Non-destructive Control Method Research Articles

ДЕФЕКТИ ПРИ ВИГОТОВЛЕННІ БУРОІН’ЄКЦІЙНОЇ ПАЛІ В СКЛАДНИХ ІНЖЕНЕРНО-ГЕОЛОГІЧНИХ УМОВАХ, ЩО ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЇЇ НЕСУЧУ ЗДАТНІСТЬ, ЗА ВЛАСТИВОСТЯМИ ҐРУНТОВОЇ ОСНОВИ

У роботі представлено основні дефекти при виготовленні буроін’єкційної палі, що впливають на її несучу здатність за властивостями ґрунтової основи. Систематизовано умови, за яких можливе виникнення дефектів палі при виготовленні та надано загальні рекомендації щодо усунення таких умов. Найбільш впливовою умовою, що спричинює появу дефектів, є така геологічна будова, коли у верхній частині інженерно-геологічного розрізу розташовані водонасичені піщані ґрунти та/або пилувато-глинисті ґрунти з показником текучості більше 0,5, а в нижній частині - пилувато-глинисті ґрунти з показником текучості менше 0,1 - 0,2.

Certification of Mill 5000 (PJSC “MMK”) Rolled Flat Products by Non-Destructive Control Methods

The paper describes the development stages of non-destructive magnetic control method for testing rolled metal products at PJSC “MMK”. The main conditions for using non-destructive control methods are provided. A possibility of applying non-destructive magnetic and statistical methods to control mechanical properties of the rolled flat products obtained by using a rolling mill 5000 (Mill 5000 products) is considered. Regression equations with statistically significant correlation coefficients have been developed.

Distribution of Magnetic Field Parameters in the Surface Layer of the Material of Reaction Furnace Coils after Operation Period

One of the main reasons for the limited service life period of the reaction furnace coils is the carburization of the surface layers, which leads to a decrease in the performance characteristics of the pipe material, decrease in plasticity, generation of internal stresses, change in the metal structure. Therefore, monitoring the state of coils surface in order to detect critical parameters of the carburized layer thickness, using non-destructive methods of control is relevant. The results of the distribution of magnetic parameters over the depth of the carburized layer in the fragments of pipes made of steel 20Х25Н20C2, operated under furnace conditions at high temperatures, for 1300, 6000, 8000, 10000 hours are presented in the article. Analysis of the results showed that the magnetic properties are manifested only in the surface layers of the reaction furnace tubes. At the same time, the longer the service life period, the deeper is the layer exercising the magnetic properties and the higher in this layer the values ​of the constant magnetic field intensity. Analysis of magnetic properties distribution in all studied pipe fragments, both from the inner and from the outer side, showed the non-uniformity of the constant magnetic field intensity distribution, while zones of extremely high values ​are observed. The layer-by-layer surface removal in these zones with the determination of the resultant constant magnetic field intensity showed that there are critical values of the carburization depth, after which a sharp increase of this parameter is registered. These results can be used as a method for carburization depth determination, and also used to develop criterion for rejecting coils of reaction furnaces.

Comparative analysis of reliability of non-destructive methods of strength control of concrete impregnated with vegetable oil: Basalt fiber for increasing the concrete strength

Abstract The feature of the operation of most industrial buildings and structures is the production or use of oils and oil products in technological processes. Getting on concrete and reinforced concrete load-bearing structures, vegetable and mineral oil and oil products gradually impregnate them and cause a negative impact on physical and mechanical properties of the material. A negative impact of vegetable, mineral oil and oil products on concrete and reinforced concrete leads to the reliability reduction of load-bearing structures of industrial buildings of the certain purpose. The study presents the concrete strength determinations of pumping equipment of oil processing enterprises foundations (while in operation about 5 years). During the research the main developments in this field have been analyzed. The reliable method of strength concrete was discussed. Adding basalt fibers in concrete mixture as reinforcement helps to retain and increase the strength of concrete impregnated with vegetable oil. The properties of basalt fiber give basalt fiber reinforced concrete the ability to withstand acidic, chemical, salty effect that causes concrete structures to lose its strength. The dependences of the measured results by both methods analyzed in this paper depending on the impregnation of concrete with vegetable oil were shown. The analysis of the indicators which depend on the time of impregnation with different oils has been carried out in this paper. The obtained results can be applied to assess the technical safety of industrial buildings in which vegetable and mineral oil, and oil products are produced and used. Also, how the use of basalt fibers in reinforcing concrete cures the oil impregnated concrete and increases the concrete strength was discussed in this paper.

Теплоперенос в формировании термоупругого и термоэлектрического отклика металлов на воздействие лазерного импульса

Abstract We analyze the effect of heat transfer in metals on parameters of the thermoelastic and thermoelectric responses of metals to a pulsed laser action. It is shown that two-stage analysis of the dynamic problem of thermoelasticity and the thermoelectric effect makes it possible to obtain an adequate description of experimental results. The results described here demonstrate a considerable dependence of the response parameters on the microstructure, which indicates the possibility of development of a high-efficiency method of nondestructive control of metal quality.

Data measurement system for non-destructive quality testing of hard alloys

Introduction. It is known that the quality of products from sintered hardmetals, if the fabrication technique is not violated, is determined by the phase composition and an average grain size of the carbide phase. However, hard alloys have a disadvantage inherent in all products of powder metallurgy - the inhomogeneity of the structure and the corresponding variation of properties. Traditional methods of monitoring the structure and phase composition according to the results of selective destructive tests prevent from receiving quality data under the production conditions and do not guarantee the identity of the properties of all batch products under study. The major method of non-destructive quality control of hard alloys is coercimetry, but domestic coercimeters are currently not produced. In this regard, the work objective is to create a domestic data measurement system for non-destructive quality testing of hard alloys and an assessment of the reliability of the results obtained with its help. Materials and Methods. Cylindrical and spherangular rods with the diameter of 4 to 10 mm, made of alloys of VK8 and VK10HOM grades, were used in the work. The method of comparison with a certified product was used to determine the coercitive force in the data measuring system. Research Results. The coercive force of two batches of products from hard alloys of VK10HOM and VK8 grades was measured using the developed data measuring system and KOERZIMAT 1.097 HcJ coersimeter. Discussion and Conclusions. The experimental studies show that the values of the coercitive force of the samples obtained on different equipment have approximately the same level. The inhomogeneity of the structure characteristic of sintered hardmetals being a fabrication technique effect is confirmed. Providing that the relative error of measuring the coercitive force for each sample should be within ± 6%, the results obtained can be considered satisfactory. It is shown that the measurement algorithm proposed and implemented in the data measurement system through comparing the characteristics of the tested and certified samples with the known coercitive force, allows the manufacturer of hard alloy products to expand the sample of inspected products up to 100%, and to significantly reduce the costs for non-destructive testing of products.

Aposteriori diagnostics of graphite electrodes for arc melting of steel

The work is devoted to methods of nondestructive diagnostics and their use for solving the problem of diagnosing various defects in solid surface of graphite electrodes used in steelmaking furnaces. Various non-destructive control methods of materials are analyzed. In the article, methods of eddy-current defectoscopy of graphite electrodes are considered. Rationalization of the sensitivity increase of the method and localization of damage is described. Imitating modeling of electromagnetic processes was executed; results were made and conclusions were drawn.

Microwave method of nondestructive control of thermal characteristics of building material

A contactless microwave method and corresponding information-measuring system (IMS) for determination of thermal and physical characteristics thermal and physical characteristics (TPH) of building materials and products are considered. The method provides microwave heating of the samples by exposing the surface of the sample to electromagnetic field of the microwave range through a circular area, as well as temperature control of the environment and in the center of the circle. A microprocessor-based IMS system developed for practical implementation of the proposed method provides determination of the thermal and physical characteristics of the objects under study with high accuracy. A possibility of on-line automatic control of all operations of the thermophysical experiment, as well as the control of heat losses to the environment from the surface of the circular spot subjected?? to microwave heating and the timely correction of those losses to improve the accuracy of the final results is a distinctive feature of the system. Analysis of the calculated and experimental data showed that the elimination of the impact of the contact thermal resistance arising between the surfaces of the sample and the heating element on the determination of the desired thermal characteristics increases the accuracy of the method by 6— 8 %. The developed method allows more accurate determination of the thermal characteristics compared to other known techniques and can be used in practice of general thermal measurements and thermal engineering for construction.

Improvement of Accuracy of Control of Physical‑Mechanical Characteristics of Materials By Ultrasonic Pulse Method Due to Reduction of Measurement Error of Propagation Time of Elastic Waves

Ensuring the reliability of buildings, structures, analysis of their structural elements during reconstruction or major repair includes the task of determining the physical and mechanical characteristics of materials — strength, homogeneity, evaluation of structural heterogeneity, the presence of microcracks, etc. In solving this problem, an ultrasonic pulse method of non-destructive quality control is used. The basis of the method is the dependence of the parameters of ultrasonic oscillations, on these characteristics when they pass through the material. As the main parameter of the information ultrasonic signal, the time of its passage from the radiating to the receiving ultrasonic transducers is used. The amplitude of the information ultrasonic signal to a large extent depends on the structure of the investigated material, its acoustic resistance. At significant violations of the structure of the material there is a significant decrease in the amplitude of the information signal, which causes an increase in the error of measuring the time of its passage, and hence the definition of characteristics, quality of the investigated material.
 The article describes the developed method of increasing the accuracy of measuring the time of passage of the ultrasonic signal from the radiating to the receiving ultrasonic transducers. The essence of the technique is to use the mathematical modeling of the shape of the ultrasound signal, in particular the form of its so-called «first introduction».

The Effectiveness of Non-Destructive Bat Control Measures in Residential Building

Bat management is uncommon among the Malaysian even though the said wildlife pest possesses a quite alarming threat to human especially in the suburban. The bats have losses their natural habitat to development, consequently, it adapts to co-exist among the human by residing in man-made structures. Many studies have been done on bat control measures especially for residential building and plenty of methods have been developed and executed in controlling bat from entering building either destructive or non-destructive method. In most countries, non-destructive is preferable such as bat proofing structures, bat proofing materials, artificial roost, and temporary outside roost but how far the method successfully and efficiently containing the problem remains questionable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of bat control measures available in the market nowadays. Applying Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the underlying theory to determine the most reliable and efficient bat control method, the research was accomplished through a survey among the pest management companies. A total of 30 respondents with vast experiences in pest control had completed the questionnaires. Results indicated that TAM successfully fit to be applied for this research. Generally, the best and effective bat control method was determined by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of each selected control methods. Both independent variables have a strong positive relationship with the effectiveness of bat control measures. The best control that perceived to be the most effective non-destructive bat control method is bat house; follows by repellent, bat proofing structure, bat- friendly house and lastly the fumigant. Each of these methods could be used in preventing the bat from entering the building but, it is suggested to the pest control companies to consider a non-destructive method which will not harm the bat and provides an alternative dwelling similar to its natural habitat.

Features of the single crystal structure of the turbine blades made of carbon-free and carbon-containing nickel superalloys

A comparative study of structural features of the blade castings having a single-crystal structure and made of heat-resistant carbon-free and carbon-containing high-temperature nickel alloys upon directional crystallization with 001 crystallographic orientation is carried out. The results of the effect of directional crystallization modes on the formation of the structure and defects of castings of working blades made of carbon-containing and carbon-free high-temperature nickel alloys are presented. Changes in the degree of pickling of the near-surface layer of casting are presented as a function of pickling conditions. The microstructure of the near-surface zone of castings made of ZhS32 heat-resistant alloy is studied after different modes of their technological processing. It is shown that blade castings with a single-crystal structure made of heat-resistant carbon-free superalloys have a tendency to formation of the block structure and appearance of surface recrystallized grains. Recommendations on the use of methods of nondestructive X-ray control of blades made of carbon-frees alloys and precautions regarding birth of microporosity on the shelf and in the blade lock are specified.

Application of infrared vision system for potato thermal control

The article proposes a solution to the problem of determining the values of potato tubers tissue thermophysical characteristics. The solution of this problem makes it possible to calculate the optimal regime parameters of potato quality active thermal control, which can be used for automatic sorting. In order to solve this problem, we propose a non-contact non-destructive control method based on a pulsed laser heating of a potato tuber flat surface area and subsequent use of time integral characteristics of temperature and heat flow, as well as a measuring device developed on the basis of physical and mathematical models of the method. The method was used by the authors to determine the thermal conductivity, heat capacity and coefficient of thermal diffusivity of different quality potato tissues: both healthy and affected by phyto-diseases. The studies have shown that the thermal conductivity of plant tissues depends on the presence of structural disturbances in them as a result of phyto-diseases. This fact confirms the possibility of using thermal non-destructive control of potatoes tissues provided the correct choice of power and the duration of the thermal effect on the object of control.

Method of non-destructive control of the solvent diffusion coefficient in products made from anisotropic porous materials

The development of methods and means of non-destructive products testing in various industries is an actual task. The subject of this study is non-destructive testing of the solvents mass transfer processes in products made from anisotropic porous materials (PM) and the diffusion coefficient determination. The known methods for determining the diffusion coefficient in anisotropic porous media are developed for canonical forms. This leads to the necessity of destroying products for making experimental samples from them of a given configuration and size. The purpose of this study is to develop a dynamic method that allows us quickly determine the diffusion coefficient in products from anisotropic porous materials without destroying them. The method is designed to investigate the diffusion coefficient of solvents, for example, in reinforced building elements from materials having a porous structure. The task of constructing the method mathematical model is solved. The influence of the design and operating measuring device parameters on the accuracy of the determining diffusion coefficient is studied. A theoretical estimate of the error in the measurement result was made. The results of the method application are presented.

Research of frequency and amplitude-frequency characteristics of industrial ultrasound transducers for non-destructive quality control of materials

Ultrasonic pulse method is one of the effective methods of nondestructive quality control of materials. It is used to study a wide range of materials, when inspecting buildings and structures. Its use makes it possible to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics, the structure of materials, the presence of foreign inclusions. When this method is used to study the materials of the porous structure, and also when measuring the characteristics of the ultrasonic signal at considerable distances between the radiating and receiving ultrasonic transducers, a significant attenuation of the amplitude of the information signal is observed. In this case, its amplitude is often at the noise level. This can cause a decrease in the accuracy of the results. One of the directions of providing the necessary levels of accuracy, reliability of the measurement data is the use of the frequency characteristics of the receiving and transmitting path of the monitoring and measuring devices. One of the elements of this path is ultrasonic transducers. The article presents research of frequency and amplitude-frequency industrial ultrasonic transducers made of lead zirconate titanate with specified nominal frequencies of 60, 100 and 150 kHz. Based on the analysis of the research results, conclusions were drawn and recommendations developed aimed at solving the problem of increasing the accuracy, reliability and validity of the measurement results. The solution of this problem will ensure an increase in the accuracy of the control of the quality characteristics of the materials under study ‒ their structure, physical and mechanical characteristics. This research can be used to improve the control and measuring equipment by which this method of non-destructive control is realized.

Non-Destructive Testing: Insuring Safety, Reliability, and Reducing Cost of Li Batteries

The safety and reliability of Li battery are determined mainly by its basic design and chemistry. However, without adequate quality control during manufacture, defects in even the best designs can lead to inconsistent performance and early failure. Deployment of automated quality assurance technology at every stage of the manufacturing and assembly process will increase the reliability and safety of batteries while lowering overall manufacturing costs by reducing wastage and preventing defective components from being incorporated into the finished product During presentation the particular attention will be paid to various non-destructive & non-contact methods and equipment based on the following methods: Electromagnetic eddy-current,Electromagnetic capacitance,Combined electromagnetic eddy-current & capacitance;Holographic Interferometry;Gas Discharge Visualization – High Voltage Electric Field methodUltrasonic with dry contact The goals are to conducting the non-destructive non-contact testing & evaluation the following properties of initial materials, semi and final production including in-line control during batteries production (is not limited to): Conductivity, composition and purity of the powder materials, liquids, polymer & slurry compositions;Interface resistance between current collector and active electrode massThickness measurement & quality assurance during the electrode coating.Hidden defect in electrodes, solid electrolytes and other components.Hidden defects in multiple layer structure, for examples, Jelly Roll in battery & ultracapacitorWeld quality hidden faults in batteries and ultracapacitors Major advantages of the Enerize non-destructive non-contact testing methods are as following: Reliability due to non-contact mode of operation.Efficient, fast, simple, and inexpensive to implement.Easy to automate. Results are obtained in real-time.Do not require any special protection for operators and equipment. Safe and less expensive than X-ray methods.Precise determination of specific parameters and defects.Provide 100% nondestructive control of the technological operations and the quality of the end product.Provide quality control of material and products for which contact methods, in principle, cannot provide reliable information due to extraneous processes at the sensor/test article interface surface.Provide quality control of new materials, including nanomaterials and thin-layered materials, which can be sensitive to mechanical contact. Non-destructive methods and equipment that developed by Enerize could be used non only during Li batteries production but also during production of the supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and in chemical, pharmacy, petro chemistry, and construction industry References. Enerize Corporation IP in the area of non-destructive testing Method of Non-Contact Measuring Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes with Using Primary Measuring Transformer. US Patent No. 7,071,684..Method and Apparatus for Measuring Conductivity of Powder Materials Using Eddy Currents. US Patent No. 7,288,941.Method and Apparatus For Eddy Current-Based Quality Inspection of Dry Electrode Structure. US Patent No. 7,355,395 and UK Patent GB No. 2435575Method of Nondestructive Tightness Testing Based on Gas Discharge Visualization. US Patent No. 7,498,817.Integrated Non-destructive Method and Device for Electrochemical Energy System Diagnostics. US Patent No. 7,783,438.Apparatus and Method for Determining Service Life of Chemical Energy Sources Using Combined Ultrasonic and Electromagnetic Testing. US Patent No. 7,845,232.Holographic Interferometry for Non-destructive Testing of Power Sources. US Patent No. 7,911,618.Method and Eddy Current System for Non-Contact Determination of Interface Resistance. US Patent No. 7,982,457.Method and Device for Rapid Non-Destructive Quality Control of Powdered Materials. US Patent No. 8,102,181.Method and Apparatus for Detecting and Inspection Through-Penetrating Defects in Foils and Films. US Patent No. 8,284,247.Methods and Systems for Non-Destructive Determination of Fluorination of Carbon Powders. US Patent No. 8.309,024.

STUDY OF THE PHASES OF ACICULA (LAMELLAR) MORPHOLOGY IN THE MATERIAL OF TURBINE BLADES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES

We present the results of studying features of separating phases of acicular (lamellar) morphology in the structure of blade material of operating gas turbine engines (GTD). A decrease in the strength characteristics and plasticity of the blade feather material in the zone of phase separation which contributes to in-service fatigue destruction of the turbine blade is revealed and illustrated with a specific example. Separation of the phases of needle (lamellar) morphology can be considered a criterion for the quality control of the structure and performance of the turbine blade material which requires appropriate rating. Difficulties in revealing the identification differences in the topologically close-packed (TCP) phases and carbides of Me6C type with acicular (lamellar) morphology are noted. A tend of a heat-resistant alloy to form σ-phase (i.e., the serviceability of the alloy) can be estimated in calculation of the chemical composition from the number of electron vacancies. At the same time, detection and rejection of the blades with inadmissible discharge of σ-phases can be done methods of direct non-destructive control. We develop a method of non-destructive electromagnetic control of TCP-phase (of σ-type) present in the structure of the material of highly oxidized blades (also with extraneous ferromagnetic particles present in internal cavities. Timely detection of σ-phases present in the structure of blade materials upon manufacture or repair will eliminate using the blades with reduced strength and plastic characteristics in GTE.

Non-destructive methods of concrete quality control as factor in reliability of concrete and reinforced concrete structures in transport facilities

Aim: The development of theory and practice of construction science leads to a need to enhance the basics of design, construction and operation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Despite significant progress, there is risk of collapse of different structures at various stages of their lifecycle. Current state of construction industry leads to a need to increase the quality and reliability of buildings and structures under construction.
 Methods: The authors have used methods of probabilistic forecasting in this work
 Results: The development of methods of construction materials control, particularly concrete and reinforced concrete, leads to a gradual implementation of non-destructive control methods. To assess the change of confidence and reliability coefficients of designed structures, the authors have substantiated the transition to probabilistic rationing of strength properties of concrete and reinforced concrete structures using classes. Also, the authors suggest implementation of non-destructive control methods. However, non-destructive control methods have a number of drawbacks, the key among these being the decrease of confidence coefficient while preparing a calibration curve, which drastically affects the results of quality control. It is possible to solve the problem by creating a set of control tests including both destructive and non-destructive quality control methods. This will provide systems for collecting testing information of high accuracy.

Non-destructive control method of the state of objects operating long time

Non-destructive control method of the state of objects operating long time

Mechanical and Acoustic Characteristics of the Weld and the Base Metal Machine Part of Career Transport

Currently, many industries use foreign-made machinery. There is no opportunity to purchase quality original spare parts for which machinery. Therefore, enterprises operating this equipment are looking for producers of analogues of various parts and assemblies. Quite often, the metal of such analog components turns out to be substandard, which leads to their breakdown at a much earlier date and the enterprises incur material losses.Due to the fact that the complex of performance characteristics and the resource of products are laid at the stage of their production, it is extremely important to control the quality of the raw materials. The structure, mechanical, acoustic and magnetic characteristics of metal samples of such destroyed details of quarry transport as hydraulic cylinders and detail “axis” of an excavator are investigated. A significant spread of data on the chemical composition of metal, hardness and characteristics of non-destructive testing is established, which gives grounds to recommend to manufacturers and suppliers of parts is more responsible to approach the incoming quality control. The results of the investigation of metal samples by destructive and non-destructive methods of control are compared, which showed that the spectral-acoustic method of nondestructive testing can be used to control the quality of the responsible machine parts under conditions of import substitution.

Damaged RC beams strengthened with GFRP

In recent years one of the most important duty of civil engineers is to define methods of rehabilitation both for historic and modern structures. Reinforced concrete is a relatively modern material of construction and it is often damaged both with cracking due to loading or corrosion of reinforcement. In this paper undamaged and damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams have been experimentally analyzed under bending loading with and without strengthening by near surface mounted (NSM) glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rod. A nondestructive method of control based on vibration tests has been utilized during the experiments on RC beams: experimental vibration tests have been carried out on RC beams without and with strengthening by GFRP rod assuming free-free ends and hinged ends. In the paper the envelope of Frequency Response functions (FRFs) obtained by the dynamic experimental tests are shown and the changes of natural frequency values are correlated to the damage degree of beam elements. A comparison of experimental and theoretical results is shown and discussed.