Non-combustible Materials Research Articles

FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION TREATMENT OF LOAD-BEARING BUILDING STRUCTURES

The article emphasizes that wood is a flammable material, flames spread quickly, which poses a threat to building structures. Therefore, it must be protected by effective means of fire protection. Regulatory and technical documentation is presented, which establishes requirements for the quality of fire protection of wooden structures. Using the example of state reserve enterprises, it is shown that there are many methods of fire-resistant treatment of wooden structures with flame retardants. Among them are the impregnation of wood with inorganic salts and the application of coatings on an organic basis. These include impregnation of wood with inorganic salts and application of coatings on an organic basis. It is shown that the specified methods of processing have disadvantages during application and operation, which include the moistening of wood under the influence of external natural factors, which leads to the dissolution and leaching of salts, increased smoke formation, and the formation of toxic combustion products. The constituent parts of the intumescent coating are proposed and their effectiveness in relation to fire protection of wood is determined. Depending on the content of PVA-dispersion, a change in the coefficient of swelling was determined, which is in the range from 14.3 to 25.1. Thus, it was determined that when mineral fillers are added to the composition of the organo-mineral composition in the amount of 10%, it helps to increase the coefficient of swelling from 30 to 36.7, which is 1.5...1.84 times greater than the value of the coefficient of swelling of the optimal composition of the organo-mineral composition without fillers. The article presents research on the creation of fire-resistant intumescent coatings capable of providing a wide range of fire-resistant and operational properties. After testing samples treated with an intumescent coating, under the action of a burner flame, a sample weight loss of no more than 6% was obtained, and the temperature of flue gases did not exceed 184ºС, which refers the treated wood to the group of non-combustible materials. Thus, the intumescent coating provides the first group of fire protection efficiency. Keywords: building structures, fire-resistant treatment, state reserve enterprises, intumescent coatings, fire-resistant properties, efficiency.

Urban Waste Management Solution through SRF Cofiring in Coal-Fired Power Plants

Abstract Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF) is a highly effective waste product processed through sorting and separation from non-combustible materials in Indonesia. The SRF is then dried to increase its calorific value and ensure homogeneity. Most Indonesian SRF is derived from urban waste, which is predominantly organic material, making it comparable to biomass and having a calorific value akin to lignite coal. The state-owned electricity company, PLN, collaborates with local governments responsible for waste management to utilize SRF as a fuel source in coal-fired power plants through cofiring. This renewable energy mix is an optimal solution, eliminating the need to construct new power plants and optimize waste management programs and local government budgets without burdening PLN’s operational costs when managed through an appropriate collaborative scheme. PT PLN Indonesia Power has successfully conducted research and development efforts to transform urban waste into SRF through the Waste Treatment Facility program. They have also utilized SRF cofiring in coal-fired power plants up to the heat rate testing stage. This alternative solution benefits all stakeholders in addressing the waste management challenge. This program presents an opportunity to optimize waste management costs implemented by local governments, ultimately saving electricity generation costs. Moreover, it may help reduce the financial burden of constructing and operating conventional solar power plants. SRF cofiring in coal-fired power plants is a reliable and cost-effective renewable energy solution. The successful pilot project showcased the positive outcomes achievable through a collaborative management scheme that utilizes SRF products and environmentally friendly electricity generation for sustainable waste management. This approach effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions and enhances renewable energy generation capacity, highlighting the significant impact possible through this method.

Non-combustible polymer composites with extremely high filler loading via polytetrafluoroethylene fibrillation

The incorporation of halogen-free flame retardants (FRs) into polymer matrices is a cost-effective and eco-friendly method for suppressing flames and smoke and enhancing fire safety. In energy applications, a high FR loading (e.g., >80 wt%) is often necessary owing to the excessive heat and toxic gases generated by the devices and components. However, achieving this in conventional polymer composites is significantly impeded by poor processability stemming from increased melt viscosity. This study proposes a new approach to fabricate highly loaded flame-retardant composites with an extremely high FR content of 95 wt% via fibrillation of thermally stable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which holds two different types of FRs, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and expandable graphite (EG). The hybrid composites exhibit excellent flame retardancy owing to the synergistic effects of the distinct mechanisms of the two fillers, securing a top V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) exceeding 95 %. Importantly, their total heat release (THR) from the cone calorimeter test is less than 1 MJ/m2, an anomalously low value that meets the criteria for non-combustible materials (THR <8 MJ/m2). Alongside their non-combustible attributes, the composites also have high thermal conductivity, reaching up to 1.60 W/m·K, due to the presence of thermally conductive EGs. We believe that these composites and their fabrication methodology can offer new insights into the design of flame-retardant composites, which are likely to be applicable in practical applications involving severe fire hazards, such as batteries, electronics, and electric vehicles.

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR EXPLOSION-RESISTANT BUILDINGS WITH CIVIL PROTECTION FACILITIES

In the conditions of the large-scale war led by russia in Ukraine, the issue of designingblast-resistant buildings with civil defense facilities that can withstand additional special loads and impacts has become crucial. These impacts include artillery and missile attacks, bomb explosions, blast waves, and the spread of fires, among others. An analysis of the consequences of building and structure destruction resulting from military operationsindicates that reinforced concrete structures of buildings have superior load-bearing capacity compared to traditional brick and steel frames of pavilion-type buildings.Reinforced concrete is a non-combustible material with significant mass, improving its inertialresistance. It possesses high strength and plasticity characteristics, allowing it to deform and redistribute forces between adjacent structures, thereby preventing progressive collapse – the cascading destruction of buildings.The main principles of designing blast-resistant reinforced concrete frames for high-rise buildings involve rational constructive systems and schemes with simple and compact configurations and symmetrical plans. The structural solution of the reinforced concrete frame must ensure the redistribution of gravity loads between adjacent structures. Therefore, the joints of vertical and horizontal structures must be plastic, capable of dissipating a significant amount of explosion energy. The load-bearing elements of buildingstructures must withstand cycles of large deformations in different directions, such aspressures from the lifting of floor slabs opposing ordinary gravity loads. For buildings classified with medium (CC2) and significant (CC3) consequences, where more than 50 individuals are constantly present or periodically more than 100 people, it is necessary to design civil protection premises. These premises should be strategically located below the planned ground level.The construction of civil protection premises located in the underground floors of an explosionproof building must withstand all types of main and episodic loads and impacts and resist the spread of fire. Building frames with monolithic reinforced concrete ribbed ceilings and systems of main and secondary beams or transversely located beams rigidly fixed to vertical supporting structures – columns, pylons, walls – can withstand such loadsbest. The article investigates the reasons for the destruction of reinforced concrete slabs in high-rise frame monolithic buildings when subjected to bending or pressure from explosive loads below. It also explores the potential twisting of the building as a result of reverse explosive effects.The article presents measures to strengthen sections of floor structures in high-rise framemonolithic buildings that may be destroyed due to reverse explosive loads and upward pressure from explosive forces. The expediency of reinforcing critical areas of monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs with external reinforcement – adhering reinforcing mats in the form of fabrics, lamellas, or carbon fiber nets to the upper zones of slabs near vertical supports – is justified.

Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants

Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.

Influence of the facade slope on fire propagation processes on higher floors

The study considers the issue of the influence of the structural parameters of the facade on the processes of fire propagation through the external enclosing structures of buildings. The object of the study is the process of temperature changes on the surface of the inclined external enclosing structures of the building due to the action of fire. The study of the influence of the angles of inclination of the facade on the processes of fire propagation and the nature of temperature distributions on the surface of the facade was carried out. During the research, the methodology of experimental tests was used to limit the spread of fire along the facades using an installation that allows you to reproduce the angles of inclination. As the studied fragment of the facade, an external enclosing structure made of non-combustible materials without external cladding was used. Thermocouples were placed on the surface of the facade, which made it possible to obtain temperature data near its surface in real mode throughout the duration of the research. A class 34B model fire source provided a fire load of at least 2,200 MJ/m2 and an average temperature of 800–850 °С throughout the duration of the research. It was found that in the presence of a slope of the facade at an angle of +20°, an increase in temperature near the surface of the studied area by 24–26 % was observed. In the presence of an inclination of the facade at an angle of –20°, a decrease in temperature near the surface of the studied area by up to 55 % was observed. The obtained dependences will make it possible to review the approaches to the existing field methods of fire hazard assessment of facade systems. The practical result of the implementation of the obtained data may be the introduction of changes to building regulations to increase the level of fire protection of facade systems and buildings in general

Creation of Equipment for Testing Roofs for Resistance to External Fire Influence

This paper examines and analyzes the domestic and foreign regulatory framework, guidelines and technical documents, information brochures, manuals, handbooks, test reports and other literary sources as well as information on the Internet. In the countries of the European space, fire safety requirements have been established for roofs and roofing materials, both for roofing materials and for roofs as part of structures, which helps to limit the spread of fire in buildings and structures during a fire. It has been proven that there is a need to create equipment for testing resistance to external fire exposure in accordance with DSTU CEN/TS 1187:2016 (method 2) of coverings of buildings (roofs) and establishing fire classification according to DSTU EN 13501-5:2016. A registration certificate, a technical description, an operating manual, and a program and methodology of the test bench verification have been developed. The initial verification of the test bench was carried out and it was put into operation. Approbation of the test method was carried out on the created test bench through experimental studies of five types of roofing materials being widely used on construction works in Ukraine using two bases (substrates) of combustible and non-combustible materials at air flow speeds of 2 m/s and 4 m/s above the specimen surface. According to the results of this work, it was established that the maximum relative deviation of the result of measuring the length of the damaged (charred) part of the specimens was in the range of 1.2 % to 23.3 % for the roof and 0.7 % to 27.5 % for the base.

Studying the influence of cationized pyrolysis oil on the flotation of a bituminous coal using historical data design

ABSTRACT This investigation assessed the influence of a cationized pyrolysis oil (PO) produced by the pyrolysis of used car tires on coal flotation using an extended Historical Data (HD) design. The effect of operating factors, including pulp solid content, diesel oil, pine oil, and pyrolysis oil dosages, was examined using experimental and statistical analyses. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurement showed that PO contains hydrocarbons and their oxides (alkane, ester, or carboxylic acid). Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that concentrate ash content is influenced by solid content and pyrolysis oil concentration through a non-linear trend such that maximum ash removal may be obtained at the middle level of solid content and in the absence of PO. The solid content and diesel oil had a significant impact on process yield. Maximum yield was achieved at the low and middle levels of solid content and collector dosage, respectively. A comparison of individual and interaction effects of significant operating variables showed their complicated effects on process responses. Overall, the PO affected the coal flotation efficiency adversely, which can be due to the interaction between hydrophilic groups in the PO structure and the oxide nature of non-combustible materials in coal particles.

The impact of thermal insulation on the vulnerability of hollow masonry walls under elevated temperatures

There is little doubt that masonry walls have, throughout the history of mankind, been a critical part of building construction. From this standpoint, the present study aims to unfold the thermal behaviour of masonry walls when subjected to the standard cellulosic curve prescribed in ISO 834. Particular attention has been paid on temperature variations that are intimately connected to insulation fire resistance. The investigation initially focuses on the vulnerability of clay hollow-brick masonry wall arrangements with a varying thickness and position of insulation. These parameters are shown to significantly affect the penetration of heat through walls. In addition, temperature-dependent relationships among thermophysical properties of a combustible and a non-combustible insulation material, are examined. Alongside this, the effect of volumetric mass density on thermal conductivity for two sets of masonry units has been also taken into account. At last, this work is extended to identify the heat storage capacity of masonry walls depending on the construction arrangement of materials which can affect compartment fire dynamics. Within this framework, a numerical technique has been implemented to realise a finite element analysis (FEA) with respect to this transient thermal problem. Computational simulations have been carried out by adopting a well-known FEA modelling program.

Cross-Linking Characteristics, Morphology, Dynamics, and Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polychloroprene/Polybutadiene/Nano-Zinc (CR/BR/nZn) Compositions with Reduced Fire Hazard.

The properties of unconventional blends of crystallizable and thermo-cross-linkable polychloroprene (CR) with polybutadiene (BR) were investigated in this study. The compositions were prepared using the method of reactive processing and cross-linking in the presence of nano-sized zinc (nZn). The purpose of the research was to assess the efficacy of nano-zinc as a curing agent of polychloroprene and polybutadiene (CR/BR) composites and to obtain rubber goods characterized by increased flame resistance. The blends were filled with nano-silica (aerosil) and fillers of natural origin (chalcedonite or silitin). The cross-linking process was characterized by determining the kinetics curves, the equilibrium swelling, and the Mooney-Rivlin elasticity constants. The morphology of the vulcanizate surface was specified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dynamic and mechanical properties, flammability, and toxicity of gaseous substances involved in thermal decomposition were determined. Mass changes and thermal effects were studied using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). It was confirmed that nano-zinc is an efficient curing agent for the polychloroprene and polybutadiene compositions, with a satisfactory degree of cross-linking (αc = 0.10, CRI = 4.11 min-1), good mechanical strength (TSb = 5 MPa), satisfactory tear resistance (Ts = 2.9 N/mm), and very high flame resistance (OI = 30%, HRRmax = 283 kW/m2). Filled products could be used as non-combustible materials, confirming the low fire hazard (1/tflashover = 3.5-6.4 kW/m2∙s). The most effective filler of the tested composites was nano-sized silica.

Studies on the prevention of thermal propagation with nonflammable pad in Li-ion battery

In this study, a research was conducted on the delay and prevention of thermal propagation caused by single cell thermal runaway by applying non-combustible materials. In the case of a cylindrical shape, since the venting opening is fixed, an exothermic reaction proceeds through a lot of air inflow at the moment of thermal runaway. The fire retardation effect due to extinguishing by suffocation was demonstrated by applying a non-flammable material and a material containing expanded graphite to prevent transition from occurring by blocking the inflow of ambient air at the moment of thermal runaway, ending in single cell thermal runaway. It is thought that various materials for this delay after the occurrence of thermal runaway could be approached, but in order to end single cell thermal runaway, it is important to apply a material capable of an effective suffocation effect.

Physico-mechanical properties of plastic waste-containing gypsum composites exposed to elevated temperature

This study presents the characterization of residual physico-mechanical performance of gypsums incorporating two types of plastic waste (i.e. polypropylene and nylon), after exposure to high temperature (23 °C–300 °C). The bulk density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, young’s modulus and mechanical strength were analysed. Furthermore, the fire reaction performance was evaluated according to standards. Also, an experimental toxicity assessment of gases released during combustion was conducted. As a results, the residual properties of the composites present a higher dependence on the reactions that take place in the gypsum matrix than on plastic waste content. Moreover, plastic-containing composites could be classified as A2 non-combustible material.

Flame Resistant of Larch Plywood According to Main Ingredients of Fire Retardant Paint

The aims of this study is to comparative analyze the flame resistant of Larix kamperi according to fire retardant paints with different main components. Wood, an eco friendly traditional material, has been proven to reduce carbon, drawing attention as a solution to climate change, an international environmental issue. Wood is used as a material for buildings as furniture, interior, and furniture, and greatly satisfied users who require eco-friendliness. However, wood is a factor that increases the fire load in a fire. In previous studies, the fire vulnerability of Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora, MDF, OSB, cork board, and plain wood plywood was analyzed. As a result, wood without flame retardant treatment was vulnerable to fire. To compensate for this problem, we intend to secure an evacuation time by delaying the ignition time in case of a fire. Accordingly, Flame retardant treatment is implemented in accordance with Article 20 of ?the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the maintenance and Safety Management of Firefighting Facilities?. The main flame-retardant paint used is bromine, a halogen compound, and has high flame resistant. However, it is subject to environmental regulations due to the problem of soot and smoke generation. Eco friendly fire retardant paint are continuously being developed to escape regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the effect of the flame resistant by treating the developed fire retardant paint for each tree species. So, three types of fire retardant paint with different main components are selected and treated on a larch plywood to analyze flame resistant. In this study, after flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured in accordance with Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea. The main components of fire retardant paint are ammonium polyphosphate, emulsion resin, and phosphorus based mixture. Based on each theoretical application amount, 150g/m2, 180g/m2, and 180g/m2 were applied as the flame retardant paint. As a control group, a test specimen that was not with flame retardant treatment was set. The results are as follows. First, ammonium polyphosphate was the most excellent flame resistant. Second, as a result of flame retardant treatment the phosphorus mixture with the same main ingredient on the same type of larch plywood, the effect of flame resistant was different depending on the technology development of each manufacturer. Third, all larch plywood satisfied the flame resistant regardless of the presence or absence of flame retardant treatment. This seems to be because Larix Kamperi itself has a property that does not burn easily. It is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data for the production of semi noncombustible material suitable for flame resistant Standard of the Nation Fire Agency of Republic Korea in the future.

Fire risk assessment of Malaysia public hospital buildings

Fire risk assessment of Malaysia public hospital buildings

Особенности экологической и безопасной ликвидации вертикальных выработок шахт Прокопьевско-Киселевского угольного района Кузбасса

Liquidation of the vertical shafts at hazardous production facilities — mines closed by dry or wet methods, in standard situations does not present any particular difficulties. The most complex, but environmentally friendly in technical and technological terms is the development and implementation of the combined method for the liquidation of hazardous mines of the Prokopyevsko-Kiselevsky coal district of Kuzbass with the depleted space of spent powerful coal seams opened by vertical shafts. This is related to the fact that these mines have, as a rule, common boundaries of mountain allotments and either a direct hydraulic or hydrogeological connection. It is established that the mines of the Prokopyevsko-Kiselevsky coal district form two hydraulically connected groups of mines: northern and southern. When they are closed and flooded, there is a flow of groundwater from one depleted space of the mine to another — neighboring, with the danger of water leaving at the lowest point on the earth surface. The combined method provides for flooding of the liquidated mines to a certain level, the level of which is regulated by installation in one of the vertical shafts of submersible pumps. After establishing the fact of complete flow of water and stabilization of the depression funnel, the dewatering complex is dismantled and the trunk, in which it was mounted, is eliminated. On the example of the Ziminka mine and the mine named after K.E. Voroshilov, the technical solutions, and the technological schemes for the safe liquidation of vertical shafts of pits and wells are shown. Liquidation is carried out by backfilling with non-combustible material with the preliminary erection of water-resistant insulating jumpers in the horizontal workings, and the installation of floor shelves in the long part and mouth.

State‐of‐the‐art review on the post‐fire assessment of concrete structures

AbstractFires are rare events, but in the case of their occurrence, they can have a significant effect on the structure. Concrete is a durable noncombustible material but can be damaged by fire. This damage does not often lead to structural collapse, but can significantly hinder the structure's future performance. A thorough post‐fire assessment of concrete structures is essential to determine the condition of the structure and select the best course of action to take. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the post‐fire assessment of concrete structures. The techniques that are commonly used are presented and discussed, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, based on the literature case studies, an overview of different approaches and techniques is presented. Finally, the framework and goals of the post‐fire assessment are investigated. The paper concludes with a summary of the current state of knowledge and a list of key research needs.

Flotation response of a bituminous coal sample in presence of a pyrolitic oil recycled from used car tires

ABSTRACT In this research work, the role of a pyrolitic oil (PO) produced by pyrolysis of used car tires in coal flotation was evaluated using an extended full factorial design. Effects of operating parameters including pulp solid content and the concentration of pine oil, diesel oil, and pyrolitic oil on ash content and yield of final concentrate as process responses were assessed using experimental and statistical analyses. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique revealed that PO consists of hydrocarbons and their hydrophilic oxides. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the main effect of all parameters on flotation responses was significant. Experimental results showed that pyrolitic oil increased both the ash content and total yield through a nonlinear trend in ranges of 5% and 40%, respectively. Nonselective interaction between pyrolitic oil and pine oil molecules, and competitive adsorption of PO and diesel oil on the surface of coal particles were found to be the chief reasons behind the observed curved behavior of flotation measures. The negative effect of PO on ash content of final concentrate was also ascribed to the interaction between hydrophilic groups in PO structure and the oxide nature of noncombustible materials in coal particles.

Medium-Scale Fire Resistance Testing of Timber Structures with Composite Cement Fibre Materials

The combustibility of natural wood presents a negative impact for using this material in buildings. Timber elements can be cladded with boards made of non-combustible materials. This study represents a group of options for increasing the resistance of timber against the effects of fire and the possibility of slowing down the effect of thermal degradation of wood. The aim of this study is focused on an experimental testing of structures with timber elements protected by cement fibre boards as a non-combustible fire retardant. Cement fibre boards are fibre-reinforced composite materials used for systems of dry constructions. These boards present the highest degree of fire reaction class (A1). The behaviour of the structure, loaded by the effects of fire, was monitored during the experiment. The specimen was tested with reduced dimensions. The temperature loading corresponded to the procedure according to the standards. The final fire resistant (FR) results were evaluated in accordance with the requirements for the selected limit states of FR. This was assessed based on the measured temperatures and the whole condition of the tested specimen. The specimen fulfilled the fire-separating function of the structure for the classification times.

Эко-НИОКР – 18 лет для охраны птиц на объектах электросетевого комплекса России

Эко-НИОКР – 18 лет для охраны птиц на объектах электросетевого комплекса России

Designed anion and cation co-doped Na3Sb(WM)xS4 (M = Cl, Br, I) sulfide electrolytes with an improved conductivity and stable interfacial qualities.

The fabrication of all electrolytes from noncombustible ceramic materials offers a superior option for providing safer and higher-capacity batteries to fulfill future energy needs. To achieve a competitive performance with combustible liquid electrolytes used in commercial Li-ion batteries, the creation of ceramic material compositions with a high electrical conductivity is necessary. Here, we report that co-doping with W and halogens results in a superconductivity of 13.78 mS cm-1 in a cubic-phase Na3SbS4 glass ceramic electrolyte. After undergoing high-temperature heat treatments, the W ions in the electrolyte can facilitate the replacement of S atoms with halogens, introducing many Na vacancies. The samples also had a high degree of cycling stability. An excellent glass ceramic electrolyte for Na ion batteries will be constructed for Na3SbW0.25Cl0.25S4.