Nonconsensual Sexual Intercourse Research Articles

Compensation and Rehabilitation of Victims of Rape

Women are important segment of the society, be it family or the government or any other sector like medical, education, administration or legal etc. Women are playing increasingly important roles in every walk of public life. Despite playing such vital role in societal progress, the women are not getting the respect due to them. Even today, majority of the country is male dominated and women have to do every act according to men. Violence and discrimination against women is common place on world. One of the most heinous crimes against women- is the act of non-consensual coercive sexual intercourse with a woman. It violates, not only the body and conscience of the victim, but also disturbs the social order. A victim of rape suffers several problems like, social stigma in addition to psychological trauma. However till today there is no efficient law to provide a compensation or rehabilitation of victims of rape in India. Moreover there are several countries which provide a proper remedy to victims. Rape is the offence which occurred in every country instead of advanced or backward, the difference is only the ratio. In this paper I will discuss the women’s movement and major legislative provisions throughout the world towards compensation and rehabilitation of Rape Victims. As well as the Indian position in the particular offence.

(274) Sexual Assault Resulting in Hemoperitoneum and Multiple Genital Tract Injuries

Abstract Introduction The sexual experience ought to be pleasant and desirable, this case however demonstrates one of such unusual sexual events with catastrophic ending that may have resulted in fatality but for timely surgical intervention. The first coital experience for women may be associated with discomfort but when it is non-consensual the damaging effect of the trauma is deeper and may last for a lifetime. Objective To demonstrate unusual presentation of coital injuries with hemoperitoneum and its management in low resource settings to reduce immediate and long-term effects including death. Methods A case report of an 18-year old nulliparous lady with no prior sexual exposure who presented with vagina bleeding of 18hours following non-consensual penetrative sexual intercourse perpetrated by her religious cleric. Bleeding was in excess of 500mLs with associated lower abdominal pain and dizziness. She presented in hypovolaemic shock with severe anemia (hematocrit - 15%). There was ongoing vagina bleeding with mild abdominal distension. No skin injuries. Results She had genital tract exploration with findings of a 3cm peri-urethral vaginal laceration and a 6cm longitudinal rent on the posterior upper vagina extending to the cervix. The apex of the vaginal laceration could not be visualized from the vagina, necessitating exploratory laparotomy. Findings at surgery include 1.7L of hemoperitoneum and a transverse laceration on the posterior cervix extending into the lower uterine segment about 5cm long. The lacerations were repaired per vagina and per abdomen respectively with hemostasis secured. She had other supportive care including antibiotics, blood transfusion, analgesics, tetanus prophylaxis, Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and Hepatitis B immunoglobulin as well as emergency contraceptives. She was counselled with empathy and referred to the clinical psychologist for mental health support to prevent long term mental health effects. The assailant was arrested by the police and charged to court Conclusions Sexual assault may be associated with significant morbidities including unusual presentation such as hemoperitoneum and cervico-uterine laceration even in the absence of obvious skin injuries. Early presentation and appropriate intervention can help limit the adverse outcomes that may be associated as well as long term sequelae. Disclosure No.

In The Bahamas “She must give it up”: Sexual Abuse of Women in Heterosexual Relationships by their Intimate Partners

This study analyses the treatment of Bahamian women in heterosexual relationships by their intimate partners focusing on instances of sexual and psychological abuse. An internet survey obtained information from 464 married and 1,264 unmarried women currently in intimate relationships with men. Married women were more likely than unmarried women in intimate relationships to report non-consensual sexual intercourse. Married women who admitted to being victims of non-consensual sexual intercourse or reported having been raped by their husband were more likely to have been physically harmed by their husband than those who had not suffered non-consensual sex or rape. Likewise, psychological abuse was more evident in married than unmarried women. The results indicate that behaviours of concern are inflicted by men on their female intimate partners both inside and outside of marriage. The finding that abusive behaviours, including non-consensual sex and psychological abuse, are more common within marriage than outside of marriage requires further study.

Acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy effects on women's memory for consensual and non-consensual sexual activity.

To test whether acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy affects how accurately women remember consensual and non-consensual sexual activity that occurred during an interactive hypothetical dating scenario. A balanced placebo randomized study that varied alcohol dose (mean Breath Alcohol Content; BrAC = 0.06%) and alcohol expectancy prior to participants encoding a hypothetical interactive rape scenario was implemented. Participants could elect to consent to sexual activity with a male partner in the hypothetical scenario. If they stopped consenting, non-consensual sexual intercourse (i.e., rape) was described. Seven days later, participants' memory for consensual and non-consensual sexual activity in the scenario was tested. Memory accuracy, confidence, and feelings of intoxication. A total of 90 females (M age = 20.5, SD = 2.2) were tested regarding their memory accuracy for the consensual and non-consensual sexual activities in the scenario. A multi-level logistic regression predicting memory accuracy for the perpetrator's behaviors during the rape indicated no effect of alcohol intoxication. However, a main effect of alcohol expectancy was found, whereby participants who expected to consume alcohol, compared to those who did not, recalled the perpetrator's behaviors during the rape more accurately. A second regression predicting memory accuracy for consensual sexual activity found no main effects for alcohol intoxication or alcohol expectancy. Participants recalled consensual sexual activity with a high degree of accuracy. Calibration analyses indicated that accuracy increased with confidence level, regardless of intoxication level or alcohol expectancy condition, but that women tended to be overconfident in general. This study provides an important test of how accurately women remember consensual and non-consensual sexual activities. The accuracy of this information is important for forensic medical examinations and police investigations following an allegation of sexual assault. Increased memory accuracy was found for offence details when participants expected to consume alcohol, suggesting there may be important differences in attentional processes (e.g., hypervigilance) depending on whether threat is present. Further research is necessary to investigate memory for sexual violence in real-world settings and to test methods for ascertaining the most complete and reliable accounts.

Vulva Haematoma following Sexual Assault in an Adolescent Nigerian Girl: A Case Report

Non-obstetric vulva haematomas are uncommon, with an incidence of 3.7% accounting for less than 1% of gynaecologic emergencies. Non-consensual sexual intercourse constitutes the most common aetiology. A 15-year-old adolescent Nigerian girl, who presented to the Gynaecologic Emergency Unit of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, with vulva haematoma following sexual assault, is presented. She had surgical management, screening and prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections, emergency contraception, and psychosocial therapy and was discharged after 24 hours, following an unremarkable postoperative period. This case is being reported to draw attention to the serious global public health problem of adolescent sexual abuse, highlight that though rare, vulva haematomas, which could be life-threatening, can be a complication of sexual assault, and review the literature on its management.

Lebenszeitpr\xe4valenz des Erlebens von Sex und sexueller Ber\xfchrung gegen den eigenen Willen sowie Zusammenh\xe4nge mit gesundheitsbezogenen Faktoren

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie negativen Auswirkungen von sexueller Gewalt auf die Gesundheit sind im vergangenen Jahrzehnt weltweit erneut stark in den gesundheitspolitischen Fokus gerückt. Bislang fehlen für Deutschland bevölkerungsrepräsentative Daten, auf deren Basis die Lebenszeitprävalenz für unterschiedliche Altersgruppen sowie spezifische Zusammenhänge zu gesundheitsbezogenen Faktoren dargestellt werden können.Ziel der ArbeitDie Studie untersucht 1) die Lebenszeitprävalenz für Sex sowie sexuelle Berührung gegen den eigenen Willen im Kindesalter und über die Lebensspanne sowie 2) die Zusammenhänge mit gesundheitsbezogenen Faktoren.Material und Methoden4955 Personen im Alter von 18 bis 75 Jahren wurden in einer zweistufig geschichteten, randomisierten Einwohnermeldeamtsstichprobe im Rahmen des bundesweiten wissenschaftlichen Survey „Gesundheit und Sexualität in Deutschland“ (GeSiD) befragt. Die Zusammenhänge mit soziodemografischen und gesundheitsbezogenen Faktoren wurden (altersadjustiert und stratifiziert für Geschlecht) mittels logistischer Regression berechnet.ErgebnisseFür Frauen lag die Lebenszeitprävalenz für (versuchten/vollzogenen) Sex bei 14,9 % und für (versuchte/vollzogene) sexuelle Berührung gegen den Willen bei 40,8 %, für Männer bei 3,1 % respektive 13,2 %. Für erzwungenen Sex vor dem 14. Lebensjahr lag die Prävalenz bei 2,1 %, für sexuelle Berührung bei 7,5 %. Es zeigten sich höhere Prävalenzen bei Personen mit beeinträchtigter Lebensqualität, schlechtem Gesundheitszustand, chronischer Erkrankung oder Behinderung, einer Behandlung aufgrund von Depression oder einer anderen psychischen Störung im letzten Jahr.DiskussionDie Studie verdeutlicht Zusammenhänge von sexueller Gewalt mit psychischer und somatischer Gesundheit. Sie unterstreicht die Dringlichkeit, nach solchen Erfahrungen regelhaft in der ärztlichen Anamnese zu fragen.

192 Non-Obstetric Vulvovaginal Lacerations: Evaluation and Emergency Management

Non-obstetric trauma is gradually becoming a common cause of vulvovaginal lacerations. Consensual and nonconsensual sexual intercourse have been reported to be possible causes of these injuries, but their contribution to traumatic lesions is not well known. The aim of this community-based study was to analyze the clinical features, treatment modalities, and the outcome of lacerations to the female genital tract.

Obligations of the Government Concerning Sex Offences According to the European Court of Human Rights Case-law

Due to the special importance of the European Convention on Human Rights, the article discusses the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights regarding sexual offences, which establish violations of various rights protected under the Convention. In addition, it is mentioned in the article whether the practice of the national courts complies with the standards of the European Convention on Human Rights. The approaches of the ECtHR on this issue is very interesting, in particular, on the definition of the crime of rape, nonconsensual sexual intercourse and importance of protection of sexual autonomy. Furthermore, the judgments of the ECtHR related to the sexual offences are discussed, in particular violation of the right to respect for private life. As most of the violations in this category of cases are related to the Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, therefore the case-law of the ECtHR in this regard, especially in terms of the definition of torture and the ineffective investigation is the important component of the present publication. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the main challenges existing in the Georgian criminal law and practice regarding the implementation of the European Convention on Human rights on national level.

Ambiguous Sex in Critical Receptions to Ari Aster’s Midsommar

A critically acclaimed horror film, Midsommar has been the topic of considerable debate because of its central sex scene. While most reviewers, who acknowledge the scene, claim it is “unorthodox” or “weird” as far as sex sequences go, a small subset of critics have labelled it as depicting rape. The ambiguous nature of this scene may be viewed as problematic because it blurs the line between consent and sexual assault. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the scene in question. Then, we elucidate a host of reasons why the scene may be construed as an example of non-consensual or consensual sexual intercourse. Finally, we conclude by discussing the scene’s implications in terms of contemporary Western understandings of consent, sexual assault, and (male) rape myths.

Discriminating between consensual intercourse and sexual assault: Genital-anal injury pattern in females

BackgroundAssessment of genital-anal (GA) injuries following sexual assault promotes health and assists prosecutors to build a case. The pattern of injuries may help differentiate between consensual and non-consensual intercourse, bolster the survivors' credibility, and increase prosecutions in sexual assault cases. ObjectivesTo identify the constellation of G-A injury-related characteristics that most effectively discriminated between consensual sexual intercourse and sexual assault in females when controlling for intercourse-related variables. MethodsWe employed a comparative study with two groups: a prospective cohort group with consensual participants and a group derived from an existing sexual assault registry. In the prospective cohort, we performed a sexual assault forensic examination at baseline and following consensual sexual intercourse with females ≥21 years. We compared their injury patterns to the injury records of females ≥21 years who were sexual assaulted. ResultsWe enrolled a sample of 834 females: 528 consensual (63.3%) participants and 306 non-consensual (36.7%) registry cases. After controlling for race/ethnicity, age, and time between intercourse and examination, logistic regression analyses showed that the presence of an external genital tear increased the odds of non-consensual intercourse more than two times (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.28–5.56). Logistic regression analyses also showed that the odds of non-consensual sexual intercourse were significantly greater with a lower prevalence and frequency of external and internal genital redness, lack of condom use and lubrication, and presence of anal penetration. Latent class analysis identified high and low G-A injury prevalence subgroups among both consensual and non-consensual samples. One subset of results emerged that may be indicative of non-consensual as compared to consensual intercourse: a higher prevalence of external genital and anal tears. ConclusionExternal genital tears occurred more frequently in the non-consensual sample and increased the odds of non-consensual intercourse more than two times. Anal tears, swelling, and ecchymosis and anal penetration were markers for non-consensual intercourse and should increase suspicion for lack of consent.

Gender Differences in the Emotional Response and Subjective Sexual Arousal Toward Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse: A Pupillometric Study

BackgroundGender differences in sexual response have targeted individuals' emotional appraisal of mainstream erotica. Yet, evidence reveals that men and women commonly endorse non-normative sexual interests, and no evidence has been collected on their emotional responses toward deviant sexual stimuli. AimThis study was aimed at evaluating gender differences in the emotional responses toward non-consensual sexual intercourse, thus revealing individuals' appraisal of non-normative sexual contents. In order to provide an initial background to interpret findings, this study further tested the association between individuals' emotional responses and sexual self-schemas (SSSs). Methods29 men and 45 women (all heterosexual) were voluntarily exposed to audiovisual presentations of non-consensual/physically forced sexual intercourse in a laboratory context. Markers of emotional response were collected by psychophysiological and self-report means. OutcomesPupil activation, namely pupil diameter ratio, during exposure to the video clips was captured with an eye tracker. Positive and negative emotions and subjective sexual arousal toward the clips were also collected. In addition, participants responded to the SSS scale assessing individuals' sexual self-perceptions. ResultsFindings revealed a small degree of gender differences. While men reported significantly more positive emotions toward the clip displaying a woman as recipient to non-consensual sex, no further differences were found. Also, participants revealed an increased pupil diameter ratio only in the first moments of the video clips. SSSs, including themes of aggression and power, were associated with men's emotional responses toward the clips, while no associations were found in women. Clinical TranslationDespite its preliminary nature, the current study provides evidence on the emotional mechanisms underpinning human sexual response, and may eventually translate to conceptualizing models with a focus on non-normative sexual behavior. Strengths & LimitationsTo our best knowledge, this is the first study researching gender specificities in the emotional appraisal of non-consented sex. Current findings may help to understand individuals' deviant sexual interests and establish a framework for future research in this area. However, it is worth noting that lack of previous research prevents the generalization of findings and limits our interpretation of data. ConclusionFindings revealed a small degree of gender differences in the emotional appraisal of non-consensual sexual intercourse, and suggested partial evidence in the relationship between sexual self-perceptions and emotional responses to forced sex.Carvalho J, Rosa PJ. Gender Differences in the Emotional Response and Subjective Sexual Arousal Toward Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse: A Pupillometric Study. J Sex Med 2020;17:1865–1874.

Narrated Silence in Sexual Scripts of War Rape Survivors: Hidden Transmission of Violent Sexual Patterns

This paper introduces the concept of narrated silence among rape survivors from the Bosnian war to argue how supposedly unique survivors’ responses have in fact empowered the understanding of sexuality and existing sexual scripts. By using excerpts from scholarly monographs, novels, and feature and documentary movies, the author displays the universal and standardized formats for how we voice, discuss, and think of silence after war rapes across different genres. The continuum of narrated silences reduces survivors to speechless and voiceless spectacles of victimization, which contributes to the preservation of a historic legacy of sexual scripts and the normalization of gender-based violence, abuse, and nonconsensual sexual intercourse among the post-war generations.

The Professional and Ethical Dilemmas of the Two-child Limit for Child Tax Credit and Universal Credit

ABSTRACTChild tax credit and universal credit provide means-tested support for low-income families. The government have introduced a two-child limit for these benefits meaning that the child element of child tax credit and universal credit will no longer be awarded for third or subsequent children born after 6 April 2017. The government argue that the benefit system should provide a fair deal for the tax payer and that families claiming benefits should face the same financial choices as those in work. However, it has been argued that there is an inherent moral injustice in linking benefit entitlement to the size of the family and that there will be an increase in child poverty. Firstly, this paper will discuss the ethics of limiting state financial support on the basis of family size with reference to how far social justice can be achieved in a ‘needs based’ benefits system. Secondly, there will be an analysis of the most controversial element of this policy – the so-called rape clause where an exception is applied if a claimant can demonstrate that their third or subsequent child is born as a result of non-consensual sexual intercourse. Finally, the paper will identify potential implications for anti-oppressive practice.

Age and injury patterns of female survivors of different alleged sexual assaults examined in the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

During the year 2014, two hundred and seventy (270) victims of sexual assaults had been medico-legally examined in the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura. Twenty seven (27) were males and two hundred forty three (243) were females. Retrospective study was done by collecting data from medico-legal reports of all alleged sexually assaulted female survivors. Eleven different categories were identified among alleged sexual assault cases according to the main complaint of the victims. They are:-(1) Eloped with boyfriend before the age of 16 years (age for consenting sex)- 108, (2) Consenting sexual intercourse – 41, (3) Fondling/ Touching– 31, (4) Alleged rape and attempted rape (non-consensual sexual intercourse)- 30, (5) Intercrural intercourse (thigh intercourse)- 18, (6) Anal intercourse- 5, (7) Verbal abuse- 5, (8) Abduction-(parents suspected sexual assault)- 3, (9) Fingering-1, (10) Exhibition of genitalia- 1, (11) Naked photographs taken after intercrural intercourse-1. During the year 2014, females between the age of 4 and 78 were sexually assaulted in Anuradhapura district. The age range varies with different sexual assaults. The participation in eloping is seen among females between the ages of 12and 17 years with the maximum number at 15. Consenting sexual intercourse is seen between 12 and 32 years with the maximum number at 15. Fondling and touching were reported between 5 and 42 years with maximum cases at 14. Alleged rape and attempted rape cases are reported between 11 and 78 years with maximum numbers at 13 and 14 years. Intercrural intercourse cases are reported between 4 and 19 years with maximum number at 14 years. Anal intercourse is reported between 5 and 29 years. Sexual verbal abuse is seen at the age of 16 and 18 years. Only case of fingering reported was of a 9 year old, the exhibition case was of 12 year old and the naked photographs taken was of 11 year old. When examining the victims of sexual assaults of fondling / touch, intercrural intercourse, verbal abuse, abduction and exhibition, physical injuries were not expected and none was found. With regards to victims of elope and consensual sexual intercourse, hymeneal tears were the only findings, except in one case which showed a vulval contusion at 6 o’clock position without hymeneal tear. Single hymeneal tear is the commonest type of genital finding and it is commonly situated at 6 o’clock position. Where there were two hymeneal tears, they were not symmetrically distributed around 6 o’clock position. Bodily injuries were seen only in 5 cases of alleged attempted rape category out of two hundred and 270 alleged sex assaults. Absence of bodily injuries cannot be used to suggest consent or to exclude the victims clinical history in relation to sex assaults during court trials. Awareness programs to encourage victims to report to police soon after sexual assaults, clinical forensic medicine specialists for major medico-legal units, colposcopic examination of vagina and devices to detect deep skin contusions are the improvements needed.

De capability approach als normatief-evaluatief kader voor sociale interventies: Kwalitatief onderzoek in India met inzichten voor de Vlaamse en Nederlandse praktijk

De capability approach als normatief-evaluatief kader voor sociale interventies: Kwalitatief onderzoek in India met inzichten voor de Vlaamse en Nederlandse praktijk

A REVIEW OF KETAMINE ABUSE AND DIVERSION.

Ketamine was discovered in the 1960s and released for public use in 1970. Originally developed as a safer alternative to phencyclidine, ketamine is primarily used in clinical settings for analgesia and sedation. In recent years, other uses have been developed, including pain management and treatment of asthma and depression. Clinical use of ketamine causes dissociation and emergence delirium. These effects have led to recreational abuse. Although death from direct pharmacologic effects appears rare, the disinhibition and altered sensory perceptions caused by ketamine puts users at risk of environmental harm. Ketamine has also been implicated in nonconsensual sexual intercourse. Data continue to build that chronic ketamine use may lead to morbidity. Impairment of memory and persistent dissociative, depressive, and delusional thinking has also been reported with long-term use. Lower urinary tract symptoms, including cystitis have been described. Gastric and hepatic pathology have also been noted, including abnormal liver function tests, choledochal cysts and dilations of the common bile duct. S-ketamine, an enantiomer in racemic ketamine, has been shown to be hepatotoxic in vitro. Abstinence from ketamine may reduce the adverse effects of chronic use and is considered the mainstay of treatment. Specialized urine drug testing may be required to detect use, as not all point of care urine drug screens include ketamine.

“Not Used But Almost…”—A Gender and Agency Analysis of the Grey Zone Between Consensual and Nonconsensual Sexual Intercourse

Rape is a widespread but underreported problem among women. In this article I explore the complexities surrounding the fine line between consensual and nonconsensual sexual intercourse, by studying a rape through which a young woman was infected with HIV. I provide an analysis of how to understand and interpret this episode by applying a gender perspective based on patriarchy—namely, women's submissive position in heterosexual situations compared with men—and the concept of agency, that is, the individual's own decision-making ability, own choices, and different courses of action available, to outline the frame of action available to the informant. The inclusion of agency and a gender perspective offers new dimensions on how to understand and give meaning to narratives that are seldom told.

Forensic medical examinations conducted on complainants of sexual assault in the Forensic Medicine Institute, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, between 2006 and 2013.

A total of 46 cases of alleged sexual assault were analysed from the years 2006-2013 where forensic medical examinations were conducted. The material was compared with data from literature. All the victims were female. In 9 cases (20%) a sexual assault by sexual touching was alleged, 67% of complainants (31 cases) had alleged non-consensual sexual intercourse, 6 complainants (13%) had no recollection of events. Genital area injuries were reported in 26% of sexual assault victims. Injuries of other parts of the body were found in 73% of victims. None of the subjects were positive for severe injuries such as fractures, wounds, and head trauma with loss of consciousness. The majority of complainants (29 cases, 63%) were examined within 24 hours after the incident and 6 examinees (13%) were assessed between 24 and 48 hours after the alleged sexual assault. Eleven forensic medical examinations (24%) were conducted after the lapse of more than 48 hours since the alleged incident. Twenty nine complainants admitted that they had washed their genital area after the sexual assault. Forensic swabs were taken during all forensic medical examinations.

Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England

A number of studies in a range of samples attest a link between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis. To use data from a large representative general population sample (Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007) to test hypotheses that childhood sexual abuse is linked to psychosis, and that the relationship is consistent with mediation by revictimisation experiences, heavy cannabis use, anxiety and depression. The prevalence of psychosis was established operationally in a representative cross-sectional survey of the adult household population of England (n = 7353). Using computer-assisted self-interview, a history of various forms of sexual abuse was established, along with the date of first abuse. Sexual abuse before the age of 16 was strongly associated with psychosis, particularly if it involved non-consensual sexual intercourse (odds ratio (OR) = 10.14, 95% CI 4.8-21.3, population attributable risk fraction 14%). There was evidence of partial mediation by anxiety and depression, but not by heavy cannabis use nor revictimisation in adulthood. The association between childhood sexual abuse and psychosis was large, and may be causal. These results have important implications for the nature and aetiology of psychosis, for its treatment and for primary prevention.

A verbal audit to determine the consequences of domestic violence among 50 women at a shelter for abused women in Lusaka, Zambia

Summary50 women were enlisted with ages ranging between 18 and 49 years Verbal threats physical beatings, verbal abuse and non-consensual sexual intercourse were the forms Domestic violence took.MethodA semistructured schedule...