Non-classical Systems Research Articles

Legal Gaps and their Logical Forms

Abstract The concept of legal gap is tackled from a number of logical perspectives and semantic methods. After presenting our own goal (Section 1), a first introduction into legal logic refers to Bobbio’s works and his formalization of legal statements (Sections 2 and 3). Then Woleński’s contribution to the area is taken into account through his reference to the distinction between two juridical systems (viz. Common Law vs Civil Law) and the notion of conditional norms (Section 4). The notion of reason is also highlighted in the case of Raz’s legal logic, thereby leading to a future connection with von Wright’s logic of truth and an analogy made with an anti-realist reading of truth-values and norms (Section 5). Our personal contribution is introduced through a reflection on how logic should deal with the logical form of norms (Section 6), before entering a number of crucial definitions and distinctions for the concepts of norm, legal statement, and promulgation (Section 7). The final point is a proposed semantics for legal statements, which is both many-valued and gap-friendly (Section 8). A distinction between a number of requirements for permission and forbiddance leads to a set of non-classical juridical systems in which non-permission and forbiddance are not equivalent with each other any more; this does justice to Woleński’s former distinction between Common Law and Civil Law, also leading ultimately to a non-classical square of legal oppositions in which several legal operators may collapse into other ones (Section 9).

Rational design of a nonclassical liposomal nanoscale drug delivery system for innovative cancer therapy

AbstractAdvanced drug delivery systems are widely considered to be powerful approaches for treating cancer and many other diseases because of their superior ability to improve pharmacokinetics, promote lesion‐targeted delivery efficacy, and/or reduce the toxic effects of diverse therapeutics. Owing to the unique biomimetic structure of lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous cavities, liposomes have been found to encapsulate various therapeutics, ranging from small molecules with different hydrophobicities to biomacromolecules. With the advent of surface PEGylation, stealth liposomes with excellent in vivo long‐circulating behaviors have been generated, thus these liposomes have been extensively explored for the development of liposomal drugs with greatly improved in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors by functioning as delivery vehicles. Inspired by their successes in clinical practice, stealth liposomes have recently been utilized as the main building scaffold or surface coating layers of other nanoparticulate formulations, which are coined as nonclassical liposomal nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDSs) in this review, to enable the rational design of next‐generation liposomal nanomedicine. Therefore, after overviewing the latest progress in the development of conventional liposome‐based nanomedicine, we will introduce the development of these nonclassical liposomal NDDSs as well as their innovative cancer treatment strategies. We will subsequently provide a critical perspective on the future development of new cancer nanomedicines based on these rationally designed nonclassical liposomal NDDSs.

Classical analogue of quantum superdense coding and communication advantage of a single quantum system

We analyze utility of communication channels in absence of any short of quantum or classical correlation shared between the sender and the receiver. To this aim, we propose a class of two-party communication games, and show that the games cannot be won given a noiseless 1-bit classical channel from the sender to the receiver. Interestingly, the goal can be perfectly achieved if the channel is assisted with classical shared randomness. This resembles an advantage similar to the quantum superdense coding phenomenon where pre-shared entanglement can enhance the communication utility of a perfect quantum communication line. Quite surprisingly, we show that a qubit communication without any assistance of classical shared randomness can achieve the goal, and hence establishes a novel quantum advantage in the simplest communication scenario. In pursuit of a deeper origin of this advantage, we show that an advantageous quantum strategy must invoke quantum interference both at the encoding step by the sender and at the decoding step by the receiver. We also study communication utility of a class of non-classical toy systems described by symmetric polygonal state spaces. We come up with communication tasks that can be achieved neither with 1-bit of classical communication nor by communicating a polygon system, whereas 1-qubit communication yields a perfect strategy, establishing quantum advantage over them. To this end, we show that the quantum advantages are robust against imperfect encodings-decodings, making the protocols implementable with presently available quantum technologies.

Unraveling the Photophysical Characteristics, Aromaticity, and Stability of π-Extended Acene-Quinodimethyl Thioamides†.

Poly-aromatic systems that contain quinodimethyl (QDM) units are appealing for several photonic and spintronic applications owing to the unique electronic structure, aromaticity, and spin state(s) of the QDM ring. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of novel QDM-based chromophores 1-3, which exhibit unique photo-excited behavior and aromaticity. Extending the aromatic core with a biphenyl/phenanthryl- and a pyrrolo-fragment led to reducing the optoelectronic bandgap and modulating the photophysics QDM 1-3. Yet, QDM 2 and 3 suffer from "aromaticity imbalance" and become relatively unstable compared to the parent compound QDM 1. Further assessment of local aromaticity using computational tools revealed that the pseudo-quinoidal ring B is the main driving force allowing to easily populate the excited triplet state of these chromophores. The present study provides complementary guidelines for designing novel non-classical poly-aromatic systems.

Verification of the Mode Decomposition Technique for Closely Distributed Modal Systems in the State Space Domain.

This study aims to propose and validate the state space mode decomposition technique for precise mode separation of non-classical damping systems and closely distributed modal systems. To assess the reliability and applicability of this technique, a 40-story building with a tuned mass damper is investigated, and acceleration responses measured by the building's health monitoring system are used for the verification of the technique. The mode separation results reveal that the separated modal power spectrum becomes distorted at neighboring natural frequency ranges when the performance index only considers the concentration of power spectral energy at the target natural frequency. However, by introducing an augmented performance index that includes a constraint condition to account for distortion, more accurate mode decomposition can be achieved.

Speed limit of quantum metrology

Quantum metrology employs nonclassical systems to improve the sensitivity of measurements. The ultimate limit of this sensitivity is dictated by the quantum Cramér–Rao bound. On the other hand, the quantum speed limit bounds the speed of dynamics of any quantum process. We show that the speed limit of quantum dynamics sets a fundamental bound on the minimum attainable phase estimation error through the quantum Cramér–Rao bound, relating the precision directly to the underlying dynamics of the system. In particular, various metrologically important states are considered, and their dynamical speeds are analyzed. We find that the bound could, in fact, be related to the nonclassicality of quantum states through the Mandel Q parameter.

An algebraic semantics for possibilistic finite-valued Łukasiewicz logic

In this paper we present an axiomatization for the many-valued modal logic semantically defined by Łn-valued possibilistic frames. We provide an algebraic semantics for this logic that generalizes pseudomonadic Boolean algebras (the case when n=2). Consequently, we obtain that the famous modal axioms KD45 are no longer appropriate to model possibilistic systems when the systems are also many-valued. In the first part of the paper, we work in the more general setting of arbitrary commutative bounded residuated lattices, paving the way for future research for other non-classical possibilistic modal systems.

Existence and well-posed results for nonclassical diffusion systems with nonlocal diffusion

Our goal in this paper is to present well-posed results for nonclassical diffusion systems which have applications in population dynamics. First, we establish the existence and uniqueness of a mild solution to the initial value problem. The asymptotic behavior of the mild solution is also considered when the parameter tends to zero. Second, we obtain a local well-posedness result for nonclassical diffusion systems with a nonlocal time condition. The main idea to obtain the above theoretical results is to use Banach?s theorem and some techniques in Fourier series analysis. Some numerical tests are also presented to illustrate the theory.

Notes on Models of (Partial) Kripke–Feferman Truth

This article investigates models of axiomatizations related to the semantic conception of truth presented by Kripke (J Philos 72(19):690–716, 1975), the so-called fixed-point semantics. Among the various proof systems devised as a proof-theoretic characterization of the fixed-point semantics, in recent years two alternatives have received particular attention: classical systems (i.e., systems based on classical logic) and nonclassical systems (i.e., systems based on some nonclassical logic). The present article, building on Halbach and Nicolai (J Philos Log 47(2):227–257, 2018), shows that there is a sense in which classical and nonclassical theories (in suitable variants) have the same models.

Substance, name and thing in aristotle’s «computer» ontology

In this article, we will discuss the elements of classical and nonclassical ontological systems in Aristotle’s doctrine of the substance, categories and language. It is amazing that the classic heritage of ancient philosophical thought include ontological models similar to the contemporary analytic philosophy. Aristotle was the first to speculate on the substance in terms of language categories. It is the transition from the subject individual to a logical entity and then to a part of speech. The nature of knowledge is based on a single representation of the universal. According to Aristotle, only a plurality of randomly designated unique individual things exists. However, the species and genera build some logical relations between them. Therefore, the language updating of the knowledge of the world is possible only with respect to species and genera, i.e., a logical structure as thing in itself (not described) does not have any features but exists independently in the reality. On the one hand, Aristotle supports the classical nominalistic ontology (the material world is a complexity of things existing in the reality of single non-attributive objects). On the other hand, Aristotle’s ontology is a complex of objects believed existing by a statement. That is, the objects can be from imaginary or impossible worlds, but the language descriptions credit them with the function of propositional value. In both cases, language is just a method of consistent description.

A combinatorial property of logical algebras

Logic gives a technique for the articial intelligence to make the computers simulate human being in dealing with certainty and uncertainty in information. Various logical algebras have been proposed and researched as the semantical systems of non-classical logical systems. In this paper using the concept of commutator, we introduce the Engel algebra and then study a condition on infinite subsets of infinite algebras. We also show that some logical algebras satisfy to this condition but do not have the properties associated with that condition.

Study on Identification Method of Motion States at Interface for Soil-Structure Interaction Damping System

The damping system characterizes the spatial distribution of structural energy dissipation. Identifying a damping system is the premise for determining the dynamic analysis method. Concepts of nonlinear processes and non-classical damping systems are often confused without theoretical primary and experimental verification. This paper proposes an identification method of damping systems based on motion states at the interface by analyzing the correlation between the damping system and dynamic characteristics. The relationship between the change of damping system type and relative motion states at the interface is studied by investigating multiple material properties through shaking table model tests of a large-scale soil-structure interaction (SSI) system. The results show that a nonlinear system can demonstrate the characteristics of the classical damping system as soon as there is no mutation of motion states at the interface of the system. The identification method of damping system based on motion states at the interface can reflect the change of dynamical characteristics of the system under linear and nonlinear processes.

Notes on the nature of logic: an enactivist proposal

Critics often defend that radical enactivism (REC) cannot scale up to explain more sophisticated cognitive activities as in logic and mathematics, which are often held to be constituted by representations. The naturalization of cognition proposed by this theory is then taken to be limited in scope. In order to offer a solution to the scope objection against it, I investigate how REC might be related to a broader pragmatist approach to examine the normativity of logic in the context of the existence of a great plurality of alternative logics. To tackle this problem, I aim at defending a comprehensive enactivist philosophical proposal based on the normativity of our ruled inferential practices. Accordingly, I defend an account of some important connections between logic and normativity, which refuses traditional representationalist, individualist, internalist and intellectualist views of logic and focuses on dynamic and embodied ruled interactions among cognitive agents with their environment. The interpretation to be developed here is that rational obligation should be taken as a normative obligation that binds us together and, in particular, that logical necessity should be taken as a kind of normative coercion, based on normative notions such as rules, authorizations, prohibitions and commitments. If logic, with several different non-classical systems, is mainly normative, and not descriptive, it is possible to naturalize it, meaning that logic is not a real challenge to REC.

Single-shot analysis of amplified correlated light.

Correlated beams are important in classical and quantum communication as well as other technologies. However, classical amplifiers, which are essential for long transmission of correlated beams, degrade the correlation due to noise and due to the amplifier spectral response. We measure, with a novel high resolution single-shot measurement system, the impact of amplifiers on correlated beams. We develop a new method for analyzing the correlation between the signal and idler beams by choosing peaks in the pulses according to their power levels. We demonstrate how to tailor the correlation after the amplifier to obtain either higher or lower correlation. Our research may influence the future use of amplifiers in non-classical communication systems as well as the transmission of quantum information over long distances.

On steady motions of an ideal fibre-reinforced fluid in a curved stratum. Geometry and integrability

It is shown that the kinematic equations governing steady motions of an ideal fibre-reinforced fluid in a curved stratum may be expressed entirely in terms of the intrinsic Gauss equation, which assumes the form of a partial differential equation of third order, for the surface representing the stratum. In particular, the approach adopted here leads to natural non-classical orthogonal coordinate systems on surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature with one family of coordinate lines representing the fibres. Integrable cases are isolated by requiring that the Gauss equation be compatible with another third-order hyperbolic differential equation. In particular, a variant of the integrable Tzitzéica equation is derived which encodes orthogonal coordinate systems on pseudospherical surfaces. This third-order equation is related to the Tzitzéica equation by an analogue of the Miura transformation for the (modified) Korteweg–de Vries equation. Finally, the formalism developed in this paper is illustrated by focussing on the simplest ‘fluid sheets’ of constant Gaussian curvature, namely the plane, sphere and pseudosphere.

PncsHub: a platform for annotating and analyzing non-classically secreted proteins in Gram-positive bacteria.

From industry to food to health, bacteria play an important role in all facets of life. Some of the most important bacteria have been purposely engineered to produce commercial quantities of antibiotics and therapeutics, and non-classical secretion systems are at the forefront of these technologies. Unlike the classical Sec or Tat pathways, non-classically secreted proteins share few common characteristics and use much more diverse secretion pathways for protein transport. Systematically categorizing and investigating the non-classically secreted proteins will enable a deeper understanding of their associated secretion mechanisms and provide a landscape of the Gram-positive secretion pathway distribution. We therefore developed PncsHub (https://pncshub.erc.monash.edu/), the first universal platform for comprehensively annotating and analyzing Gram-positive bacterial non-classically secreted proteins. PncsHub catalogs 4,914 non-classically secreted proteins, which are delicately categorized into 8 subtypes (including the ‘unknown’ subtype) and annotated with data compiled from up to 26 resources and visualisation tools. It incorporates state-of-the-art predictors to identify new and homologous non-classically secreted proteins and includes three analytical modules to visualise the relationships between known and putative non-classically secreted proteins. As such, PncsHub aims to provide integrated services for investigating, predicting and identifying non-classically secreted proteins to promote hypothesis-driven laboratory-based experiments.

Entangleability of cones

We solve a long-standing conjecture by Barker, proving that the minimal and maximal tensor products of two finite-dimensional proper cones coincide if and only if one of the two cones is generated by a linearly independent set. Here, given two proper cones \({\mathcal {C}}_1\), \({\mathcal {C}}_2\), their minimal tensor product is the cone generated by products of the form \(x_1\otimes x_2\), where \(x_1\in {\mathcal {C}}_1\) and \(x_2\in {\mathcal {C}}_2\), while their maximal tensor product is the set of tensors that are positive under all product functionals \(\varphi _1\otimes \varphi _2\), where \(\varphi _1|_{{\mathcal {C}}_1}\geqslant 0\) and \(\varphi _2|_{{\mathcal {C}}_2}\geqslant 0\). Our proof techniques involve a mix of convex geometry, elementary algebraic topology, and computations inspired by quantum information theory. Our motivation comes from the foundations of physics: as an application, we show that any two non-classical systems modelled by general probabilistic theories can be entangled.

Non-classical Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Organic and Organometallic Luminophores

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has attracted significant attention in the fields of chiral photonics and optoelectronic materials science. In a CPL-emitting system, a chiral luminophore derived from chiral molecules is usually essential, and a pair of enantiomeric luminophores is indispensable for the typical selective-emission of right- and left-handed CPL. This review focuses on non-classical CPL systems that do not use pairs of enantiomers and introduces symmetry-breaking CPL systems that do not use optically active molecules, and covers photoexcited chiral-switching, spontaneous-resolution, cryptochirality, and magnetic CPL.

The problem of social trust in the context of system methodology

The article examines the epistemological status of the phenomenon of social trust. The research purpose is to explicate the concept of trust in connection with the fundamental transformation of socio-historical practice and social knowledge. The priority methodological task is to study the problem within the framework of the system methodology evolution and consider the parameters of trust in the intervals of non-classical and post-non-classical systems analysis. The study is based on a philosophical-scientific paradigm approach. Epistemological situations of autonomous and conventional application of different paradigms are modeled in the study of the phenomenon of social trust. In non-classical systems analysis, social trust is an internal characteristic of a society-system in the mode of its correct functioning. Social trust is one of the social order mechanisms. Social trust is also associated with subjective trust, ordering the interaction of subjects. Intersubjective interactions entail the legitimation of the social order. The transformation of social trust in the modern world is associated with trends in the reduction of the role of normativity, the fragmentation of socio-historical existence. There appears augmented reality, which contains to a certain extent the elements of pseudo-being. Subjective social trust can no longer support holistic meanings. In a situation of change in epistemological attitudes to determine the specifics of social trust, a systems analysis of weakly and highly non-equilibrium states of the intersystem environment is promising. Social order formulas are still inadequate for modeling intersystem environmental states (relations between states, blocs, unions, etc.). Within the framework of the post-non-classical systemic methodology, social trust refers to the signs of social holism. Social trust contributes to the emergence of stable intersystem conditions, the formation of a regulatory environment, which becomes an acting unit. Social trust in all philosophical-scientific paradigms is indicative of the rationality of social-historical existence.

Seismic vibrations attenuation via damped layered periodic foundations

In recent years, a new type of seismic isolation system which exploits the filtering effect of bandgaps, named Periodic Foundation, has been proposed to isolate the upper structure from ground motion. To date, several works have been conducted to validate the feasibility and efficiency of this new isolation system. However, these works focused on the filtering effect related to the foundation periodicity, while energy dissipation due to materials absorption was ignored. To fill this gap, in this paper we investigate the effect of material damping on the performance of layered periodic foundations. Both the dispersion (related to the periodicity of the periodic foundation) and dissipation (related to the material damping of the periodic foundation) attenuation mechanisms, as well as their interaction, are investigated. First, the complex dispersion relation of a damped layered periodic foundation is formulated to assess the influence of material damping on the dispersive properties of the infinite periodic system. Second, the Riccati-transfer matrix method is used to calculate the dynamic transfer function of the damped layered periodic foundation, from which the energy dispersion and dissipation properties of the system are studied. Third, seismic responses of six-story shear-type buildings equipped with a solid foundation (fixed base), a traditional base isolation (i.e., equivalent of a layered periodic foundation with one unit-cell) and a layered periodic foundation with three unit-cells, are studied and compared. In more detail, the pseudo-excitation method is used to deal with non-classical damped systems under seismic accelerations for different soil conditions. Results show that, thanks to the filtering effect of the layered periodic foundation, the seismic responses of the upper structure are significantly mitigated within the expected frequency attenuation zone. Furthermore, including material damping leads to a further reduction of the upper structure seismic response, within the pass bands. Overall, the seismic performance of the upper structure under ground motions in different site conditions is improved by employing a damped layered periodic foundation with more than one unit cell.