Nonclassical Effects Research Articles

Role of nuclear and membrane estrogen signaling pathways in the male and female reproductive tract

Estrogen signaling through the main estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; also known as ERα), is essential for normal female and male reproductive function. Historically, studies of estrogen action have focused on the classical genomic pathway. Although this is clearly the major pathway for steroid hormone actions, these hormones also signal through rapid non-classical effects involving cell membrane actions. Reports of rapid effects of estrogens extend for more than half a century, but recent results have expanded understanding of the identity, structure, function and overall importance of membrane receptors in estrogen responses. Key findings in this field were the immunohistochemical detection of ESR1 in cell membranes and demonstration that a portion of newly synthesized ESR1 is routed to the membrane by palmitoylation. These receptors in the membrane can then signal through protein kinases and other mechanisms following ligand binding to alter cell function. Another crucial advance in the field was development of transgenic mice expressing normal amounts of functional nuclear ESR1 (nESR1) but lacking membrane ESR1 (mESR1). Both male and female transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were infertile as adults, and both sexes had extensive reproductive abnormalities. Transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were highly protected from deleterious effects of neonatal estrogen administration, and estrogen effects on the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 that are mediated through mESR1 could have significant effects on epigenetic imprinting. In summary, signaling through mESR1 is essential for normal male and female reproductive function and fertility, and is a critical enabler of normal estrogen responses in vivo. Although the precise role of mESR1 in estrogen responses remains to be established, future research in this area should clarify its mechanism of action and lead to a better understanding of how mESR1 signaling works with classical genomic signaling through nESR1 to promote full estrogenic responses.

Electric field, strain and inertia gradient effects on anti-plane wave propagation in piezoelectric materials

In this study, we derive the dispersion relations for anti-plane waves in the second gradient electroelasticity theory considering the electric field, strain, and inertia gradient effects. Solutions are developed for bulk and surface shear horizontal (SH) waves including Bleustein–Gulyaev and Love waves. It is demonstrated that the presented model describes a normal dispersion of short waves in piezoelectric materials. The influence of additional model parameters (material characteristic length scales) on the phase velocity, coupled electromechanical factor, and attenuation of the SH waves is investigated. The non-classical upper bound for the Love wave velocity in the elastic layer/piezoelectric substrate system is given accounting for spatial dispersion. In the numerical examples, we use typical values of the length scale parameters of the order of the crystal lattice parameters such that all non-classical gradient effects are predicted for the electroelastic waves of the terahertz frequencies.

Certifying Quantum Signatures in Thermodynamics and Metrology via Contextuality of Quantum Linear Response.

I identify a fundamental difference between classical and quantum dynamics in the linear response regime by showing that the latter is, in general, contextual. This allows me to provide an example of a quantum engine whose favorable power output scaling unavoidably requires nonclassical effects in the form of contextuality. Furthermore, I describe contextual advantages for local metrology. Given the ubiquity of linear response theory, I anticipate that these tools will allow one to certify the nonclassicality of a wide array of quantum phenomena.

Pooled protein tagging, cellular imaging, and in situ sequencing for monitoring drug action in real time.

The levels and subcellular localizations of proteins regulate critical aspects of many cellular processes and can become targets of therapeutic intervention. However, high-throughput methods for the discovery of proteins that change localization either by shuttling between compartments, by binding larger complexes, or by localizing to distinct membraneless organelles are not available. Here we describe a scalable strategy to characterize effects on protein localizations and levels in response to different perturbations. We use CRISPR-Cas9-based intron tagging to generate cell pools expressing hundreds of GFP-fusion proteins from their endogenous promoters and monitor localization changes by time-lapse microscopy followed by clone identification using in situ sequencing. We show that this strategy can characterize cellular responses to drug treatment and thus identify nonclassical effects such as modulation of protein–protein interactions, condensate formation, and chemical degradation.

Nonclassical Chiral Elasticity of the Gyroid Lattice.

The gyroid lattice is a metamaterial which allows chirality that is tunable by geometry.Gyroid lattices were made in chiral and nonchiral form by 3D printing. The chiral lattices exhibited nonclassical elastic effects including coupling between compressive stress and torsional deformation.Gyroid lattices can approach upper bounds on elastic modulus. Effective modulus is increased by distributed moments but is, for gyroid cylinders of sufficiently small radius, softened by a surface layer of incomplete cells. Such size dependence is similar to that in foams but is unlike most lattices.

Selection of element-wise shell kinematics using neural networks

This paper presents a novel approach to evaluate the role of non-classical effects, e.g., shear deformability, over a shell finite element model. Such an approach can identify the areas of a structural model in which the use of first-order shear deformation theories may lead to significant inaccuracies. Furthermore, it can indicate optimal distributions of structural theories over the finite element mesh to trade-off accuracy and computational costs. The proposed framework exploits the synergies among four methods, namely, the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), the Finite Element Method (FEM), the Node-Dependent Kinematics (NDK), and Neural Networks (NN). CUF generates the FE matrices for higher-order shell theories and provides numerical results feeding the NN for training. Via NDK, the shell theory is a property of the node; that is, a distribution of various shell theories over the FE mesh is attainable. The distributions of theories and the thickness of the structure are the inputs of multilayer NN to target natural frequencies. This work investigates the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of well-known NN. The results look promising as the NN requires a fraction of FE analyses for training, can evaluate the accuracy of FE models, and can incorporate physical features, e.g., the thickness ratio, that drives the complexity of the mathematical model. In other words, NN can inform on the FE modeling without the need to modify, rebuild, or rerun an FE model.

Quantum correlations in spin chains

The growth in the demand for precisely crafted many-body systems of spin-$1/2$ particles/qubits is due to their top-notch versatility in application-oriented quantum-enhanced protocols and the fundamental tests of quantum theory. Here we address the question: how quantum is a chain of spins? We demonstrate that a single element of the density matrix carries the answer. Properly analyzed it brings information about the extent of the many-body entanglement and the non-locality. This method can be used to tailor and witness highly non-classical effects in many-body systems with possible applications to quantum computing, ultra-precise metrology or large-scale tests of quantum mechanics. As a proof of principle, we investigate the extend of non-locality and entanglement in ground states and thermal states of experimentally accessible spin chains.

«Неклассические» эффекты витамина D у женщин в менопаузе

«Неклассические» эффекты витамина D у женщин в менопаузе

Synchronization boost with single-photon dissipation in the deep quantum regime

Synchronization occurs ubiquitously in nature. The van der Pol oscillator has been a favorite model to investigate synchronization. Here we study the oscillator in the deep quantum regime, where nonclassical effects dominate the dynamics. Our results show: (i) squeezed driving loses its effect, (ii) noise boosts synchronization, (iii) synchronization is bounded, and (iv) the limit-cycle is insensitive to strong driving. We propose a synchronization measure and analytically calculate it. These results reflect intrinsic differences between synchronization in the quantum and deep quantum regimes.

Nonclassical effects for a qubit coupled to a coherent two-mode cavity with intrinsic decoherence

In this paper, we use the su(1,1)-algebraic treatment to explore the effects of the intrinsic decoherence in a two-mode cavity containing a two-level atom. Each field is resonant with the qubit through a four-photon process. The role of the intrinsic decoherence and the superposition of the initial generalized Barut-Girardello coherent state on the quantum effects is investigated via different quantifiers as: atomic inversion, linear entropy and negativity. It is found that the non-linearity of the four-photon process leads to generate non-classical effects with a high oscillatory behavior. The superposition of the Barut-Girardello coherent state controls the dynamics of the purity loss and the entanglement. It is found that the nonclassical effects are very sensitive to the nonlinear interactions between the qubit and the two-mode cavity.

A NEW METHOD FOR ACCURATE PREDICTION OF SPERMATOGENESIS: FSH/T AND T IN SEMINAL PLASMA

A NEW METHOD FOR ACCURATE PREDICTION OF SPERMATOGENESIS: FSH/T AND T IN SEMINAL PLASMA

Some Nonclassical Effects of Two Three-Level Atoms Interacting with SU(1) Quantum System

We consider the interaction between two three-level atoms in the Ξ configuration and a quantum system described through SU(1) group algebra operators. To study the quantum phenomena and underlying dynamical behavior, we calculate the wave function of the system. In particular, we investigate collapse and revival phenomena, the correlation function, and the Husimi quasidistribution Q-function.

Squeezing of a two-level system due to classical phase noisy laser

Based on the Heisenberg uncertainty relation and the entropy uncertainty relation, the nonclassical effects described by variance squeezing and entropy squeezing for a two-level system driven by a classical phase noisy laser are investigated. Analytical expressions of the variance squeezing and entropy squeezing subjected to the classical phase noisy laser are derived. Our results show that the nonclassical squeezed effects can be protected for a long time in both the Markovian and non-Markovian regions by controlling the ratios between the phase diffusion rate and the system-laser coupling strength. Besides, we also develop an effective strategy to enhance the nonclassical squeezed effects with the help of filtering operation. The underlying physical mechanism to enhance the squeezing is also analyzed.

A finite element model for static analysis of curved thin-walled beams based on the concept of equivalent layered composite cross section

In this study, an accurate 1D finite element model with low degrees of freedom (DOFs) is presented for the static extensional-shearing-bending analysis of curved thin-walled beams. In order to incorporate the nonclassical effects like transverse shear flexibility in the formulation, the concept of equivalent layered composite cross section (ELCS) is employed. Based on this new concept, the cross section of a thin-walled beam is replaced with an equivalent layered composite one. A global–local layered beam theory is employed to describe the displacement fields of the curved beams. A curved beam finite element with three nodes and 13 DOFs is developed for the approximation of the unknown variables of the displacement fields. For validation of the proposed model, the results of 1 D models of other researchers as well as the results of the 2D/3D finite element simulations (ABAQUS) are employed. Needlessness to the shear correction factor, satisfaction of zero-conditions of shear stresses on the upper and lower planes of the curved beam, high accuracy in the prediction of structural responses, and significant reduction in the time of computations are some of distinct features of the proposed finite element model.

Strategies for the Synthesis of 19-nor-Vitamin D Analogs.

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2-D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, classically regulates bone formation, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also exerts non-classical effects in a wide variety of target tissues and cell types, such as inhibition of the proliferation and stimulation of the differentiation of normal and malignant cells. However, to produce these actions, supraphysiological doses are required resulting in calcemic effects that limit the use of this natural hormone. During the past 30 years, many structurally modified analogs of the 1α,25-(OH)2-D3 have been synthesized in order to find derivatives that can dissociate the beneficial antiproliferative effects from undesired calcemic effects. Among these candidates, 1α,25-(OH)2-19-nor-D3 analogs have shown promise as good derivatives since they show equal or better activity relative to the parent hormone but with reduced calcemic effects. In this review, we describe the synthetic strategies to obtain the 19-nor-D3 derivatives and briefly describe their physiological activities.

Nonlocal dispersion cancellation for three or more photons

The entanglement of quantum systems can produce a variety of nonclassical effects that have practical applications in quantum information science. One example of this is nonlocal dispersion cancellation, in which the effects of dispersion on one photon can be canceled out by the dispersion experienced by a second photon at a distant location. In this paper, we extend the analysis of nonlocal dispersion cancellation to three or more photons. We find that energy-time entanglement of three or more photons can lead to a complete or partial cancellation of dispersion depending on the experimental conditions. These results may be useful in implementing quantum key distribution in networks with three or more nodes.

Nonclassical Effects Based on Husimi Distributions in Two Open Cavities Linked by an Optical Waveguide.

Nonclassical effects are investigated in a system formed by two quantum wells, each of which is inside an open cavity. The cavities are spatially separated, linked by a fiber, and filled with a linear optical medium. Based on Husimi distributions (HDs) and Wehrl entropy, we explore the effects of the physical parameters on the generation and the robustness of the mixedness and HD information in the phase space. The generated quantum coherence and the HD information depend crucially on the cavity-exciton and fiber cavity couplings as well as on the optical medium density. The HD information and purity are lost due to the dissipation. This loss may be inhibited by increasing the optical susceptibility as well as the couplings of the exciton-cavity and the fiber-cavity. These parameters control the regularity, amplitudes, and frequencies of the generated mixedness.

Best Spatial Distributions of Shell Kinematics Over 2D Meshes for Free Vibration Analyses

This paper proposes a novel approach to build refined shell models. The focus is on the free vibrations of composite panels, and the node-dependent-kinematics is used to select shell theories node-wise. The methodology shown in this work can provide at least two sets of information. First, it optimizes the use of shell models by indicating the minimum number of refined models to use. Then, it highlights which areas of the structures are more vulnerable to non-classical effects. Moreover, by varying various problem features, e.g., boundary conditions, thickness, and stacking sequence, the influence of those parameters on the modelling strategy is evaluated. The results suggest the predominant influence of thickness and boundary conditions and the possibility to improve the quality of the solution via the proper use of the refinement strategy.

Non-Classical Effects of the cAMP Accumulation Activators In Vivo.

Purpose: Wound-healing dipyridamole- and papaverine-based aerosols (D1/D2) as activators of the accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate are promising drugs that can accelerate wound healing in wound processes of various origins. Methods: 128 rats were used in the study, including 38 in a pharmacological experiment on a model of stencil wounds and 90 in an experiment that studied the effect of spray on the number of CD34 cells in the blood of rats with chemically induced immunodeficiency. Immunodeficiency was caused by the fivefold administration of cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The expression level of CD34 was determined using flow cytofluorimeter. Results: Dipyridamole- and papaverine-based aerosols of two compositions (with and without ascorbic acid) have pronounced reparative properties, significantly accelerating epithelialization and healing of stencil wounds in rats. In terms of this type of action, they are somewhat superior to dexpanthenol. Dipyridamole- and papaverine-based aerosols have the ability to produce beneficial effect on the entire body’s immune system by stimulating the division of pluripotent CD34 cells. The combined effect of papaverine and dipyridamole on tissues leads to selective stimulation of the division of pluripotent cells in the wound, and contributes to a six-fold acceleration of restoration of the animal’s immune system after induced immunodeficiency. Conclusion: Topical application of D1/D2 aerosol samples on the skin of rats contributed to a statistically significant acceleration of regeneration processes. In terms of the appearance of granulations and epithelialization of wounds, D1/D2 aerosols were superior to dexpanthenol ointment.

Role of non-classical effects of testosterone and epitestosterone on AMH balance and testicular development parameters

Testosterone (T) and its 17-α epimer, epitestosterone (EpiT), are described as having non-classical effects in addition to their classical androgen actions via the intracellular androgen receptor (iAR). The actions of these androgens play an essential role in triggering factors that shift Sertoli cells from the proliferation phase to the maturation phase. This process is essential for successful spermatogenesis and normal fertility. The aim of this work was to investigate the difference between T and EpiT effects in normal and in chemically castrated Wistar rats. We also tested the effects of these hormones when the iAR-dependent pathways were inhibited by the antiandrogen flutamide. Rats were chemically castrated on postnatal day (pnd) 5 using EDS, a cytotoxic agent that promotes apoptosis of Leydig cells, reducing androgen levels. Then, animals received replacement with T or EpiT and were treated or not with flutamide from pnd 6 to pnd 13 or 20 and were euthanized on pnd 14 and 21. Animals treated with EpiT and flutamide had lower body weight overall. Epididymis weight was also reduced in animals treated with EpiT and flutamide. Flutamide per se reduced epididymis weight at both ages (pnd 14 and 21). Testicular weight and the testicular/body weight ratio were reduced in EDS animals, and flutamide further reduced this weight in animals which received T replacement. EDS administration reduced mRNA levels of both AMH (anti-Müllerian hormone) and its receptor, AMHR2, at pnd 14. In the testes of flutamide-treated animals, EpiT reduced AMH, and both T and EpiT replacement diminished AMHR2 mRNA expression also on pnd 14. EDS decreased iAR expression, and androgen replacement did not change this effect on pnd 21. In rats receiving flutamide, only those also receiving T and EpiT replacement exhibited decreased iAR expression. An increase in connexin 43 expression was observed in animals treated with EpiT without flutamide, whereas in rats treated with flutamide, both hormones were ineffective to increase connexin 43 expression reduced by EDS. Our results suggest that EpiT has an antiandrogen effect on androgen-sensitive tissues such as the epididymis. Nonetheless, the effects of T and EpiT on testicular development parameters are similar. Both hormones may act through their iAR-independent non-classical pathway, regulating AMH and AMHR2, as well as iAR expression.