Non-edible Oil Sources Research Articles

Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) Seed as a Potential Bioresource for Industrial Applications

Raw materials from renewable natural resources for industrial applications are in high concern in recent industrial research. Researchers invest their time in the management of waste as well as the conversion of waste to wealth. In that line, the production of biofuels including biodiesel, and value-added products from non-edible oil sources as well as from the generated waste biomasses, are in the tilt of research in recent times. Preparation of different oleochemicals such as grease, resins, soap, lubricants, etc. from vegetable oils, and utilization of seed cake as fertilizer, animal feed, medicine, etc. are encouraged as a part of the generation of waste to wealth as per today’s environment is concerned. In recent days, various reports on the production of biodiesel and other oleochemicals from non-edible oil sources are published in various scientific journals. Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) is a tropical shrub which produces a toxic non-edible fruit containing a high percentage of seed oil (up to 67%), protein (30-37%) as well as other medicinally important phytochemicals. It is attracting the researchers worldwide for the production of biodiesel, various oleochemicals, medicine, animal feed, etc. In this study, biodiesel and various value-added products synthesized from Thevetia peruviana oil and cake are reviewed to generate and popularize the potential use of yellow oleander seed for various industrial applications and accordingly, for substantial growth in cultivation for commercial-scale requirements.

A Comprehensive Review of Biodiesel Production Method and Characterization from Microalgae

In India, the road transportation sector mostly depends only on petro-diesel. Progressively increasing prices at the same time fast diminishing rate plays a vital role in pursuit of alternative to petroleum diesel. Lots of research been carried out to explore economical as well as technical viable alternative source to petro-diesel. The sources broadly divided in to edible and non-edible category among which conversion of edible oil into biodiesel was not at all feasible in India. So most of the research been focused on nonedible oil sources for example Jatropha, Jojoba, Polanga, Karanja, Cottonseed, Neem, and Kusum. The oil per acre yield, growth rate and oil content percentage for these sources was not pretty good. In this scenario biodiesel from microalgae may be the better alternative source for petro-diesel for the developing country like India. This article is an attempt, to explain the biodiesel production method from algae along with its characterization. In addition, the comparative analysis of an important characteristic in tabular form between algae and other sources given for better understanding.

Characteristics analysis of julifora biodiesel derived from different production methods

The objective of the present work is to compare the biodiesel derived from different methods from a single feed stock and analyse the fuel properties and suitability of an alternative to diesel using locally available vegetable oils. Feedstocks such as animal fats and vegetable oils play a vital role in biodiesel production. The demand for biodiesel production from non-edible oil is growing steadily as there are restrictions on the conversion of edible oils into fuels. Hence, researchers are looking for promising newer sources of non-edible oil which can sustain biodiesel production and use. These attributes have contributed to growing interest on biodiesel production from Prosopis juliflora. This study focuses on a promising newer source of non-edible oil which can sustain biodiesel growth. Prosopis juliflora appears to be an attractive alternate biodiesel feedstock in the near future. Yields more oil per hectare (The average oil yield: 5000 L/ha) compared to other plants. There is no competition for the cultivatable land, as these plants grow on seashores. The fuel properties such as oxidation stability, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, and thermal stability have been found out for methyl ester of julifora, ethyl ester of julifora and julifora pyrolysis oil as per ASTM standards. The julifora oilis having higher viscosity, density, flash point and lower calorific value. The julifora seed oil is changed into methyl and ethyl ester by using transesterification process with KOH as a catalyst and methanol and ethanol as a solvent. The effect of biodiesel extraction process variables such as oil to methanol ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time for both the stages are also examined. Methanol or ethanol content are found to be the major influencing process parameter along with the quantity of catalyst addition and reaction time. The methanolysis transesterification showed optimum molar ratio of 3:1 and catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt% at 65 for 90 min with a yield of 93.5%. The ethanolysis transesterification showed maximum yield for ethyl ester of julifora oil is about 87.5% when the oil to ethanol ratio at 3.62 v/v, KOH ratio at 1.35 w/v and at the reaction time of 120 min. The pyrolysis ofjulifora seed is carried out in a semi-batch reactor and 49% bio-oil yield is obtained at 525 °C and 20/min heating rate. Comparison of three biodiesel are made for all the fuel properties and it is found that JOME is the best among three The GC–MS study showed that higher ester content present in the julifora oil and the properties are within the ASTM standards when compared to that of diesel, which makes to use as a fuel in diesel engine.

Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of rubber oil for biodiesel production & its impact on engine performance

Abstract Rubber (Hevea brasilienis) is a plantation crop grown in various regions of India. It is a non-edible oil source and has excellent potential for being a biodiesel feedstock. The major problem with crude rubber seed oil is its high free fatty acid (FFA) content (37.46%). The present study has used the Box-Behnken response surface method to minimize the FFA content of the oil. FFA content of 1.31% was obtained with alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6.652:1 and 0.5 wt% of H2SO4 catalyst at a reaction temperature of 63.75 °C in 50 min. The results of engine testing indicated a decrease in fuel consumption by 50.23% for RB10 and 47.74% for RB20 when compared with neat diesel. The thermal efficiency was reduced by 12.16% for RB10 and 14.74% for RB20. The emission analysis revealed that HC emissions were increased by 22.3% for RB10 and by 41.72% for RB20. There was a decrease in NOx emissions by 21.5% for RB10 and by 21.7% for RB20 while the CO2 emissions were reduced by 46.3% for RB10 and 49.54% for RB20 at full loading. The CO emissions were increased by 25% and 37.5% for RB10 and, respectively, when compared with diesel.

Experimental investigation of diesel engine fuelled with different alkyl esters of Karanja oil

The rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and limited reserves of petroleum based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives to diesel. There have been stringent regulations generated by authorities around the world regarding vehicular emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different sources of alternative fuels such as biodiesel produced from non-edible oil sources such as Karanja, Jatropha accompanied by the alcohol fuels, methanol, ethanol, butanol and propanol. This work has experimentally investigated the impacts of various blends of Karanja biodiesel with a chain of fewer alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol, methanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol) to identify the potential of higher alcohols in the production of biodiesel and application to the diesel engine. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was decreased by 3.3%, while an increased brake specific fuel consumption was recorded for KOPnE20 by 11.75% compared to the mineral diesel fuel, which could be attributed to the higher calorific values of the respective fuels. The emission results indicated that the carbon dioxide emission increased by 32.25% while the nitrogen of oxide emission decreased by 6.72% for KOPnE20 compared to the diesel fuel at full load condition.

Production process optimisation of Sterculia foetida methyl esters (biodiesel) using response surface methodology

Biodiesel from non-edible oil sources can be a promising solution to meet the ever-increasing fuel crisis and environmental degradation. Sterculia foetida is one of the less exploited biodiesel feedstocks with low free fatty acid (FFA) content. The present work focuses on the use of response surface methodology (RSM)-based optimisation of methyl ester production from S. foetida seeds through the trans-esterification process. Biodiesel process parameters viz., the concentration of catalyst, methanol ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature are examined maintaining a constant stir speed. This study reveals that an optimum methyl ester yield of 96.01 vol. % is obtained with a 26% methanol ratio (v/v) at a stir speed of 800 rpm, a reaction temperature of 63°C, 1.09% (w/w) of the catalyst and a reaction time of 135 min. The important physico-chemical properties of biodiesel and raw seed oil are evaluated and compared with ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 specifications.

Non-edible vegetable oil–based feedstocks capable of bio-lubricant production for automotive sector applications—a review

Fossil fuel resource is on the draining stage which leads to an increment in the cost of the petroleum products. Nowadays, research is focused on the development of environment-friendly lubricants which are derivatives of renewable sources. Bio-lubricants based on non-edible oil sources are environmentally friendly because they are non-hazardous and biodegradable and no emission of toxic gases were detected when they are used. This study involves the characterizations and advantages, as well as utilization of inedible plant oil-driven bio-lubricants as an alternative for tribological applications. This report also presents the status of the global lubricant market as well as the potential outlook of the bio-lubricants for their future usage. Non-edible plant oil-driven bio-lubricants bear high viscosity, high lubricity, and high viscosity index which can enhance the equipment service life and deserve the ability to carry the high load and results in a minimum amount of metal traces during combustion while applied to engines. Beside their advantages, some of the disadvantages are also there which can be addressed by the employment of certain additives available according to the applications. The detailed study about the different additives utilized during their use in the internal combustion engine is also described in detail during this study. This study provides a detailed description of the possibilities associated with bio-lubricant based on non-edible oil feedstocks to the automotive sector applications.

Hybridization effects on seed traits of annual Datura accessions focusing on oil concentration and composition

Datura seeds can be source of non-edible oil for industrial uses and protein for feed. The aim of this work was to study seed composition (oil and protein concentration, fatty acid composition), initially, in five Datura accessions (one D. stramonium f. stramonium, three D. stramonium f. tatula, and one D. ferox) and then to evaluate hybridization as a tool for seed quality improvement. Datura ferox had the lowest oil concentration (8.27%) and the highest stearic acid (4.12%) among the five accessions. To assess the effects of hybridization, 15 accessions [D. stramonium f. stramonium, one D. stramonium f. tatula, their mutual crossings, D. ferox, and 10 inter-specific hybrids (D. stramonium×D. ferox)] were tested in the field. Especially inter-specific hybridization generated putatively exploitable variation for seed traits (seed dimensions, weight, and chemical composition). Seed size and weight [1000-seed weight (TSW)] were positively correlated with protein but were unrelated with oil concentration. Seed length, width, and thickness along with TSW were positively correlated with stearic and oleic acids but negatively with linoleic and palmitic acid concentrations. Oleic and stearic acid concentrations were negatively related with linoleic acid. Concluding, mainly TSW could be used as a selection tool for manipulating fatty acid composition in Datura seeds leading to better oil quality for biodiesel production.

Impact of Simarouba glauca biodiesel blends as a fuel on the performance and emission analysis in an unmodified DICI engine

The present investigation presents Simarouba glauca as a source of non-edible oil for production of biodiesel which can be a suitable replacement of diesel fuel in unmodified DICI engine. The potential of simarouba biodiesel (B100) and its blends (10% and 20% by volume known as B10 and B20 respectively) were explored and compared with diesel fuel. The physico-chemical properties of B100, B10 and B20 were determined and compared with diesel fuel and found efficiently performing the values, adhering to the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BThE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were evaluated and compared with that of diesel fuel. At full load conditions for B10 and B20, BSFC is 1.81% and 3.51% higher; BThE is 1.90% and 3.14% lower; and EGT is 2.76% and 3.82% higher respectively than that of diesel fuel. Based on the detailed investigation toward emission analysis for B10 and B20, CO emission is 8–12% lower; HC is 26.6–33.4% lower; while CO2 is 4.5–7.5% higher and NOx is 4.2–8.3% higher respectively than that of diesel fuel. The results indicated that simarouba biodiesel can be used as an alternative and environmentally friendly fuel without any engine modification.

Okra: A potential future bioenergy crop in Iran

The Iranian energy sector has recently discovered a great interest in the concept of renewable and clean energy. The interest is motivated primarily by concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global climate change, as well as the desire to find alternative and sustainable energy sources and create potential job opportunities related to these new technologies for future generations of Iranians. This study supports the search for alternative, sustainable energy sources by assessing okra's usability as a biofuel.Okra is an annual, warm season crop that provides a rich source of industrial oil and protein. According to our investigation, the seeds of Iranian okra ecotypes that have an oil content of 20% could produce up to 325 kg/ha oil yield. Our study on Iranian okra seed oil showed that, the most dominant fatty acids of are linoleic acid (C18:2) (38–40%), Palmitic acid (C16:0) (29–30%), and Oleic acid (C18:1) (19–22%). The biodiesel derived from okra via a transesterification reaction using an ultrasonic system could meet ASTM D6751 standards with satisfactory results in methyl ester content (more than 96%), viscosity (2.3–2.4 mm−2/S, and flash point (155–158 °C)). Because of its high oil yield, quality, and large ecological adaptation window, okra is a strong contender to provide a new source of non-edible oil for biodiesel production in bioenergy farms.

From agro-industrial wastes to single cell oils: a step towards prospective biorefinery.

The reserves of fossil-based fuels, which currently seem sufficient to meet the global demands, is inevitably on the verge of exhaustion. Contemporary raw material for alternate fuel like biodiesel is usually edible plant commodity oils, whose increasing public consumption rate raises the need of finding a non-edible and fungible alternate oil source. In this quest, single cell oils (SCO) from oleaginous yeasts and fungi can provide a sustainable alternate of not only functional but also valuable (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich) lipids. Researches are been increasingly driven towards increasing the SCO yield in order to realize its commercial importance. However, bulk requirement of expensive synthetic carbon substrate, which inflates the overall SCO production cost, is the major limitation towards complete acceptance of this technology. Even though substrate cost minimization could make the SCO production profitable is uncertain, it is still essential to identify suitable cheap and abundant substrates in an attempt to potentially reduce the overall process economy. One of the most sought-after in-expensive carbon reservoirs, agro-industrial wastes, can be an attractive replacement to expensive syntheticcarbonsubstrates in this regard. The present review assess these possibilities referring to the current experimental investigations on oleaginous yeasts, and fungi reported for conversion of agro-industrial feedstocks into triacylglycerols (TAGs) and PUFA-rich lipids. Multiple associated factors regulating lipid accumulation utilizing such substrates and impeding challenges has been analyzed. The review infers that production of bulk oil in combination to high-value fatty acids, co-production strategies for SCO and different microbial metabolites, and reutilization and value addition to spent wastes could possibly leverage the highoperating costs and help in commencing a successful biorefinery. Rigorous research is nevertheless required whether it is PUFA-rich oil production (for competing with algal omega oils) or neutral bulk oil production (for overcoming yield limitations and managing process economy) to establish this potential source as future resource.

Wild melon: a novel non-edible feedstock for bioenergy

In the present research work, a non-edible oil source Cucumis melo var. agrestis (wild melon) was systematically identified and studied for biodiesel production and its characterization. The extracted oil was 29.1% of total dry seed weight. The free fatty acid value of the oil was found to be 0.64%, and the single-step alkaline transesterification method was used for conversion of fatty acids into their respective methyl esters. The maximum conversion efficiency of fatty acids was obtained at 0.4 wt% NaOH (used as catalyst), 30% (methanol to oil, v/v) methanol amount, 60 °C reaction temperature, 600-rpm agitation rate and 60-min reaction time. Under these optimal conditions, the conversion efficiency of fatty acid was 92%. However, in the case of KOH as catalyst, the highest conversion (85%) of fatty acids was obtained at 40% methanol to oil ratio, 1.28 wt% KOH, 60 °C reaction temperature, 600-rpm agitation rate and 45 min of reaction time. Qualitatively, biodiesel was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). FTIR results demonstrated a strong peak at 1742 cm−1, showing carbonyl groups (C=O) of methyl esters. However, GC–MS results showed the presence of twelve methyl esters comprised of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, non-decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecynoic acid. The fuel properties were found to fall within the range recommended by the international biodiesel standard, i.e., American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM): flash point of 91 °C, density of 0.873 kg/L, viscosity of 5.35 cSt, pour point of − 13 °C, cloud point of − 10 °C, total acid number of 0.242 mg KOH/g and sulfur content of 0.0043 wt%. The present work concluded the potential of wild melon seed oil as excellent non-edible source of bioenergy.

Synthesis and characterization of methyl esters from non-edible plant species yellow oleander oil, using magnesium oxide (MgO) nano-catalyst

Synthesis and characterization of methyl esters from non-edible oil sources provide a distinctive and sustainable approach towards sustainable energy and the cleaner environment, in general. This study aims the synthesis of methyl esters from non-edible plant species yellow oleander seeds oil. The transesterification process was carried for the synthesis of methyl esters, using heterogeneous nano-catalyst magnesium oxide (MgO). A well known co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis of MgO nano-catalyst. The application of MgO nano-catalyst showed the maximum conversion (93.1%) of triacylglycerols to methyl esters. Different parameters affecting the conversion percentage; alcohol to oil molar ratio, temperature and catalyst concentrations were checked and optimized, accordingly. The optimum conditions for the maximum conversion noted; 1:5 oil to methanol molar ratio at 90 °C, using 0.2% (w/w) MgO nano-catalyst. The various analytical techniques; XRD, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDS spectroscopes were used to check out the nano-particle morphology and crystalline size, accordingly while, the FTIR, GC–MS & NMR were used to quantify and determine the structural measurements of synthesized methyl esters. The fuel properties of oleander methyl esters papered sample were checked, compared and found within accordance to the ASTM standards.

Study of emission parameter of biodiesel from non edible oil sources

The world’s energy demand is growing day by day and with ever expanding urbanization and better set of living standards it is expected to increase more in the coming future. At this increasing rate of fuel consumption, it has become evident that biodiesel is going to make a considerable contribution to the future energy demands of the human population. Biodiesel can be obtained from edible as well as from non-edible oil sources however considering the substantial increase in the population and the expected food and resources requirement in the future, the biodiesel from non-edible oil sources is considered a much safer and optimal solution. Moreover the feedstock for non-edible oil sources are much cheaper than that of edible oil sources hence helping in the much needed cost cutting. Also today’s energy sources are creating much pollution too and hence these alternative fuel sources if cannot completely eradicate, should at least release less amount of harmful gases and cause less damage to the environment. Keeping in mind the alternative fuel needs of the future and the toxicity and harmful gases emission. In this paper the emission characteristics of various biodiesels from non-edible oil sources is analyzed

Methoxy-functionalized mesostructured stable carbon catalysts for effective biodiesel production from non-edible feedstock

The nano-architectured Ca(OCH3)2/AC catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal process. In this work, the controlled structural growth and morphology of nano-architectured Ca(OCH3)2/AC catalyst were reported and their conversion activity from non-edible oil source (crude jatropha oil) to biodiesel production was also evaluated in this study. Remarkable difference in catalytic activity for biodiesel production among these samples was observed. It shows that the catalytic properties of the hydrothermal synthesized catalyst was improved by exposing the catalytic active OCH3 predominantly on the surface of catalyst. The 0.4-OMe/AC catalyst with methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, agitation speed of 600 rpm and 3 wt% of catalyst provided maximum biodiesel yield of 98.65% at 60 °C for 1 h reaction time. The catalyst exhibited outstanding stability where negligible Ca2+ leaching was detected and the recovered catalyst was reused in 8 successive cycles without significant loss in activity. Therefore, this kind of bimodal porosity catalyst is said to exhibit very high activity, stability, and recyclability, which entailed potential saving and affordable biodiesel production possibilities.

Low temperature optimization of biodiesel production from algal oil using CaO and CaO/Al2O3 as catalyst by the application of response surface methodology

With the swelling of climatic and environmental hazards, Biodiesel is playing the most potential and significant role as the sustainable source of energy. As a substitute for diesel, biodiesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D have indicated sustainability of biodiesel production from non-edible oil sources such as Jatropha and algal oil. The objective of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for the transesterification of algal oil using CaO and 80% wt. CaO.Al2O3 as catalysts. A low temperature transesterification process was selected. A biodiesel yield of 88.89% was achieved with methanol/oil volumetric ratio (3.2:10) using 80% wt. CaO.Al2O3 as catalyst (1.56% w/w) in 125 min time at 50 °C temperature using Response Surface Methodology. It was observed that catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol/oil volumetric ratio had a significant effect on yield. Also, this model involving heterogeneous catalyst can be used in the industry for efficient biodiesel production from algal oil, thereby saving time and cost of the process in optimizing the process parameters.

Hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas Oil with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 as Double Promoted Catalyst

The effect of various reaction temperature on the hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil to produce a paraffin-rich mixture of hydrocarbons with Co-Ni/HZSM-5 as doubled promoted catalyst were studied. The Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst with various metal loading and metal ratio was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, AAS, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume of catalysts decreased with the increasing of metals loading. The hydrocracking process was conducted under hydrogen initial pressure in batch reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300-375 oC for 2 h. Depending on the experimental condition, the reaction pressure changed between 10 bar and 15 bar. Several parameters were used to evaluate biofuel produced, including oxygen removal, hydrocarbon composition and gasoline/kerosene/diesel yields. Biofuel was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The composition of hydrocarbon compounds in liquid products was similar to the compounds in the gasoil sold in unit of Pertamina Gas Stations, namely pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, and nonadecane with different amounts for each biofuel produced at different reaction temperatures. However, isoparaffin compounds were not formed at all operating conditions. Pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecane (n-C17) were the most abundant composition in gasoil when Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst was used. Cerbera Manghas oil can be recommended as the source of non-edible vegetable oil to produce gasoil as an environmentally friendly transportation fuel.

Performance and emission analysis of Pongamia biodiesel and its blends in different operating condition - a review

The economy of a nation depends critically on the availability of the energy resources such as fossil fuels and with rapid industrialistion and growth in population there is rapid increase in the demand of energy and fossil fuels. Non-edible oil derived biodiesels can be have future prospect. These non-edible oil source Jatropha and Pongamia are perceived as most important species for biofuel development in India. The study reveals that fuel consumption per unit brake power for Pongamia biodiesel (PB60) is 30% higher as compare to diesel while for PB30 blend it is 10% higher while BTE of PB100 is lower as comparable to diesel while for PB20 it is similar to that of diesel. The study shows that Pongamia blend PB20 performance characteristics are comparable to that of diesel with lower emission it can be recommended as an alternative to diesel.

Performance and emission analysis of Pongamia biodiesel and its blends in different operating condition - a review

The economy of a nation depends critically on the availability of the energy resources such as fossil fuels and with rapid industrialistion and growth in population there is rapid increase in the demand of energy and fossil fuels. Non-edible oil derived biodiesels can be have future prospect. These non-edible oil source Jatropha and Pongamia are perceived as most important species for biofuel development in India. The study reveals that fuel consumption per unit brake power for Pongamia biodiesel (PB60) is 30% higher as compare to diesel while for PB30 blend it is 10% higher while BTE of PB100 is lower as comparable to diesel while for PB20 it is similar to that of diesel. The study shows that Pongamia blend PB20 performance characteristics are comparable to that of diesel with lower emission it can be recommended as an alternative to diesel.

Process parameter optimization of low temperature transesterification of algae-Jatropha Curcas oil blend

Biodiesel, as a substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D has indicated that up to B20, there is no need of modification and little work is available related to suitability and sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha and algae as non-edible oil sources. The objective of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for transesterification of low free fatty acid (FFA) Jatropha and algae oil blend. A low temperature transesterification process was selected to make the transesterification process more energy efficient. A model was developed to correlate the biodiesel yield with process parameters viz methanol/oil volumetric ratio, Catalyst concentration and reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 81.98% was achieved with methanol/oil volumetric ratio (3:5) using KOH as catalyst (0.9% w/w) in 180 min time at 50 °C temperature. It was observed that catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol/oil volumetric ratio had a significant effect on blend yield. It is found out that this model can be used in the industry to improve the efficiency of biodiesel production from blend of Jatropha and algae oil thereby, saving time and cost of the process in optimizing the process parameters.