effective biosensor.

Synthesis of CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs for their applications as nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors.

Copper selenide (CuSe) is an inorganic binary compound which exhibits metallic behavior with zero band gap. CuSe has multiple applications in electrocatalysis, photothermal therapy, flexible electronic and solar cells. In the current study, copper selenide based nanocomposites CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs were synthesized by using the sol-gel method for application as a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor. Different characterization methods were employed, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence for determining various aspects of CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites including phase formation, functional group analysis, band gaps and morphology. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the resistances of modified electrode/bare electrode were 12.3 kΩ/17.3 kΩ and 6.3 kΩ/17.3 kΩ for CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry showed that both CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites are promising biosensors for detection and monitoring of the glucose level in an analyte. The sensitivity and limit of detection are 2328 μA mM-1 cm-2/0.2 μM and 4157 μA mM-1 cm-2/0.3 μM for CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs, respectively. Chronoamperometry confirmed that our nanocomposite was the best sensor for glucose even in the presence of other interferents like ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA).

Investigation of Glucose Sensing via Controlled Copper Concentration in CuO for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor

Non-enzymatic glucose sensors have emerged as pivotal tools for monitoring blood glucose levels, offering advantages over traditional enzymatic methods in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. This study explores the utilization of a simple and low-cost method for preparation of copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures to look for the non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Morphological and structural analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray diffraction of synthesized CuO nanostructures revealed nearly same size, shape, and a pure monoclinic crystal structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the monoclinic phase. More importantly, we employed CuO nanostructures-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) to investigate the glucose sensing and sensing parameters. The electrodes exhibited comparable sensitivity, selectivity, and an extended dynamic range 0.4–0.6 V applied potentials with regard to earlier reports. Amperometric responses of lower concentration based synthesized CuO sample recorded at 0.5 V unveiled a low limit of detection of 5.9 μM, a sensitivity of approximately 10.6 μA/(mM·cm2), and a rapid 2 s response time. Manipulating the CuO-nanostructures and integrating on the GCE can offer a promising opportunity for enhanced non-enzymatic glucose sensing with high sensitivity, selectivity, and broad dynamic range towards utility in real-time glucose monitoring, contributing to improved healthcare diagnostics and diabetes management.

A sensitive non-enzymatic dual-conductive biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring

BackgroundDiabetes and diabetic wound management have always been urgent issues for global healthcare. In the demand for blood glucose monitoring and wound management, phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based glucose biosensors are effective assistance due to their excellent glucose specificity, high sensitivity, and response stability. Nevertheless, PBA-based glucose biosensors still have challenges in terms of wide linearity and large deformation requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop PBA-based glucose biosensors with satisfactory mechanical properties, high response sensitivity, excellent stability, and wide linearity. ResultsIn this work, a glucose-responsive PBA-based biosensor was successfully synthesized for the first time. The sensor materials exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an elongation at break reached up to 1000%, and the healing efficiency was over 90% within 30 min at 45 °C. Furthermore, the biosensor exhibited exceptional electromechanical responsiveness, stability, high sensitivity, and wide linearity due to the specificity of phenylboronic acid to glucose and the construction of a special HCNT/PEDOT:PSS dual conductive structure. In addition, the assembled biosensor displayed remarkable glucose, pH and temperature responses, exhibiting a linear response to glucose concentration range from 0.20 mM to 2.0 mM, with a sensitivity coefficient of 47.11 mA mM−1 and regression coefficient of 0.942. Moreover, the sensor materials showed satisfactory cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. SignificanceFor the first time, a dual conductive structural glucose biosensor based on PBA-based copolymer was synthesized. In addition to excellent glucose sensitivity and response stability, the biosensor has a wide linearity range, excellent self-healing property, and satisfactory mechanical performance. As a promising substitute for non-enzymatic glucose biosensors, this new material with special structure and characteristics would also be beneficial to wound management in diabetic patients.

Electrodeposited Fabrication of CeO2 Branched-like Nanostructure Used for Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor

The fabrication of nonenzymatic glucose sensors is essential because of the enhancement in the selectivity and accuracy of these sensors. In this work, we used the electrodeposition approach to prepare a CeO2-based electrode for nonenzymatic glucose detection. A CeO2 branched-like nanostructure was successfully fabricated by electrodeposition on the surface of a Au substrate electrode at room temperature. The effects of cyclic voltammetry, CH3COOH content, and scan cycle number on the formation of the CeO2 branched-like nanostructure were investigated. The fabricated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that a CeO2 branched-like nanostructure could be obtained with a CH3COOH content of 1.0 mL and a scan cycle number of 100 in a solution containing 0.015 M Ce(NO3)3, 0.01 M KCl, and 0.02 M CH3COONH4 and with a scan rate of 400 mV/s. The electrochemical characteristics of the sensor were examined by chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the sensitivity of the sensor was 37.72 μA/mM·cm2 and the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor was 0.093 mM. The findings in this work prove that it is feasible to fabricate CeO2-based sensors for nonenzymatic glucose detection.

Ultrasmall platinum nanoclusters densely immobilized on hairy metal organic framework for nonenzymatic glucose detection

Rational design of non-enzymatic nanomaterials that possess the similar functions to natural enzymes holds great promise in chemical and biological molecule detection. In this work, a non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for detection of glucose was developed based on poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) grafted UiO-66 metal organic framework decorated with ultrafine platinum nanoclusters (PtNCs). The as-fabricated UiO-66-g-P2VP/PtNCs nanocomposite was then placed on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode to construct non-enzymatic glucose biosensor for electrochemical detection of glucose in alkaline electrolyte. The resulting UiO-66-g-P2VP/PtNCs/ITO modified electrode showed two linear responses over glucose concentration ranging of 0.01–5 mM and 5–18 mM with a low detection limit of 2.18 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the UiO-66-g-P2VP/PtNCs/ITO serving as an electrochemical biosensor was successfully applied to the rapid determination of glucose in human serum sample with a desirable result. Our findings pave the way for design and development of a promising artificial enzyme for the construction of high performance sensing platform.

Inorganic Chemistry in Dalian University of Technology: Fundamental Science and Solution for Renewable Energy, Environment, Health, and Materials

Inorganic Chemistry in Dalian University of Technology: Fundamental Science and Solution for Renewable Energy, Environment, Health, and Materials

Highly efficient and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on flower-shaped CuO-colloid nanoparticles decorated with graphene-modified nanocomposite electrode

In this work, copper nanoparticles were synthesized through the colloidal and solution combustion method, and their electrochemical properties were evaluated using three electrode systems to detect glucose content. The solution combustion method using the fuels glycine (Gly) and hydrazine (Hyd) produces nanoparticles with amorphous spherical forms and a small flake-like structure. The colloidal method yields Cu-Colloid nanoparticles that have a homogenous phase and a flower-like structure with high electro-oxidative current due to the large surface area of the developed nanoparticle which is in contact with the glucose. A glucose biosensor was then fabricated using the developed colloidal copper nanoparticles modified with graphene-coated on indium-coated tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate (Flower shaped-CuO/G/ITO) as a working electrode. The copper nanoparticles were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer, UV–VIS spectrometer, Transmission, and Scanning electron microscope for crystalline, morphological, surface studies with 10–20 nm in diameter, 280–310 nm absorption range, and energy bandgap of 1.45ev. The lower detection limit of 1 μmol L−1, the sensitivity of 1610 μA mM−1 cm−2, and the linear range of 1 μMto μ850 M at an applied potential of +0.60 V vs. Ag/AgCl was obtained for the developed nanocomposite electrode. The developed bioelectrode shows good stability and reproducibility with less response time making it a promising electrode for developing a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor.

Molybdenum-cobalt micro-nano interface assisted ultrasensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

In the present work, we report highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose biosensor using novel hybrid CoOOH nanospheres decorated MoO3 nanobelts (MoCo). MoCo nanocomposite exhibits superior sensing properties toward glucose detection due to its improved electron transfer capability along with the large surface area. The biosensor achieved an excellent linear range within the concentration of 0.001–1.0 mM correspond to the amperometric current response was obtained from GCE/MoCo/Nafion electrode. The biosensing electrode is resulted a linear regression coefficient (R2 = 0.9959) and limit of detection (LOD) is 56 µM at (S/N = 3). The performance optimization of the biosensor was performed at a different operating temperature subjected to successive glucose additions. A remarkable selectivity is obtained against to the glucose at presence of different interfering substance and long-term stability of 30 days reached without a noticeable decay in the amperometric current response.

Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors: Latest Advances and Perspectives

Over the sixty years since glucose biosensor was introduced, development of glucose biosensor had experienced three generations. Considering the increasing demand of glucose biosensor, research and development has been carried out for more promising nonenzymatic glucose biosensor. Compared to the traditional enzyme-based glucose biosensor, nonenzymatic sensor is more capable to continuous glucose detection and has higher stability. Additionally, nonenzymatic glucose biosensor has a lower fabrication cost, which can be beneficial to the wide range of patients with the need for constant checking for blood glucose concentration. This paper introduces two proposed nonenzymatic glucose detection models: activated chemisorption and incipient hydrous oxide adatom mediator. As the developing trend of glucose biosensors is toward wearable and continuous glucose monitoring, two wearable sensors and working principles are introduced. This paper describes the application progress of different types of materials in enzyme-free blood glucose sensors, puts forward the existing problems in the application of enzyme-free blood glucose sensors, and looks forward to its future application prospects.

Synthesis of CuO Nanrods Using Chemical Bath Deposition for a Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor

In the present research, CuO NRs are produced on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) using (CBD) growth process, and their electrochemical characteristics for glucose biosensors are studied. A field emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, energy dispersive x-ray, and UV-VIS spectroscopy were used to examine the morphology and crystallinity of a CuO film. The synthesized CuO film displays a monoclinic phase with average crystallite sizes of around (18–25) nm. CuO is composed of NRs aggregating together to construct flower and flower bud-like shape structures with a diameter between (20-80) nm and a thickness of the CuO film is about (158.5-285.7) nm. The energy gap of CuO NRs was 2.55 eV. The I-V characteristics of the biosensors were measured and evaluated at various glucose concentrations to determine their sensitivity. The electrocatalytic performance of the CuO for the detection of glucose was outstanding. With a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45 μM and a sensitivity of 799 µA cm-2 Mm-1, the electrode attained a wide linear range from 0.5 to 2 mM. This result highlights the sensor's tremendous potential as a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor that makes use of an original, cost-effective, and straightforward sensor design.

Facile synthesis of a CuSe/PVP nanocomposite for ultrasensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensing.

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensors show high sensitivity, lower response time, wide linear range and low cost. Copper based composites show excellent electrocatalytic tunability and lead to a better charge transfer in electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. In this work, a nanocomposite of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and copper selenide was synthesized by a facile one pot sol gel method. Synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, EDS and XPS techniques. Electrochemical behavior was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impendence (EIS) and chronoamperometry techniques. XRD analysis revealed a hexagonal structure and crystalline nature of CuSe/PVP. FTIR spectra depicted C-N bonding at 1284 cm-1 and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O stretching at 1634 cm-1, which indicated the presence of PVP in the nanocomposite. Stretching at 823 cm-1 was attributed to the presence of copper selenide. UV-visible absorption indicated the bandgap of copper selenide/PVP at 2.7 eV. SEM analysis revealed a flake like morphology of CuSe/PVP. EDS and XPS analysis confirmed the presence of copper and selenium in the prepared nanocomposite. Prior to employing for biosensing applications, it is important to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nanomaterials for long term use in biological in vitro testing. These materials have shown an efficient inhibition zone of 26 mm against Gram negative Pseudomonas at 50 μg ml-1 and MIC value of 10 μg ml-1. Cyclic voltammetry shows that CuSe/PVP is a promising biosensor for monitoring glucose levels in a wide linear range of 0.5 mM to 3 mM at an excellent sensitivity of 13 450 μA mM-1 cm-2 with an LOD of 0.223 μM. Chronoamperometry measurements revealed a selective behavior of CuSe/PVP for glucose biosensing amongst ascorbic acid and dopamine as common interfering molecules. The nanocomposite was stable after 8 repeated cycles with 92% retention for glucose sensing capacity. This is attributed to the stable nature of the CuSe/PVP nanocomposite as well as higher surface area of available active sites. Herein the CuSe/PVP nanocomposite offered reasonable selectivity, high sensitivity wide linear range with very low LOD, as well as being abundant in nature, this Cu based biosensor has promising applications for future point of care tests (POCT).

Surface specific adsorption of glucose to ZnO.

ZnO is bio-safe and hence, may be a potential candidate for direct use as a glucose sensor. This requires an understanding of the interaction of glucose with four common surfaces, (101̄0), (112̄0), (0001) and (0001̄) of ZnO. We carry out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enhanced by umbrella sampling of a glucose molecule in a solvent over a hydrated ZnO slab. The slab is obtained by quantum mechanical optimization. We observe that hydration layers formed above the surfaces affect the approach of glucose to the surfaces. Potential of mean force (PMF) calculations show that the (101̄0) surface shows the strongest adsorption of adsorption free energy -6.81 kJ mol-1 towards glucose. Thus, we offer a theoretical understanding on the interactions at the nano-bio junction of glucose and ZnO surfaces. Our study suggests that the (101̄0) surface may be used to fabricate a direct glucose sensor.

Highly Selective and Sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on Polypyrrole-Borophene Nanocomposite

In this study, a non-enzymatic glucose sensor composed of two-dimensional (2D) borophene-decorated polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposites (NCs) was developed. The PPy-borophene NCs were prepared using a low-cost sonication method. The sensing performance of the PPy-borophene NCs was investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique against various biomolecules such as glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose, and urea. According to the electrochemical results, it was observed that in the glucose concentration range of 1.5 to 24 mM within a voltammetric cycle of 1 min, the PPy-based sensor and PPy-borophene NCs-based sensor exhibited sensitivities of 11.88 μAmM−1 cm−2 and 213.42 μAmM−1 cm−2, respectively. The detection limits of the PPy-based and PPy-borophene NCs-based sensors were determined to be 0.5 µM and 0.04 µM, respectively. Furthermore, selectivity measurement results revealed that the proposed non-enzymatic biosensor has remarkably good sensitivity and high selectivity, indicating that common biomolecules (glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose, and urea) could be captured by the sensor. Consequently, it was proven that the proposed biosensor could be a potential device for diabetes diagnosis.

Hydrothermally synthesized nickel cobalt oxide for bifunctional electrochemical supercapacitor and nonenzymatic glucose biosensor

Herein, various nickel cobalt oxide nanostructures with different Ni concentrations are prepared via a hydrothermal route followed by annealing process for an electrochemical supercapacitor as well as a nonenzymatic glucose biosensor. The electrode synthesized on carbon cloth using Ni0.9Co2.1O4 nanosheet-like morphology showed a maximum 516.51 F g−1 specific capacitance at 10 mV s−1 scan rate and the cyclic stability of 87.7% over 2000 GCD cycles. The electrode prepared with Ni0.3Co2.7O4 on CC offered a linear response from 0 to 0.3 mM glucose concentration and exhibited a maximum of 759.5 µA mM−1 cm−2 glucose sensitivity.

Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode.

This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.