Noncommutative Spacetime Research Articles

On Boundedness of Entropy of Photon Gas in Noncommutative Spacetime

Entropy bound for the photon gas in a noncommutative (NC) spacetime where phase space is with compact spatial momentum space, previously studied by Nozari et al., has been reexamined with the correct distribution function. While Nozari et al. have employed Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function to investigate thermodynamic properties of photon gas, we have employed the correct distribution function, that is, Bose-Einstein distribution function. No such entropy bound is observed if Bose-Einstein distribution is employed to solve the partition function. As a result, the reported analogy between thermodynamics of photon gas in such NC spacetime and Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes should be disregarded.

Noncommutative Spacetime Symmetries from Covariant Quantum Mechanics

In the last decades, noncommutative spacetimes and their deformed relativistic symmetries have usually been studied in the context of field theory, replacing the ordinary Minkowski background with an algebra of noncommutative coordinates. However, spacetime noncommutativity can also be introduced into single-particle covariant quantum mechanics, replacing the commuting operators representing the particle’s spacetime coordinates with noncommuting ones. In this paper, we provide a full characterization of a wide class of physically sensible single-particle noncommutative spacetime models and the associated deformed relativistic symmetries. In particular, we prove that they can all be obtained from the standard Minkowski model and the usual Poincaré transformations via a suitable change of variables. Contrary to previous studies, we find that spacetime noncommutativity does not affect the dispersion relation of a relativistic quantum particle, but only the transformation properties of its spacetime coordinates under translations and Lorentz transformations.

Ergodic Theory and the Structure of Non-commutative Space-Time

We develop further our fibre bundle construct of non-commutative space-time on a Minkowski base space. We assume space-time is non-commutative due to the existence of additional non-commutative algebraic structure at each point x of space-time, forming a quantum operator 'fibre algebra' A(x). This structure then corresponds to the single fibre of a fibre bundle. A gauge group acts on each fibre algebra locally, while a 'section' through this bundle is then a quantum field of the form {A(x); x in M} with M the underlying space-time manifold. In addition, we assume a local algebra O(D) corresponding to the algebra of sections of such a principal fibre bundle with base space a finite and bounded subset of space-time, D. The algebraic operations of addition and multiplication are assumed defined fibrewise for this algebra of sections. We characterise 'ergodic' extremal quantum states of the fibre algebra invariant under the subgroup T of local translations of space-time of the Poincare group P in terms of a non-commutative extension of entropy applied to the subgroup T. We also characterise the existence of T- invariant states by generalizing to the non-commutative case Kakutani's work on wandering projections. This leads on to a classification of the structure of the local algebra O(D) by using a 'T-Twisted' equivalence relation, including a full analysis of the T-type III case. In particular we show that O(D) is T-type III if and only if the crossed product algebra O(D)xT is type III in the sense of Murray-von Neumann.

Space-Time Defects and Group Momentum Space

We study massive and massless conical defects in Minkowski and de Sitter spaces in various space-time dimensions. The energy momentum of a defect, considered as an (extended) relativistic object, is completely characterized by the holonomy of the connection associated with its space-time metric. The possible holonomies are given by Lorentz group elements, which are rotations and null rotations for massive and massless defects, respectively. In particular, if we fix the direction of propagation of a massless defect in n+1-dimensional Minkowski space, then its space of holonomies is a maximal Abelian subgroup of the AN(n-1) group, which corresponds to the well known momentum space associated with the n-dimensional κ-Minkowski noncommutative space-time and κ-deformed Poincaré algebra. We also conjecture that massless defects in n-dimensional de Sitter space can be analogously characterized by holonomies belonging to the same subgroup. This shows how group-valued momenta related to four-dimensional deformations of relativistic symmetries can arise in the description of motion of space-time defects.

Planck-Scale Dual-Curvature Lensing and Spacetime Noncommutativity

It was recently realized that Planck-scale momentum-space curvature, which is expected in some approaches to the quantum-gravity problem, can produce dual-curvature lensing, a feature which mainly affects the direction of observation of particles emitted by very distant sources. Several gray areas remain in our understanding of dual-curvature lensing, including the possibility that it might be just a coordinate artifact and the possibility that it might be in some sense a by-product of the better studied dual-curvature redshift. We stress that data reported by the IceCube neutrino telescope should motivate a more vigorous effort of investigation of dual-curvature lensing, and we observe that studies of the recently proposed “ρ-Minkowski noncommutative spacetime” could be valuable from this perspective. Through a dedicated ρ-Minkowski analysis, we show that dual-curvature lensing is not merely a coordinate artifact and that it can be present even in theories without dual-curvature redshift.

Infinite volume of noncommutative black hole wrapped by finite surface

The volume of a black hole under noncommutative spacetime background is found to be infinite, in contradiction with the surface area of a black hole, or its Bekenstein-Hawking (BH) entropy, which is well-known to be finite. Our result rules out the possibility of interpreting the entropy of a black hole by counting the number of modes wrapped inside its surface if the final evaporation stage can be properly treated. It implies the statistical interpretation for the BH entropy can be independent of the volume, provided spacetime is noncommutative. The effect of radiation back reaction is found to be small and doesn't influence the above conclusion.

Noncommutative Dirac quantization condition using the Seiberg-Witten map

We investigate the validity of the Dirac quantization condition (DQC) for magnetic monopoles in noncommutative space-time. We use an approach based on an extension of the method introduced by Wu and Yang; the effects of noncommutativity are analyzed using the Seiberg-Witten map and the corresponding deformed Maxwell's equations are discussed. By means of a perturbation expansion in the noncommutativity parameter $\theta$, we show first that the DQC remains unmodified up to the first and second order. This result is then generalized to all orders in the expansion parameter for a class of noncommutative electric currents induced by the Seiberg-Witten map; these currents reduce to the Dirac delta function in the commutative limit.

Emergent spacetime for quantum gravity

We emphasize that noncommutative (NC) spacetime necessarily implies emergent spacetime if spacetime at microscopic scales should be viewed as NC. In order to understand NC spacetime correctly, we need to deactivate the thought patterns that we have installed in our brains and taken for granted for so many years. Emergent spacetime allows a background-independent formulation of quantum gravity that will open a new perspective to resolve the notorious problems in theoretical physics such as the cosmological constant problem, hierarchy problem, dark energy, dark matter and cosmic inflation.

The effects of quantum gravity on some thermodynamical quantities

In this paper, using a deformed algebra [Formula: see text] which is originated from various theories of gravity, we study thermodynamical properties of the classical and extreme relativistic gases in canonical ensembles. In this regards, we exactly calculate the modified partition function, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, entropy, heat capacity and the thermal pressure which conclude to the familiar form of the equation of state for the ideal gas. The advantage of applying this algebra is not only considering all natural cutoffs but also its structure is similar to the other effective quantum gravity models such as polymer, Snyder and noncommutative space–time frameworks. Moreover, after obtaining some thermodynamical quantities including internal energy and entropy, we conclude at high temperature limits due to the decreasing of the number of microstates, these quantities reach to maximal bounds which do not exist in standard cases and it concludes that at the presence of gravity for both micro-canonic and canonic ensembles, the internal energy and the entropy tend to these upper bounds.

Quantum nonlocality and the end of classical spacetime

Quantum nonlocal correlations and the acausal, spooky action at a distance suggest a discord between quantum theory and special relativity. We propose a resolution for this discord by first observing that there is a problem of time in quantum theory. There should exist a reformulation of quantum theory which does not refer to classical time. Such a reformulation is obtained by suggesting that spacetime is fundamentally noncommutative. Quantum theory without classical time is the equilibrium statistical thermodynamics of the underlying noncommutative relativity. Stochastic fluctuations about equilibrium give rise to the classical limit and ordinary spacetime geometry. However, measurement on an entangled state can be correctly described only in the underlying noncommutative spacetime, where there is no causality violation, nor a spooky action at a distance.

Cosmological power spectrum in a noncommutative spacetime

We propose a generalized star product which deviates from the standard product when the fields at evaluated at different space-time points. This produces no changes in the standard Lagrangian density in non-commutative space-time but produces a change in the cosmological power spectrum. We show that the generalized star product leads to physically consistent results and can fit the observed data on hemispherical anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Generation of circular polarization of gamma ray bursts

The generation of the circular polarization of Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) photons is discussed in this paper via their interactions with astroparticles in the presence or absence of background fields such as magnetic fields and non-commutative space time geometry. Solving quantum Boltzmann equation for GRB-photons as a photon ensemble, we discuss the generation of circular polarization (as Faraday conversion phase shift $\Delta \phi_{FC}$) of GRBs in the following cases: (i) intermediate interactions, i.e. the Compton scattering of GRBs in the galaxy cluster magnetic field and in the presence of non-commutative space time geometry, as well as the scattering of GRBs in cosmic neutrino background (CNB), and in cosmic microwave background (CMB); (ii) interactions with particles and fields in shock wave, i.e. the Compton scattering of GRBs with accelerated charged particles in the presence of magnetic fields. We found that (i) after shock wave crossing, the most contribution of $\Delta \phi_{FC}$ for energetic GRBs (in order GeV and larger) comes from GRB-CMB interactions, however for low energy GRBs the contributions of the Compton scattering of GRBs in the galaxy cluster magnetic field dominate; (ii) in shock wave crossing, the magnetic filed has significant effects on converting GRB's linear polarization to circular one, this effect can be used to better understanding magnetic profile in shock wave. The main aim of this work is a emphasis that the studying and measuring the circular polarization of GRBs are helpful for better understanding of physics and mechanism of the generation of GRBs and their interactions before reaching us.

Gauge-invariant extensions of the Proca model in a noncommutative space–time

The gauge invariance analysis of theories described in noncommutative (NC) space–times can lead us to interesting results since noncommutativity is one of the possible paths to investigate quantum effects in classical theories such as general relativity, for example. This theoretical possibility has motivated us to analyze the gauge invariance of the NC version of the Proca model, which is a second-class system, in Dirac’s classification, since its classical formulation (commutative space–time) has its gauge invariance broken thanks to the mass term. To obtain such gauge invariant model, we have used the gauge unfixing method to construct a first-class NC version of the Proca model. We have also questioned if the gauge symmetries of NC theories are affected necessarily or not by the NC parameter. In this way, we have calculated its respective symmetries in a standard way via Poisson brackets.

Constraining noncommutative spacetime from GW150914

The gravitational wave signal GW150914, recently detected by LIGO and Virgo collaborations, is used to place a bound on the scale of quantum fuzziness of non-commutative space-time. We show that the leading non-commutative correction to the phase of the gravitational waves produced by a binary system appears at the 2nd order of the post- Newtonian expansion. This correction is proportional to $\Lambda^2 \equiv |\theta^{0i}|^2/(l_P t_P)^2$, where $\theta^{\mu \nu}$ is the antisymmetric tensor of non-commutativity. To comply with GW150914 data, we find that $\sqrt{\Lambda} \lesssim 6$, namely less than one order of magnitude above the Planck scale. This is the most stringent bound on non-commutative scale, exceeding the previous constraints from particle physics processes by $\sim 15$ orders of magnitude.

Spherically symmetric potential in noncommutative spacetime with a compactified extra dimensions

The Schr\"odinger equation of the spherical symmetry quantum models such as the hydrogen atom problem seems to be analytically non-solvable in higher dimensions. When we try to compactifying one or several dimensions this question can maybe solved. This paper stands for the study of the spherical symmetry quantum models on noncommutative spacetime with compactified extra dimensions. We provide analytically the resulting spectrum of the hydrogen atom and Yukawa problem in $4+1$ dimensional noncommutative spacetime in the first order approximation of noncommutative parameter. The case of higher dimensions $D\geq 4$ is also discussed.

Pair creation in noncommutative space-time

By taking two interactions, the Volkov plane wave and a constant electromagnetic field, the probability related to the process of pair creation from the vacuum is exactly and analytically determined via the Schwinger method in noncommutative space-time. For the plane wave, it is shown that the probability is simply null and for the electromagnetic wave it is found that the expression of the probability has a similar form to that obtained by Schwinger in a commutative space-time. For a certain critical value of H, the probability is simply equal to 1.

Central tetrads and quantum spacetimes

In this paper, we perform a parallel analysis to the model proposed in [E. J. Beggs and S. Majid, Gravity induced from quantum spacetime, Class. Quantum Grav. 31 (2014) 035020, arXiv: 1305.2403 [gr-qc]]. By considering the central co-tetrad (instead of the central metric), we investigate the modifications in the gravitational metrics coming from the noncommutative spacetime of the [Formula: see text]-Minkowski type in four dimensions. The differential calculus corresponding to a class of Jordanian [Formula: see text]-deformations provides metrics, which lead either to cosmological constant or spatial curvature type solutions of nonvacuum Einstein equations. Among vacuum solutions, we find pp-wave type.

Cosmic microwave background polarization in non-commutative space-time

In the standard model of cosmology (SMC) the B-mode polarization of the CMB can be explained by the gravitational effects in the inflation epoch. However, this is not the only way to explain the B-mode polarization for the CMB. It can be shown that the Compton scattering in the presence of a background, besides generating a circularly polarized microwave, can lead to a B-mode polarization for the CMB. Here we consider the non-commutative (NC) space-time as a background to explore the CMB polarization at the last scattering surface. We obtain the B-mode spectrum of the CMB radiation by scalar perturbation of metric via a correction on the Compton scattering in NC-space-time in terms of the circular polarization power spectrum and the non-commutative energy scale. It can be shown that even for the NC scale as large as \(20\,\mathrm{TeV}\) the NC-effects on the CMB polarization and the r parameter are significant. We show that the V-mode power spectrum can be obtained in terms of linearly polarized power spectrum in the range of micro- to nano-kelvin squared for the NC scale of about 1–20 TeV, respectively.

Some features of scattering problem in a κ‐Deformed minkowski spacetime

The doubly special relativity (DSR) theories are suggested in order to incorporate an observer‐independent length scale in special theory of relativity. The Magueijo‐Smolin proposal of DSR is realizable through a particular form of the noncommutative (NC) spacetime (known as κ‐Minkowski spacetime) in which the Lorentz symmetry is preserved. In this framework, the NC parameter κ provides the origin of natural cutoff energy scale. Using a nonlinear deformed relativistic dispersion relation along with the Lorentz transformations, we investigate some phenomenological facets of two‐body collision problem (without creation of new particles) in a κ‐Minkowski spacetime. By treating an elastic scattering problem, we study effects of the Planck scale energy cutoff on some relativistic kinematical properties of this scattering problem. The results are challenging in the sense that as soon as one turns on the κ‐spacetime extension, the nature of the two‐body collision alters from elastic to inelastic one. It is shown also that a significant kinematical variable involving in heavy ion collisions, the rapidity, is not essentially an additive quantity under a sequence of the nonlinear representation of the Lorentz transformations.image

Entropy bound for the photon gas in noncommutative spacetime

Motivated by the doubly special relativity theories and noncommutative spacetime structures, thermodynamical properties of the photon gas in a phase space with compact spatial momentum space is studied. At the high temperature limit, the upper bounds for the internal energy and entropy are obtained which are determined by the size of the compact spatial momentum space. The maximum internal energy turns out to be of the order of the Planck energy and the entropy bound is then determined by the factor (V/lPl3) through the relevant identification of the size of the momentum space with Planck scale. The entropy bound is very similar to the case of Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of black holes and suggests that thermodynamics of black holes may be deduced from a saturated state in the framework of a full quantum gravitational statistical mechanics.