Non-diabetic Individuals Research Articles

Efficacy of metformin targets on cardiometabolic health in the general population and non-diabetic individuals: a Mendelian randomization study

Metformin shows beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health in diabetic individuals. However, the beneficial effects in the general population, especially in non-diabetic individuals are unclear. We aim to estimate the effects of perturbation of seven metformin targets on cardiometabolic health using Mendelian randomization (MR). Genetic variants close to metformin-targeted genes associated with expression of the corresponding genes and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level were used to proxy therapeutic effects of seven metformin-related drug targets. Eight cardiometabolic phenotypes under metformin trials were selected as outcomes (average N=466,947). MR estimates representing the weighted average effects of the seven effects of metformin targets on the eight outcomes were generated. One-sample MR was applied to estimate the averaged and target-specific effects in 338,425 non-diabetic individuals in UK Biobank. Genetically proxied averaged effects of five metformin targets, equivalent to a 0.62% reduction of HbA1c level, was associated with 37.8% lower risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) (odds ratio [OR]=0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.46-0.84), lower levels of body mass index (BMI) (β=-0.22, 95% CI=-0.35 to-0.09), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β=-0.19, 95% CI=-0.28 to-0.09) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels (β=-0.29, 95% CI=-0.39 to-0.19). One-sample MR suggested that the seven metformin targets showed averaged and target-specific beneficial effects on BMI, SBP and DBP in non-diabetic individuals. This study showed that perturbation of seven metformin targets has beneficial effects on BMI and blood pressure in non-diabetic individuals. Clinical trials are needed to investigate whether similar effects can be achieved with metformin medications. Funding information is provided in the Acknowledgements.

Association of stress hyperglycemia ratio with in-hospital new-onset atrial fibrillation and long-term outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

To investigate the predictive value and prognostic impact of stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) for new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This retrospective study included 2145 AMI patients without AF history between February 2014 and March 2018. SHR was calculated using fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)/[1.59*HbA1c (%)-2.59]. The association between SHR and post-MI NOAF was assessed with multivariable logistic regression analyses. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death, heart failure hospitalisation, recurrent MI, and ischaemic stroke (MACE). Cox regression-adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for MACE. A total of 245 (11.4%) patients developed NOAF. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, SHR (each 10% increase) was significantly associated with increased risks of NOAF in the whole population (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10), particularly in non-diabetic individuals (OR:1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17). During a median follow-up of 2.7years, 370 (18.5%) MACEs were recorded. The optimal cut-off value of SHR for MACE prediction was 1.119. Patients with both high SHR (≥1.119) and NOAF possessed the highest risk of MACE compared to those with neither high SHR nor NOAF after multivariable adjustment (HR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.39-3.42), especially fordiabetics (HR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.41-4.91). Similar findings were observed using competing-risk models. SHR is an independent predictor of post-MI NOAF in non-diabetic individuals. Diabetic patients with both high SHR and NOAF had the highest risk of MACE, suggesting that therapies targeting SHR may be considered in these patients. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03533543.

Exploring the risk of glycemic variability in non-diabetic depressive individuals: a cross-sectional GlyDep pilot study.

Data on the correlation between glycemic variability and depression in nondiabetic patients remain limited. Considering the link between increased glycemic variability and cardiovascular risks, this relationship could be significant in depressed patients. In this single-center pilot study, we utilized Flash Glucose Monitoring (Abbott Libre Pro) to study glycemic variability. The CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression) scale was employed to measure depression levels. Based on CES-D scores, patients were classified into two groups: those with scores ≥ 33 and those with scores < 33. We analyzed various glycemic variability indices, including HBGI, CONGA, ADDR, MAGE, MAG, LI, and J-Index, employing the EasyGV version 9.0 software. SPSS (version 28) facilitated the data analysis. We screened patients with depression visiting the department of psychiatry, FGM was inserted in eligible patients of both the groups which yielded a data of 196 patient-days (98 patient-days for CES-D ≥ 33 and 98 patient-days for CES-D < 33). The glycemic variability indices CONGA (mg/dl), (76.48 ± 11.9 vs. 65.08 ± 7.12) (p = 0.048), MAGE (mg/dl) (262.50 ± 25.65 vs. 227.54 ± 17.72) (p = 0.012), MODD (mg/dl) (18.59 ± 2.77 vs. 13.14 ± 2.39) (p = 0.002), MAG(mg/dl) (92.07 ± 6.24vs. 63.86 ± 9.38) (p = <0.001) were found to be significantly higher in the CES-D ≥ 33 group. Patients with more severe depressive symptoms, as suggested by CES-D ≥ 33, had higher glycemic variability.

Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Systemic Inflammatory Markers, Glycemic Status and Levels of Proteinuria in Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients With Chronic Periodontitis.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on systemic inflammatory markers, glycemic status, and levels of proteinuria in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with chronic periodontitis. A total of 120 patients, categorized into three groups of 40 each, were included in this randomized observational study. Group 1 comprised patients with chronic periodontitis; Group 2 had chronic periodontitis with controlled diabetes; and Group 3 represented patients with chronic periodontitis with uncontrolled diabetes based on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Periodontal clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels were evaluated. Blood samples and urine samples were collected and assessed for the levels of FBS, HbA1c, total protein, albumin, globulin, and proteinuria. All parameters recorded at baseline and three months after non-surgical periodontal therapy were analyzed for statistical significance at p <.05 using SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc. A significant reduction in the periodontal clinical parameters within the groups, except for the clinical attachment level in Group 1 patients (p = 0.05), was observed. Glycemic status revealed a significant reduction after non-surgical periodontal therapy (p < 0.001), and on intragroup comparison, the total protein, albumin, globulin, and microprotein blood and urine levels showed significance among the evaluated groups (p < 0.001). Non-surgical periodontal treatment can effectively improve the periodontal and circulating inflammatory status. Results of our study showed improved glycemic control and a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and proteinuria after performing non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Factors associated with cutaneous colonization of Mucormycetes in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.

This study was conducted to assess factors associated with cutaneous colonization of Mucormycetes in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. A total of 800 swab samples from 200 participants including 100 diabetics and 100 non-diabetics were collected from four different body sites: (1) the forehead, (2) nasal cavity, (3) hands and (4) feet. Fungal isolation, fungal identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on the isolates. Overall, 12.0 % of the participants showed Mucormycetes colonization while the commonest fungal isolates were Mucor Species (Spp.). followed by Rhizopus spp. Diabetics had a 11 times higher odds of colonization compared to non-diabetics. The majority of the isolates were resistant to itraconazole; however, all isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B. A significant association was observed between profession and Mucormycetes (P=0.03) with significantly higher colonization in retired people compared to business people. Higher odds of colonization were demonstrated among older ages, lower class status and individuals with prolonged contact time with soil.

Machine Learning-Based Diabetic Risk Prediction Model for Early Detection

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Early detection and effective management of diabetes can significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life of individuals with diabetes. In recent years, machine learning techniques have been applied to predict the risk of diabetes and to develop personalized treatment plans. In this study, we propose a machine learning-based diabetic risk prediction model for early detection and management. The proposed model uses various clinical and demographic variables such as age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels to predict the risk of developing diabetes. We evaluated the performance of the proposed models using a dataset of patients with diabetes and non-diabetic individuals. Machine learning techniques including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Random Forest are evaluated using the confusion matrices. The experimental results show that the Random Forest classifier achieved an accuracy of 80%, sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 80% in predicting the risk of diabetes. However, Increasing the accuracy rates of machine learning algorithms to 90% to 100% will be the challenging part of this study.

Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2Is)-TLRs Axis Modulates Diabetes.

Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is mainly associated with impaired insulin function. To date, various oral anti-diabetic drugs have been developed, of which, the sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are of the most recent classes that have been introduced. They differ from other classes in terms of their novel mechanism of actions and unique beneficial effects rather than just lowering glucose levels. SGLT2Is can protect body against cardiovascular events and kidney diseases even in non-diabetic individuals. SGLT2Is participate in immune cell activation, oxidative stress reduction, and inflammation mediation, thereby, moderating diabetic complications. In addition, toll like receptors (TLRs) are the intermediators of the immune system and inflammatory process, thus it's believed to play crucial roles in diabetic complications, particularly the ones that are related to inflammatory reactions. SGLT2Is are also effective against diabetic complications via their anti-inflammatory and oxidative properties. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of TLRs and SGLT2Is, this review investigates how SGLT2Is can affect the TLR pathway, and whether this could be favorable toward diabetes.

Iron metabolism and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Abstract Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association between biomarkers of iron metabolism and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic individuals compared to a control group. We also examined the possible association between estimated liver fibrosis and serum ferritin levels in all three groups. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study involving subjects diagnosed with diabetes and/or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease from an outpatient diabetology clinic and two general practices in Târgu Mureș. The patient population was divided into 3 groups: first group including diabetic patients suffering from fatty liver disease, second group including patients without fatty liver disease and third group with non-diabetic patients suffering from fatty liver disease. We compared the three groups based on specific laboratory tests. Results: Patients with fatty liver disease had significantly higher ferritin and transferrin saturation levels than non-fatty liver disease sufferers (p&lt;0.05). Transferrin saturation of the first group was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher compared to the non-diabetic fatty liver disease group. Ferritin correlated well with Fibrosis-4 index level (τ= 0.193, p&lt;0.01) considering the whole sample and especially in the first group. Conclusions: In our study, there was a clear association between higher ferritin levels and the presence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. The higher transferrin saturation observed in diabetic patients suffering from metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease may indicate the possible etiological significance of iron overload. Higher ferritin levels in diabetes increase the risk of liver fibrosis.

The Impact of Diabetes Reversal on Myocardial Function and Quality of Life in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy -A Prospective Research Study

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus and its related consequences impose a significant worldwide cost on human health and economic resources. Cardiovascular illnesses are the primary cause of mortality among those with diabetes, who face a 2- to 5-fold increased likelihood of developing heart failure compared to non-diabetic individuals of the same age, regardless of any coexisting medical conditions. Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to the manifestation of atypical heart structure and impaired cardiac function in the absence of other risk factors commonly associated with cardiac conditions, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and notable valve abnormalities. The density of patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy is rising progressively. Even now, the focus is more on diabetes blood sugar management, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and poor quality of life; diabetic cardiomyopathy needs to be more pronounced in the treatment- guidelines; very few studies have been conducted on diabetic cardiomyopathy. Methods: This prospective study was initiated in January 2021, was conducted for 18 months, and was completed in June 2022. This study is a prospective study of diabetic patients with manifested diabetic cardiomyopathy, the effect of an integrated approach of dietary modification and guided exercise protocol enhancing cardiac performance and the quality of life. The patients satisfying the inclusion criteria without exclusion criteria were randomized to intervention and control groups. Results: The age group of the mean (years) ± SD (58.41±10.43) in the Intervention Group and (56.87±11.23.) in the Control Group. Both the groups comprised female participants, 39% in the Intervention Group and 27% in the Control Group. The initial evaluation was done at the beginning of this prospective study. The follow-ups were done in 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months. Clinical examination, peak VO2 evaluation in a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and echocardiography with Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (LV-GLS) measurements. During the study period, it was noted that there were substantial improvements in HbA1C, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), peak VO2, and Quality of Life (QoL). Conclusion: In Conclusion, based on the findings of this prospective study, the integrated approach of nutritional modification and guided exercise protocol in diabetic cardiomyopathy with or without heart failure patients has tremendous benefits in cardiac performance and remarkable improvement in QoL. As the life span improves, that leads to more heart failure patients presently and in the future. Along with pharmacotherapy against diabetes, diabetes reversal should be emphasized from the beginning of diabetes diagnosis to achieve a better quality of life. Considering the importance of a guided diabetes reversal program through this study, it would not be wrong to suggest it as an initial treatment strategy in case of diabetes with or without diabetic cardiomyopathy manifestations.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects ~70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), with ~20% showing signs of advanced liver fibrosis. Patients with T2D are at an increased risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma and their liver-related mortality is doubled compared with non-diabetic individuals. Nonetheless, the condition is frequently overlooked and disease awareness is limited both among patients and among physicians. Given recent epidemiological evidence, clinical practice guidelines recommend screening for NAFLD/MASLD and advanced liver fibrosis in patients with T2D. While many drugs are currently being tested for the treatment of NAFLD/MASLD, none of them have yet received formal approval from regulatory agencies. However, several classes of antidiabetic drugs (namely pioglitazone, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and multi-agonists) have shown favorable effects in terms of liver enzymes, liver fat content and, in some occasions, on histologic features such as inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, diabetologists have the opportunity to actively treat NAFLD/MASLD, with a concrete possibility of changing the natural history of the disease. In the present narrative review, we summarize evidence and clinical recommendations for NAFLD/MAFLD screening in the setting of T2D, as well as on the effect of currently available glucose-lowering drugs on hepatic endpoints.

Association between dietary magnesium intake and peripheral arterial disease: Results from NHANES 1999-2004.

Magnesium has been found to have a strong association with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and dietary magnesium intake shows promise as a predictor of the condition. However, the relationship between low dietary magnesium intake and an increased risk of PAD remains uncertain, and further research is needed to clarify this relationship. This study analyzed data from 5969 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States from 1999 to 2004. Multifactorial logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between dietary magnesium intake and PAD. Participants with PAD had lower dietary magnesium intake compared to those without PAD. After adjusting for all covariates, dietary magnesium intake remained negatively associated with PAD (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.998, 1.000). When dietary magnesium intake was divided into quartiles, compared with the fourth quantile, the first quartile is associated with a higher incidence rate of PAD (OR: 1.560, 95%CI: 1.019, 2.386). Subgroup analysis revealed that the link between dietary magnesium intake and PAD remained significant among specific subgroups, including non-white, never or former smokers, and non-hypertensive, non-diabetic individuals (P < 0.05). Our study provides evidence that dietary magnesium intake is negatively associated with the incidence of PAD. Therefore, people with inadequate dietary magnesium intake, particularly those with excessively low intake, should increase their magnesium intake to reduce the risk of PAD.

The Weight-loss Effect of GLP-1RAs Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-diabetic Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are new drugs for the treatment of obesity. ObjectiveTo assess the weight-loss effects of GLP-1RAs in the treatment of patients with overweight or obesity without diabetes. MethodsThis is a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from their inception to January 1, 2022. Eligible trials report on outcomes including body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), or total body fat (TBF). Mean differences (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were summarized using random-effects models. ResultsForty-one trials involving 15,135 participants were included. Compared with controls, GLP-1RAs significantly reduced BW (MD -5.319 kg, 95% CI: -6.465, -4.174), BMI (MD -2.373 kg/m2, 95% CI: -2.821, -1.924), WC (MD -4.302 cm, CI:-5.185 to -3.419), WHR (MD -0.011, CI -0.015 to -0.007), but not TBF (MD -0.320%, CI -1.420 to -0.780). Trial sequential analysis (TSA) supported conclusive evidence of the effects of GLP-1RAs on BW, BMI, and WC for weight loss. GLP-1RAs had nonlinear dose-response relationships with weight loss. Extensive sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of the results, though the GRADE certainty of the evidence ranged from high to very low. High to moderate GRADE certainty of evidence suggested semaglutide as the most effective GLP-1RA agent, with the best efficacy and low to moderate risk of adverse effects. ConclusionsThe present study provides conclusive evidence for the effect of GLP-1RAs on weight loss in a nonlinear dose-response manner in patients with obesity or overweight without diabetes. In terms of changes in BW, BMI, and WC, there is firm evidence for the overall weight-loss effects of GLP-1RAs. Of the GLP-1RAs, semaglutide might be the most effective agent.

Is subclinical cardiovascular disease linked with periodontal disease in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects?

Periodontal disease leads to a systemic hyper-inflammatory state that might impair other co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease. Evidence-based findings showed that periodontitis may be linked with subclinical signs of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial stiffness. Nevertheless, some contrasting results have been reported over the years. A cross-sectional study regarding the relationship between periodontal disease and subclinical cardiovascular diseases, in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals, has been recently published. Therefore, the aim of this commentary is to give an in-depth on this topic.

Association of Impaired Fasting Glucose and Coronary Artery Disease in Non-diabetic Population

Background: Prediabetes is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The current study aimed to investigate the association between impaired fasting glucose (IFG), CAD, and coronary artery stenosis severity. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 35-70 year-old non-diabetic individuals. Patients who had coronary artery stenosis≥50% at least in one coronary artery and those with stenosis&lt;50% on angiography were considered as case and control groups, respectively. Patients were selected from Shahid Mohammadi Educational Medical Center in Bandar Abbas in 2018-2019. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, family history of CAD, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), creatinine, and lipid profiles were compared between the two groups. Results: There were 52 subjects in each case and control group. The mean age of participants (N=104) was 54.83±9.36, and 71.2% of them were male. The mean of FPG (P&lt;0.0001), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P=0.02), triglyceride (P=0.007), and the HbA1c (P=0.011) were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Moreover, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower in the CAD group compared to the control group (P=0.006). Furthermore, binary logistic regression demonstrated that the chance of IFG was (OR: 12.49), HbA1c (OR: 12.28), and LDL (OR: 1.05) in people with CAD. Conclusion: IFG and elevated HbA1c levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of CAD in the Iranian adult population.

Remnant cholesterol predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease both among patients with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic individuals

Remnant cholesterol predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease both among patients with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic individuals

Cystatin C predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease both among patients with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic individuals

Cystatin C predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease both among patients with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic individuals

Dyslipidemia in Renal Dysfunction among Non-diabetic Individuals from the 2019 Indonesian Cohort Study: A Cross-Sectional Study

Dyslipidemia in Renal Dysfunction among Non-diabetic Individuals from the 2019 Indonesian Cohort Study: A Cross-Sectional Study

Defining a Continuous Glucose Baseline to assess the impact of nutritional interventions.

Accurate and robust estimation of individuals' basal glucose level is a crucial measure in nutrition research but is typically estimated from one or more morning fasting samples. The use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) devices presents an opportunity to define more robust basal glucose levels, which estimates can be generalized to any time of the day. However, to date, no standardized method has been delineated. The current paper seeks to define a reliable algorithm to characterize the individual's basal glucose level over 24 h from CGM measurements. Data drawn from four nutritional intervention studies performed on adults free from chronic diseases were used to define that basal glucose levels were optimally estimated using the 40th percentile of the previous 24 h CGM data. This simple algorithm provides a Continuous Glucose Baseline over 24 h (24 h-CGB) that is an unbiased and highly correlated estimator (r = 0.86, p-value < 0.01) of standard fasting glucose. We conclude that 24-CGB can provide reliable basal glucose estimates across the day while being more robust to interference than standard fasting glucose, adaptable to evolving daily routines and providing useful reference values for free-living nutritional intervention research in non-diabetic individuals.

Associations Between Mean Platelet Volume and Various Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Single-Center Study from Poland.

BACKGROUND Thromboembolic episodes, which are largely mediated by blood platelets, are prevalent chronic complications of diabetes. The mean platelet volume (MPV) serves as a marker for in vivo platelet activation. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing MPV in 106 patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with 59 non-diabetic individuals at a single center in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed linear regression analysis, with MPV as the dependent variable and factors such as age, sex, thrombopoiesis-influencing cytokines, blood pressure, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin percentage, platelet count, large platelet count, lipid profile parameters, creatinine concentration, estimated glomerular filtration rate, treatment modalities, and comorbidities as independent variables. MPV was measured using the ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer, with a reference range of 7-12 fL. RESULTS The analysis revealed that in patients with type 2 diabetes, an increase in platelet count by 10×10³/μL resulted in a decrease in MPV by 0.05 (P<0.001), while an increase in large platelet count by 1×10³/μL led to an increase in MPV by 0.18 (P<0.001). Additionally, patients taking ß-blockers or insulin had lower MPVs by 0.77 (P=0.008) and 5.63 (P<0.001), respectively, compared with those not on these medications. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates the relationship between MPV, platelet parameters, and treatment modalities in type 2 diabetes, paving the way for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications.

Assessment of the Oxidative Stress Status in those with Diabetes and Hypertension Attending Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria

Diabetes is a serious, long-term condition with a major impact on the lives and wellbeing of individuals, families, and societies worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the impact of oxidative stress on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension who were receiving care at the Endocrinology unit of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). A total of 54 subjects, comprising both males and females, were randomly selected for the study. The subjects included 27 patients diagnosed with T2DM and hypertension, as well as 27 healthy volunteers who were recruited as a control group. The study focused on assessing various parameters related to oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity. The evaluation of oxidant status involved measuring Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which serve as a marker for lipid peroxidation, as well as Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and Lipid profile. Additionally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH), was examined. Demographic information, lifestyle factors, and clinical assessments were also collected during the study. The results showed that HbA1c levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to the healthy participants. Furthermore, the diabetic group exhibited higher MDA activity, indicating increased lipid peroxidation, compared to the control group (P = 0.001). In terms of antioxidant enzyme activity, the diabetic group showed elevated levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Regarding lifestyle factors, there was a significant difference (P = 0.001) in lipid profiles between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals who engaged in regular exercise compared to those who did not exercise. Similarly, diabetic individuals who had consultations with a registered dietician or an Endocrinologist also demonstrated significantly improved lipid profiles compared to those who did not seek professional advice. Notably, diabetics who exercised regularly and received dietary guidance exhibited significantly higher levels of HDL compared to those who did not engage in exercise or receive dietary counseling. In conclusion, this study highlighted the association between oxidative stress and T2DM with hypertension. The findings emphasized the importance of managing oxidative stress through lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise and dietary interventions, in improving lipid profiles and potentially mitigating the impact of diabetes on individuals' health and well-being.