Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Research Articles

A New Non-Enzymatic Amperometric Sensor Based on Nickel Decorated ZIF-8 Derived Carbon Nanoframe for the Glucose Determination in Blood Samples

The present study demonstrated a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensor in real blood samples based on simple evaluated nickel deposited on N-doped porous carbon modified glassy carbon el ...

Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on NiNPs/Nafion/Graphene Film for Direct Glucose Determination in Human Serum

This study describes a type of novel nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) decorated on Nafion-graphene composite film by using the electrochemical deposition method. It was used to fabricate electrochemical biosensors for sensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection. Compared with the Nafion–graphene film and NiNPs-modified glassy carbon electrode (NiNPs-GCE), the NiNPs/Nafion/graphene/GCE showed the best electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation in alkaline medium. The NiNPs/Nafion/graphene/GCE at an applied potential of [Formula: see text]0.55[Formula: see text]V in a linear range of 1–200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M presented a high sensitivity of 3437.25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]mM[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with coefficient of correlation [Formula: see text]; and in a linear range of 200–10[Formula: see text]800[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M it performed the best sensitivity of 2848.6[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]mM[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with coefficient of correlation [Formula: see text] towards glucose oxidation. For a concentration up to 200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M, a linear range was obtained with a limit of detection of 0.6[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M (signal to noise [Formula: see text] 3) and as much as 10[Formula: see text]800[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M with a limit of detection of 0.82[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M (signal to noise [Formula: see text] 3). The time of responses was about 1–1.5[Formula: see text]s with the addition of 0.1–1[Formula: see text]mM glucose. In addition, NiNPs/Nafion/graphene/GCE also has a high anti-interference ability toward common oxidative interfering species, such as uric acid, ascorbic acid and dopamine. More importantly, NiNPs/Nafion/graphene/GCE was successfully used for the determination of glucose concentration in human serum samples in comparison with a local hospital. The NiNPs/Nafion/graphene/GCE exhibited high sensitivity, low working potential, good stability, excellent electrical properties, enhanced selectivity and fast amperometric responses to glucose oxidation. Thus, as a nonenzymatic sensor, it is promising for future glucose determination development.

Rational Design of Yolk-Shell CuO/Silicalite-1@mSiO2 Composites for a High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor.

In this study, an interface coassembly strategy is employed to rationally synthesize a yolk-shell CuO/silicalite-1@void@mSiO2 composite consisting of silicalite-1 supported CuO nanoparticles confined in the hollow space of mesoporous silica, and the obtained composite materials were used as a novel nonenzymatic biosensor for highly sensitive and selective detecting glucose with excellent anti-interference ability. The synthesis of CuO/silicalite-1@mSiO2 includes four steps: coating silicalite-1 particles with resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer (RF), immobilization of copper species, interface deposition of a mesoporous silica layer, and final calcination in air to decompose RF and form CuO nanoparticles. The unique hierarchical porous structure with mesopores and micropores is beneficial to selectively enrich glucose for fast oxidation into gluconic acid. Besides, the mesopores in the silica shell can effectively inhibit the large interfering substances or biomacromolecules diffusing into the void as well as the loss of CuO nanoparticles. The hollow chamber inside serves as a nanoreactor for glucose oxidation catalyzed by the active CuO nanoparticles, which are spatially accessible for glucose molecules. The nonenzymatic glucose biosensors based on CuO/silicalite-1@mSiO2 materials show excellent electrocatalytic sensing performance with a wide linear range (5-500 μM), high sensitivity (5.5 μA·mM-1·cm-2), low detection limit (0.17 μM), and high selectivity against interfering species. Furthermore, the unique sensors even display a good capability in the determination of glucose in real blood serum samples.

Preparing cuprous oxide nanomaterials by electrochemical method for non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanostructure has been synthesized using an electrochemical method with a two-electrode system. Cu foils were used as electrodes and NH2(OH) was utilized as the reducing agent. The effects of pH and applied voltages on the morphology of the product were investigated. The morphology and optical properties of Cu2O particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and diffuse reflectance spectra. The synthesized Cu2O nanostructures that formed in the vicinity of the anode at 2 V and pH = 11 showed high uniform distribution, small size, and good electrochemical sensing. These Cu2O nanoparticles were coated on an Indium tin oxide substrate and applied to detect non-enzyme glucose as excellent biosensors. The non-enzyme glucose biosensors exhibited good performance with high response, good selectivity, wide linear detection range, and a low detection limit at 0.4 μM. Synthesized Cu2O nanostructures are potential materials for a non-enzyme glucose biosensor.

A flexible and highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on DVD-laser scribed graphene substrate

Flexible and implantable glucose biosensors are emerging technologies for continuous monitoring of blood-glucose of diabetes. Developing a flexible conductive substrates with high active surface area is critical for advancing the technology. Here, we successfully fabricate a flexible and highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose by using DVD-laser scribed graphene (LSG) as a flexible conductively substrate. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are electrodeposited as the catalyst. The LSG/Cu-NPs sensor demonstrates excellent catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation and exhibits a linear glucose detection range from 1 μM to 4.54 mM with high sensitivity (1.518 mA mM−1 cm−2) and low limit of detection (0.35 μM). Moreover, the LSG/Cu-NPs sensor shows excellent reproducibility and long-term stability. It is also highly selective toward glucose oxidation under the presence of various interfering species. Excellent flexing stability is also demonstrated by the LSG/Cu-NPs sensor, which is capable of maintaining 83.9% of its initial current after being bent against a 4-mm diameter rod for 180 times. The LSG/Cu-NPs sensor shows great potential for practical application as a nonenzymatic glucose biosensor. Meanwhile, the LSG conductive substrate provides a platform for the developing next-generation flexible and potentially implantable bioelectronics and biosensors.

Influence of mesoporous defect induced mixed-valent NiO (Ni2+/Ni3+)-TiO2 nanocomposite for non-enzymatic glucose biosensors

An extraordinary sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor has been demonstrated based on the electrochemically highly stable NiO-TiO2 mixed oxide comprising the defect induced mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles with Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions scattered on the surface. The defects on TiO2 nanoparticles have been successfully introduced using NiO to investigate the interfacial properties between NiO and TiO2. This defect induced interfacial behavior was characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses. The obtained mixed oxide NiO-TiO2 nanocomposite dispersion was drop casted on glassy carbon electrode to form a NiO-TiO2/GCE modified electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The defects along with high surface area of mixed oxide enabled excellent electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation with sensitivity of 24.85 μA mM−1 cm−2 and detection limit of 0.7 μM (S/N = 3). The Ni ions scattered on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles, enabling effective charge transfer process, circumventing the agglomeration during prolonged detection, and resulting the unprecedented long-term stability and sensitivity. Thus, this defect induced mesoporous metal oxide nanocomposite is an outstanding candidate for application as redox active material in electrochemical biosensors.

One-step synthesis of non-symmetric CuI nanoplates for a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

A novel non-symmetric CuI nanoplate with only one side covered with teeth-like tips shows highly enhanced biosensor sensitivity.

Three-dimensional Co3O4@MWNTs nanocomposite with enhanced electrochemical performance for nonenzymatic glucose biosensors and biofuel cells.

Three-dimensional nanoarchitectures of Co3O4@multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Co3O4@MWNTs) were synthesized via a one-step process with hydrothermal growth of Co3O4 nanoparticles onto MWNTs. The structure and morphology of the Co3O4@MWNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic mechanism of the Co3O4@MWNTs was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Co3O4@MWNTs exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation in alkaline medium and could be used in nonenzymatic electrochemical devices for glucose oxidation. The open circuit voltage of the nonenzymatic glucose/O2 fuel cell was 0.68 V, with a maximum power density of 0.22 mW cm−2 at 0.30 V. The excellent electrochemical properties, low cost, and facile preparation of Co3O4@MWNTs demonstrate the potential of strongly coupled oxide/nanocarbon hybrid as effective electrocatalyst in glucose fuel cells and biosensors.

NiCo2O4 nanoneedle-decorated electrospun carbon nanofiber nanohybrids for sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensors

Abstract Binary metal oxides, especially NiCo2O4, hold great promise as electrode materials for high-performance sensors because of their excellent electrical conductivity compared to mono-metal oxides. Herein, NiCo2O4 nanoneedle arrays on network electrospun carbon nanofibers membrance (NiCo2O4/ECF) is developed for non-enzymatic glucose biosensor. The NiCo2O4/ECF is synthesised via a facile one-pot hydrothermal process. The obtained NiCo2O4/ECF nanohybrids show unique three-dimensional architecture with good crystallinity, in which NiCo2O4 nanoneedles are uniformly grown on the ECF skeletons. Benefiting from the synergistic effects between well-dispersed NiCo2O4 nanoneedles and conductive ECF networks, the NiCo2O4/ECF hybrids present a wide linear range of 0.005–19.175 mM (R = 0.998), a low detection limit of 1.5 μM (S/N = 3), and a sensitivity of 1947.2 μA mM−1 cm−2 for glucose detection. The as-fabricated biosensor also exhibits long-term stability, high selectivity and good practicability. Furthermore, the sensor is also applied in real serum samples with satisfactory results. This study demonstrates that NiCo2O4/ECF is a unique material with promising potential in glucose sensing.

Self-assembly of phenoxyl-dextran on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide for nonenzymatic biosensing of glucose

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) has attracted considerable interest in the electrochemical biosensing field. In this work, the π−π stacking assembly of phenoxyl-dextran (DexP) and sensitive electrochemical stripping analysis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on the ERGO surface are conducted to develop a novel nonenzymatic glucose biosensing method. Concanavalin A (Con A) was covalently linked with Au NP to obtain a nanoprobe, which was used for the specific biorecognition of glucose at the ERGO/DexP biosensor. Based on the glucose-Con A-dextran competition reaction, the Au NP/Con A nanoprobes were quantitatively captured onto the biosensor surface. Through the electrochemical stripping analysis of Au NPs, sensitive signal transduction was achieved. ERGO not only enables the simple preparation of the biosensor but also improves the sensitivity of the method greatly. The high specificity of the Con A biorecognition and the relatively positive potential range for the gold stripping analysis exclude well the signal interferences involving in the conventional electrochemical glucose biosensors. Thus such a nonenzymatic glucose biosensing method featuring excellent performance, low cost and convenient signal transduction provides a great potential for the diabetes diagnosis application.

Fully nozzle-jet printed non-enzymatic electrode for biosensing application

The progress in developing the electrochemical sensors for biomolecule detection requires a facile device fabrication method. Herein, we report printing of silver (Ag) precursor and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) inks by nozzle-jet technique to fabricate non-enzymatic glucose biosensor on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The fully printed CuO NPs/Ag/PET electrodes were characterized using electrochemical techniques for non-enzymatic biosensing of glucose. The fully printed non-enzymatic biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity (1424.2 μA mM−1 cm−2), linear range from 0.1 to 15 mM, low detection limit (0.3 μM; S/N = 3) and fast response time of ∼2 s under a working potential of +0.6 V. Additionally, printed electrodes demonstrated an excellent long term stability, high reproducibility, good selectivity and high accuracy during glucose concentration measurements in human blood and serum samples. These results indicate that the electrode fabrication using nozzle-jet printing can be regarded as a potential technique for the future development of high performance and low cost bio/chemical sensor devices.

Microwave Deposition of Palladium Catalysts on Graphite Spheres and Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets for Electrochemical Glucose Sensing.

This work outlines a synthetic strategy inducing the microwave-assisted synthesis of palladium (Pd) nanocrystals on a graphite sphere (GS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supports, forming the Pd catalysts for non-enzymatic glucose oxidation reaction (GOR). The pulse microwave approach takes a short period (i.e., 10 min) to fast synthesize Pd nanocrystals onto a carbon support at 150 °C. The selection of carbon support plays a crucial role in affecting Pd particle size and dispersion uniformity. The robust design of Pd-rGO catalyst electrode displays an enhanced electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity toward GOR. The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to the synergetic effect that combines small crystalline size and two-dimensional conductive support, imparting high accessibility to non-enzymatic GOR. The rGO sheets serve as a conductive scaffold, capable of fast conducting electron. The linear plot of current response versus glucose concentration exhibits good correlations within the range of 1–12 mM. The sensitivity of the Pd-rGO catalyst is significantly enhanced by 3.7 times, as compared to the Pd-GS catalyst. Accordingly, the Pd-rGO catalyst electrode can be considered as a potential candidate for non-enzymatic glucose biosensor.

A Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on the Regulatory Effect of Glucose on Electrochemical Behaviors of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles on MoS₂†.

A novel and highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose biosensor was developed by nucleating colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on MoS2. The facile fabrication method, high reproducibility (97.5%) and stability indicates a promising capability for large-scale manufacturing. Additionally, the excellent sensitivity (9044.6 μA·mM−1·cm−2), low detection limit (0.03 μM), appropriate linear range of 0.1–1000 μM, and high selectivity suggests that this biosensor has a great potential to be applied for noninvasive glucose detection in human body fluids, such as sweat and saliva.

Introducing Schottky interface as a novel strategy for ultrasensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection

A novel nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on Schottky interface was successfully fabricated by facile annealed and sputtering methods. The multiple catalysis effect of NiO, Au and 3D architecture improved the catalytic activity towards glucose. In addition, the biosensing performance was enhanced significantly due to the introducing of Schottky interface. Consequently, the fabricated biosensor demonstrated excellent performance in sensing glucose with a high sensitivity (6302.25μAmM1cm2), low detection limit (1.16μM), good repeatability and long-term stability. The results indicated that introducing Schottky interface can be a promising strategy in the development of nonenzymatic glucose biosensors.

From MOF membrane to 3D electrode: a new approach toward an electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

A three-dimensional (3D) nickel oxide (NiO) catalytic electrode was fabricated by annealing Ni2(L-asp)2bipy MOF membrane and was subsequently applied for electrochemical glucose sensor. This 3D self-supported MOF membrane precursor provided uniform and porous architecture, and it was used for fabricating 3D NiO electrode in the first time. The SEM and XRD data showed that the NiO was evenly distributed on Ni mesh and complete transformation from Ni2(L-asp)2bipy to NiO. This catalytic electrode, using a chronoamperometric approach, demonstrated linear range up to 400 μM with high sensitivity of 478.9 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low limit of detection of 4.34 μM. Uric acid, urea and ascorbic acid showed negligible interferences to the detection of glucose. The excellent performance of this electrode was attributed to the uniformly distributed NiO on the Ni substrate, direct electron transformation from Ni substrate to electrochemical active NiO and the porosity of such electrode design.

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on palladium-copper oxide nanocomposites synthesized via galvanic replacement reaction

A non-enzymatic glucose sensor was fabricated facilely by immobilization of bimetallic Cu2O@Pd nanocomposites onto the surface of a pretreated bare glassy electrode via the galvanic replacement reaction. The morphology and composition of the hollow-cubic Cu2O@Pd nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The electrocatalytic properties of the modified electrode towards glucose oxidation were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The hollow-cubic Cu2O@Pd nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode showed high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of glucose in alkaline media due to the facile mass transport of the hollow-cubic structure and the synergistic and bifunctional effects between Pd and Cu2O. Under experimentally optimal conditions, the designed sensor showed a linear range from 0.49μM to 8.0mM with a current sensitivity of 19.44μAmM−1 and a low detection limit of 0.16μM. Furthermore, high selectivity, favorable reproducibility, and long-term performance stability were observed. In addition, test results demonstrated that optimized electrodes can be applied to determining the glucose in real blood serum samples. All these observations manifest that the hollow-cubic Cu2O@Pd nanocomposites modified electrodes are potential candidates for routine glucose analysis.

3D CuO nanosheet wrapped nanofilm grown on Cu foil for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose biosensor electrode

3D binder-free CuO nanosheets wrapped nanofilms has been in situ synthesized on Cu substrate by a simple and facile procedure, with an aim of fabricating high-performance glucose sensor. The complex morphology that the nanosheet grown on Cu subtract evolved into nanofilms and eventually converged to nanowires, is benefit for the mass transport and electro-catalysis. Compared the ECSA of the CuO modified electrode to that of the bare Cu electrode, the effective surface area during the electro-catalysis of the CuO/Cu electrode is much larger. The glucose sensor based on CuO products exhibited high sensitivity (4201μAcm−2mM−1), low detection limit (0.5μmol/L) and quick response time (0.7s). And the stability and selectivity is also fantastic. According to the serum sample analysis, it transpires that the CuO/Cu sensor displayed excellent recovery compared to the concentration values measured by medial method. So this material shows great potential applications in glucose sensors.

Non-enzymatic detection of glucose in fruits using TiO2\u2013Mn3O4 hybrid nano interface

Consumption of fruits leads to increase in glucose level in blood for diabetic patients, which in turn leads to peripheral, vascular, ocular complications and cardiac diseases. In this context, a non-enzymatic hybrid glucose biosensor was fabricated for the first time to detect glucose by immobilizing titanium oxide–manganese oxide (TiO2–Mn3O4) nanocomposite and chitosan membrane on to the surface of Pt working electrode (Pt/TiO2–Mn3O4/chitosan). TiO2–Mn3O4 nanocomposite catalyzed the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone in the absence of glucose oxidase enzyme with high electron transfer rate, good biocompatibility and large surface coverage. Electrochemical measurements revealed the excellent sensing response of the developed biosensor towards glucose with a high sensitivity of 7.073 µA mM−1, linearity of 0.01–0.1 mM, low detection limit of 0.01 µM, reproducibility of 1.5% and stability of 98.8%. The electrochemical parameters estimated from the anodic process were subjected to linear regression models for the detection of unknown concentration of glucose in different fruit samples.

The Development of Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensors Based on Electrochemically Prepared Polypyrrole-Chitosan-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Films.

The performance of a modified electrode of nanocomposite films consisting of polypyrrole–chitosan–titanium dioxide (Ppy-CS-TiO2) has been explored for the developing a non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. The synergy effect of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and conducting polymer on the current responses of the electrode resulted in greater sensitivity. The incorporation of TiO2 NPs in the nanocomposite films was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. FE-SEM and HR-TEM provided more evidence for the presence of TiO2 in the Ppy-CS structure. Glucose biosensing properties were determined by amperommetry and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The interfacial properties of nanocomposite electrodes were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The developed biosensors showed good sensitivity over a linear range of 1–14 mM with a detection limit of 614 μM for glucose. The modified electrode with Ppy-CS nanocomposite also exhibited good selectivity and long-term stability with no interference effect. The Ppy-CS-TiO2 nanocomposites films presented high electron transfer kinetics. This work shows the role of nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors and describes the process of their homogeneous distribution in composite films by a one-step electrochemical process, where all components are taken in a single solution in the electrochemical cell.

Novel synthesis and characterization of pristine Cu nanoparticles for the non-enzymatic glucose biosensor.

Non enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing was developed based on pristine Cu Nanopartilces (NPs)/Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) which can be accomplished by simple green method via ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract. Then, the affect of leaf extract addition on improving Structural, Optical and electrochemical properties of pristine cu NPs was investigated. The synthesized Cu NPs were characterized with X-ray diffraction (X-ray), Uv-Visible spectroscopy (Uv-Vis), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size distribution (PSA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural optical and morphological studies respectively. The synthesized Cu NPs were coated over glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to study the electrochemical response of glucose by cyclic voltammetry and ampherometer. The results indicates that the modified biosensor shows a remarkable sensitivity (1065.21 μA mM-1 cm-2), rapid response time (<3s), wide linear range (1 to 7.2 mM), low detection limit (0.038 μM at S/N = 3). Therefore, the prepared Cu NPs by the Novel Bio-mediated route were exploited to construct a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor for sustainable clinical field applications.