Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment Research Articles

Simultaneous multi-determination of pesticide residues in pistachio from Iran’s market: A probabilistic health risk assessment study

To protect consumers, food safety programs for pesticide residues are routinely carried out globally. This research aims to measure 25 types of pesticide residues in Iranian pistachio based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with an Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The obtained detection limits and average recoveries were 3 μg L−1 and 80–110 % for all analytes, respectively. Analysis of pistachio samples indicated some target pesticides, including chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid, with values of 0.95 ± 0.01, 0.55 ± 0.02, and 0.51 ± 0.02 mg kg−1, respectively. The acetamiprid (53 %), fenitrothion (39 %), imidacloprid (34 %), and thiacloprid (25 %) were the frequently detected pesticides in pistachio samples. The mean residual concentration of chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and imidacloprid exceeded the E.U. maximum residue limit (MRL). According to the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment, HQ and THQ values were lower than one. Therefore, it was concluded that pistachio consumption did not constitute a remarkable health risk to consumers. However, due to the relatively high values assigned for chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and imidacloprid in pistachio samples, a regular and effective monitoring program is recommended to control pesticide utilization.

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Arsenic Exposure Through Drinking Water Intake in Chinese Residents

The total arsenic concentrations of the three main drinking water types in China were determined through a systematic literature review. The distribution models of drinking water exposure parameters for different age groups were obtained using the regression method. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of different population groups caused by arsenic exposure through different drinking water types were evaluated by a probabilistic risk assessment. The results showed that the geometric mean of total arsenic content in all the drinking water samples in China was (13.0±38.1) μg·L-1. The highest arsenic content was found in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, followed by Guangxi and Shanxi. Based on the relevant standards for drinking water quality, the probability exceeding the threshold value of groundwater and source water is 23.2% and 18.4%, respectively. According to the results of non-carcinogenic risk assessment, the probability of the residents drinking well water and surface water from the water source area exceeding the daily average exposure dose threshold was 24.0% and 19.5%, respectively. According to the carcinogenic risk assessment, the median of carcinogenic risk caused by arsenic in drinking water in China was 3.22×10-5, which is acceptable. The population group of 18-45 years old had the highest risk, and the median LCR was 1.37×10-5. There was still a certain probability that the LCR of drinking well water and surface water would exceed the acceptable risk level recommended by the US EPA. In conclusion, the potential health risks caused by arsenic exposure through drinking water intake exist among Chinese residents. Further control of the arsenic concentration in drinking water is required to reduce the health risk and improve the safety of drinking water. Meanwhile, it is suggested to strengthen the research on risk threshold to provide a scientific basis for the residents' health protection.

Occurrence and health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals in groundwater of three industrial areas in Delhi, India.

Groundwater is a primary natural water source in the absence of surface water bodies. Groundwater in urban environments experiences unprecedented stress from urban growth, population increase, and industrial activities. This study assessed groundwater quality in terms of arsenic and heavy metal contamination in three industrial areas (Shahdara, Jhilmil, and Patparganj), Delhi, India. The water quality was assessed over a 3-year time interval (i.e., 2015 and 2018). The groundwater constituents investigated were As, Fe, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Pb. Metal index and heavy metal pollution indexes were estimated to assess groundwater pollution. The health risk was evaluated in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment. Patparganj industrial area saw increment in concentration for Cu 0.23 mg/L (2015)-0.85 mg/L (2018), Zn 0.51 mg/L (2015)-7.2 mg/L (2018), Fe 0.32 mg/L (2015)-0.9 mg/L (2018), Cr 0.21 mg/L (2015)-0.26 mg/L (2018), Mn 0.14 mg/L (2015)-0.25 mg/L (2018), Ni 0.04 mg/L (2015)-0.34 mg/L (2018), and As 0.01 mg/L (2015)-0.18 mg/L (2018). Cd and Pb concentrations were observed to decrease by 40-90 % and 85-99% for all the three industrial areas. Metal index and heavy metal index values were found to be >1 for all locations. The risk quotient value > 1 was observed for all locations in the year 2015 but was found to increase further to a range of RQ 10-62 in the year 2018, inferring increased non-carcinogenic risk to consumers. The carcinogenic risk was significant with respect to Fe (0.2-0.7), Zn (0.001-0.007), and As (0.002-0.003) for all locations in the year 2015. This study concludes that groundwater in the three industrial areas is highly polluted and is not fit for human consumption. Further studies are required to explore possible control measures and develop methods to mitigate groundwater pollution, sustainable management, and optimized use to conserve it for future generations.

Contamination of Selective Vegetables of Hamadan With Heavy Metals: Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment

The current study was undertaken to determine the concentration of lead, cadmium copper, and zinc (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in three types of collected green leafy vegetables irrigated with contaminated water compared with those irrigated with the fresh water of Hamadan province, Iran using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) technique. Twenty samples of vegetables such as basil, leek, and lettuce irrigated with contaminated water, and twenty samples from five different adjacent areas irrigated with fresh water as control were analyzed to determine heavy metals (HMs). The highest mean concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, regardless of the kind of vegetables irrigated with contaminated water, was 0.95, 0.32, 3.03, and 13.58 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. Moreover, metals uptake differences by the vegetables were recognized to vegetable differences in tolerance to HMs. The human health risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic values of Pb and Cd were higher than the threshold value of 1, and ingestion was the main exposure pathway of HMs to both children and adults. It suggested that all receptors (especially basil and lettuce) in Hamadan province might have significant and acceptable non-carcinogenic risk because of exposure to Pb and Cd. The significant amount of these HMs in some plants may be due to agricultural uses for the irrigation of the vegetable lands of untreated sanitary and industrial wastewater. The findings revealed that vegetables imply the total health risk on local people, and regular monitoring of HMs is strongly recommended in this region.

Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Resources of North East of Iran in 2018

Introduction: Contamination of water with heavy metals has turned into a health concern, particularly in the developing countries. In this study, concentration of heavy metals and associated carcinogenic and non- carcinogenic risk was investigated in water samples collected from Gonbad-e Kavus, a high-risk area for cancer. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from Gorgan River, Golestan reservoir and wells around villages with high prevalence in 2018. Samples were analysed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After determining the concentration of heavy metals in water samples from different sources, health risk assessment was carried out according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Results: Arsenic in samples 6-9 was higher than 10 µg/L, calcium and magnesium in sample 5 was higher than 200 mg/L and 150 mg/L respectively, and sodium in all samples was higher than 50 mg/L. According to the findings, these concentrations were higher than the maximum allowed limit in most water samples. Hazard quotient (HQ) in samples 8 and 9 were associated with arsenic and health risk in sample 1 was related to antimony. Furthermore, since all samples contained high amounts of lithium, water from this area better should not be consumed by children older than one year. Conclusion: Given the high rate of arsenic contamination, consumption of water in the study area could be health threatening for all individuals and is not recommended for children. This highlights the need for taking immediate actions to review the water treatment process and ensure safety of the drinking water in this area.

Heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1758 complex, Osteichthyes: Salmonidae) from a mountain stream in Sardinia by ICP-OES

This paper reports heavy metal and metalloid accumulation in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1758 complex) raised in freshwater and uncontaminated Sardinia system (Italy). Metals are widespread pollutants of aquatic systems, and their contamination can originate from anthropogenic activities such as industrial waste, agricultural and domestic environments, and geochemical release. Fish has a relevant position within the human diet; moreover, fishes can accumulate metals, making them a valuable tool as biomarkers for risk assessment studies. The concentration of 22 metals and metalloids after chemical digestion was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in both the guts and the edible part (EP, muscle + skin) of brown trout. The results, expressed as μg g−1, showed different levels of accumulation in the EP and guts, following the series Cu > Zn > Ba > Al > Sr > Fe > Pb and Fe > Al > Hg > As > Mn > Cu > Ba > B > Zn > Pb, respectively. PCA analysis showed a fairly good correlation between the total lipid and SAFA content and Cd, Hg, and Pb accumulation in the gut. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment, expressed as THQ (target hazard quotient), showed values far below 1 for all metals in muscles, while high As and Hg contamination of the gut draws attention to possible health risks which should be discarded from the fish before consumption. TR (target cancer risk) values showed alarmingly high values for As and Cd when the fish were consumed entirely (gut + EP), while Pb levels were far below the safety levels.

Обґрунтування регіональної програми моніторингу за якістю атмосферного повітря у Дніпропетровській області

The air quality monitoring system in industrial cities is one of the systems for responding to risk factors in the public health system. The purpose of the study is, on the basis of a hygienic assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to specific pollutants in the cities of Dnipro, Kamenskoye, Kryvyi Rih, to substantiate a program for regional monitoring of atmospheric air quality. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the results of air quality studies in the largest industrial cities of the Dnipropetrovsk region – Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih and Kamenskoe for the period 2005-2019 were analyzed in terms of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, xylene and toluene, and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to public health were calculated in these cities. Results and discussion. According to the results of the study, individual carcinogenic risks in all three cities in terms of formaldehyde are medium, and in terms of benzene are high. The population carcinogenic risk ranges from 200-269 additional cases of cancer from exposure to formaldehyde and 3727-4426 additional cases of cancer from chronic inhalation exposure to benzene. The calculation of non-carcinogenic risks identified the priority specific air pollutants in the cities under study, as well as the main target organs. So the main systems that are influenced by the action of the studied chemicals are the central nervous system, the general development of the body and the blood system. Based on the risk assessment, it was established that it is necessary to include the Kamenskoye metro station for regional monitoring. It is necessary to include all pollutants from List A to the minimum list of investigated chemicals, and for the city of Dnipro and Kamenskoye it is additionally necessary to carry out studies of phenol, formaldehyde and toluene and in the city of Kryvyi Rih – formaldehyde and toluene. The mechanism of data processing and interaction between the subjects of monitoring has been substantiated for the timely identification of risks and the development of necessary preventive measures for risk management. Conclusion. It was found that carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in industrial cities of the Dnipropetrovsk region are not acceptable. The existing monitoring system does not fully comply with the current requirements. The minimum program of the regional air quality monitoring system in the Dnipropetrovsk region has been scientifically substantiated

The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in drinking water and non-carcinogenic risk assessment: A case study in Bandar Abbas, Iran

In this study, concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) including slice (Si), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), Vanadium (V), selenium (Se), Chrome (Cr), Arsenic (As) and Uranium (U) in tap drinking water (n = 40) and filtration plant (n = 22) in Bandar Abbas city between March to July 2020 were analyzed. Analysis of PHEs ions was conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Also, concentration of F was measured by SPADNS Method. The non-carcinogenic risk in the exposed population (adult and children) were estimated. Concentration of PHEs between tap drinking water and filtration plant was compared using T statistical test. In addition, association among PHEs in tap drinking water and water filtration plant using Pearson correlation coefficient. The rank order of PHEs in tap drinking water was Si (6356.25 μg/l) > Sr (3980 μg/l) > Al (115.42 μg/l) > Fe (30.00 μg/l) > Zn (14.59 μg/l) > Ba (13.91 μg/l) > Pb (13.01 μg/l) > Li (11.60 μg/l) > V (4.43 μg/l) > Se (4.17 μg/l) > Cr (2.51 μg/l) > As (2.00 μg/l) > U (0.65 μg/l) > F (0.31 μg/l) and also in filtration plant was Si (1825.00 μg/l) > Sr (539.00 μg/l) > Fe (45.00 μg/l) > Al (26.00 μg/l) > Zn (8.08 μg/l) > Ba (2.24 μg/l) > Se (1.36 μg/l)> Pb(1.28 μg/l) > Li (1.26 μg/l) > Cr (1.17 μg/l) > F (0.66 μg/l) > V (0.61 μg/l) > As (LOD < ) ~ U (LOD <). The most of PHEs in tap drinking water was considerable different with filtration plant (p value < 0.05) therefore the chemical quality of tap drinking water should be more attention.The results of non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that TTHQ in the adults and children due to drinking tap water content of PHEs was 2.59E-3 and 6.05E-3 and filtration plant was 8.88E-04 and 2.07E-03, respectively. Therefore, TTHQ in adults and children was lower than 1; therefore, consumers are in the safe range due to drinking tap water and water filtration plant content of PHEs.

Quantitative measurement of toxic metals and assessment of health risk in agricultural products food from Markazi Province of Iran

The current study aims to investigate the levels of the toxic metal in agricultural products (legumes, wheat, and potato) collected in Markazi province, Iran, and human health risk by using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The levels of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in all samples were lower than the limit of detection (LOD), while the level of Cd in potato samples was lower than the maximum permisible level (MPL) of the European commission (EC). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment by direct ingestion of agricultural products was calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. The highest mean of toxic metals was observed for lead (Pb) in legume samples (562.17 μg kg− 1). Mercury (Hg) and Pb levels in all samples were higher than LOD, while Pb level in wheat samples were lower than of EC. The rank order of Hg and Pb levels in all samples based on target hazard quotient (THQ) value was wheat> potato>legume. The THQ index of Hg and Pb by the deterministic method in wheat was 1.37 and 0.454; in potato 0.139 and 0.104; in legume 0.092 and 0.41, respectively. The carcinogenic risk index was at an acceptable range. The high hazard index values were estimated and the THQ index for Hg in wheat suggests a non-negligible health risk.

Health risk to the population in Norilsk under exposure of substances polluting ambient air

Introduction. The city of Norilsk is included in the list of cities participating in the federal project “Clean Air.” The comprehensive action plan for protecting atmospheric air of substances provides a 75% reduction in emissions and a decrease in the level of pollution from “very high” to “high.” The aim of the study was to assess human health risk from chemicals that pollute the atmospheric air of the city of Norilsk before the implementation of a complex of air protection measures. Also, we planned to identify priority factors and sources of risk. Material and methods. The assessment of carcinogenic, acute, and chronic non-carcinogenic health risks was carried out at 1105 points of location of residential buildings in the city based on summary calculations of dispersion. The database of parameters of 2145 sources of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air of the city was used. Results. Unacceptable, including high levels of risk to the health of citizens, have been established to be registered throughout the city. More than 181.8 thousand people live in high-risk zones. Risks occur both during short-term and long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution. The risk indicators for respiratory disorders diseases of the immune system and the blood system are ten or more times higher than the acceptable levels. There have been eleven priority pollutants contributing up to 90% to unacceptable risks (nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, copper, nickel, lead oxides, the sum of various types of industrial dust, etc.). Conclusion. In general, aerogenic health risks require urgent measures to reduce them. The planned measures to suppress sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxides, and dust in Norilsk are generally large-scale and adequate to the priority risk factors. At the same time, it is necessary to develop and implement measures to reduce emissions of heavy metal compounds. Until the levels of acceptable health risk are reached, measures of a medical and prophylactic nature are relevant as compensation measures provided for by current legislation.

Toxic Metal Profiles, Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Human Health Risk Assessment of Some Locally Produced Beverages in Nigeria

Toxic metal contamination is a major problem of our environment and they are also one of the major contaminating agents of our food supply. The knowledge of metals in foods is essential for calculating the dietary intakes of essential metals and evaluation of human exposure to toxic elements. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic metal profiles, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk of some locally produced beverages in Nigeria.

Assessment of Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risks Due to Ingestion of Vegetables Grown Under Sewage Water Irrigated Soils Near a 33 Years Old Landfill Site in Kolkata, India

Assessment of Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risks Due to Ingestion of Vegetables Grown Under Sewage Water Irrigated Soils Near a 33 Years Old Landfill Site in Kolkata, India

Assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate of groundwater in Kashan, Central Iran

ABSTRACT Nitrate has diverse effects and can be metabolized by human enzymes. Penetrating wastewater to water resources is one of the main ways which can increase the concentration of nitrate in drinking water. Nitrate cancause Cyanosis syndrome due to Methemoglobinemia. This investigation is carried to present the results of a non-carcinogenic risk assessment study focusing on 55 groundwater samples collected from Kashan’s wells (Central Iran) during the summer of 2020. Results show that in 1 sample, the nitrate concentration (51.3 mg/L) was exceeded the National Iranian standard and the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline limits. Based on GIS analysis higher concentration of nitrate was observed in the older part of the city, which still uses wastewater injection wells. Results show that the 95th percentile of the simulated nitrate HQ(HQ>1) in the Kashan ground water were 1.9 (37%), 1.44 (20%), 1.11 (2%), and 0.87(percent) for infants, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively. Because of the highest non-carcinogenic risk in the, Infant group it is recommended to mix the drinking water with bottled water to provide the heath of the infant group.

Оценка риска здоровью населения связанного с качеством питьевой воды (на примере нефтяных районов республики Башкортостан)

Providing population with drinking water conforming to all hygienic standards is a pressing issue on territories where oil fields are located. In our research we focus on assessing water supply sources located in areas with oil fields and health risks for people who consume water from centralized water supply systems aimed at providing drinking water and water for communal use. Our research goal was to hygienically assess health risks for people living in areas where oil fields were located in Bashkortostan; these health risks were caused by people consuming water from centralized water supply systems. Our analysis was based on data obtained via laboratory research performed by «Bashkommunvodokanal» water supply facility and Bashkortostan Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology; the data were collected in 2016–2018 in Chishminskiy and Dablekanovskiy districts. Risks associated with drinking water quality were assessed taking into account all the requirements fixed in the Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04. Organoleptic risks related to water olfactory-reflex properties were assessed according to procedures fixed in the Methodical Guidelines MR 2.1.4.0032-11. Overall carcinogenic health risk assessed in Chishminskiy and Davlekanovskiy districts was higher than maximum permissible level due to chromium6+, DDT, lindane and arsenic detected in drinking water. Population carcinogenic risks amounted to 7 additional cases for people who consumed water supplied via water intake in Alkino-2 settlement; 69 additional cases, Isaakovskiy water intake; 76 additional cases, Kirzavodskoy water intake. Results obtained via non-carcinogenic risk assessment performed for all examined territories indicate that diseases might occur in the hormonal system (HQ =3.04–4.56), liver (HQ =2.3–3.83), and kidneys (HQ =1.47–2.45). The highest non-carcinogenic risks were detected for people who took water from Kirzavodskoy water intake in Davlekanovskiy district. We also detected unacceptable organoleptic risk (higher than 0.1) caused by excessive water hardness in Chishminskiy district. All the obtained results call for developing and implementing a set of activities aimed at reducing health risks for population.

Assessing health risks associated with drinking water quality (on the example of regions in Bashkortostan where oil fields are located)

Providing population with drinking water conforming to all hygienic standards is a pressing issue on territories where oil fields are located. In our research we focus on assessing water supply sources located in areas with oil fields and health risks for people who consume water from centralized water supply systems aimed at providing drinking water and water for communal use. Our research goal was to hygienically assess health risks for people living in areas where oil fields were located in Bashkortostan; these health risks were caused by people consuming water from centralized water supply systems. Our analysis was based on data obtained via laboratory research performed by «Bashkommunvodokanal» water supply facility and Bashkortostan Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology; the data were collected in 2016–2018 in Chishminskiy and Dablekanovskiy districts. Risks associated with drinking water quality were assessed taking into account all the requirements fixed in the Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04. Organoleptic risks related to water olfactory-reflex properties were assessed according to procedures fixed in the Methodical Guidelines MR 2.1.4.0032-11. Overall carcinogenic health risk assessed in Chishminskiy and Davlekanovskiy districts was higher than maximum permissible level due to chromium6+, DDT, lindane and arsenic detected in drinking water. Population carcinogenic risks amounted to 7 additional cases for people who consumed water supplied via water intake in Alkino-2 settlement; 69 additional cases, Isaakovskiy water intake; 76 additional cases, Kirzavodskoy water intake. Results obtained via non-carcinogenic risk assessment performed for all examined territories indicate that diseases might occur in the hormonal system (HQ =3.04–4.56), liver (HQ =2.3–3.83), and kidneys (HQ =1.47–2.45). The highest non-carcinogenic risks were detected for people who took water from Kirzavodskoy water intake in Davlekanovskiy district. We also detected unacceptable organoleptic risk (higher than 0.1) caused by excessive water hardness in Chishminskiy district. All the obtained results call for developing and implementing a set of activities aimed at reducing health risks for population.

Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate in the groundwater of the mica belt of Jharkhand, India

Groundwater quality was investigated for fluoride and nitrate contamination in the mica mining areas of Jharkhand with special emphasis on seasonal fluctuation, source apportionment and human health risk assessment. Samples were collected from thirty-seven locations on a seasonal basis. The results indicated 31% and 32% samples of groundwater to exceed the Indian drinking water quality standards for F– and NO3 –, respectively. Marked seasonal variation was observed in the concentration of NO3 – with highest levels in monsoon season; however, the seasonal fluctuation was insignificant for F–. The NO3 – contamination can be attributed to agricultural activities while F– can be related to geogenic sources. For the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk, Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Indices (HI) were calculated as per United States Environmental Protection Agency methodology. The results suggested the child population to be most vulnerable to health risks due to ingestion of F– and NO3 –. The HI values for men (0.34–18.4), women (0.29–15.8) and children (0.55–29.3) suggested considerable health risk related to F– and NO3 – to all the population groups. As high as 95% of the groundwater samples were likely to cause non cancer health effects in the child populace advocating upgraded water management plan for the residents.

Atrazine and its metabolites (ATZs) in source water, finished water, and tap water from drinking water treatment plants and its human risk assessment in Zhoukou City, China

A study to monitor atrazine (ATZ) and its metabolites (ATZs) (including DEA, deethylatrazine; DIA, deisopropylatrazine; HA, hydroxyatrazine) in drinking water treatment plants from water source to consumers tap in Zhoukou City was undertaken. A total of 20 source water, 36 finished water, and 36 tap water samples were collected during the period from July to August in 2020. Based on the survey results, a human health non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for adults and children. The results showed that the ΣATZs concentrations in source water, finished water, and tap water ranged from 0.609 to 55.985 ng/L (mean = 6.065 ng/L), 0.445 to 46.3 ng/L (mean = 4.507 ng/L), and 0.475 to 91.9 ng/L (mean = 7.139 ng/L), respectively. The predominant compounds of ATZs in tap water was ATZ, with a detection frequency of 91.67%, followed by DIA (58.33%), DEA (52.78%), and HA (27.78%). The highest concentrations of ΣATZs (mean = 15.110 ng/L) in tap water was found in the Central of Zhoukou City, followed by Southern (mean = 2.817 ng/L), Western (mean = 2.338 ng/L), Eastern (mean = 1.027 ng/L), and Northern (mean = 0.51 ng/L). The HQ of ΣATZs in tap water of Zhoukou City was lower than 1 and the highest value was 4.59E − 04, which suggesting that ATZs are considered unlikely to pose non-carcinogenic effects to individuals. Carcinogenic risk caused by ΣATZs for adults was much lower than 1.0E − 06, while the highest risk caused by ΣATZs for children through tap water was 6.34E − 06.

Potential risks from the accumulation of heavy metals in canola plants.

Concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural land near highways are a major concern for humans. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination level of heavy metals in soil, canola crop, and the potential health risk for honeybee and human. The average concentrations (mg/kg) of Co (15.94), Cr (169.66), Ni (55.39), Mn (765.34) Hg (2.99), and Cu (51.31) were elevated beyond their background reference values in world soil average, while Pb (9.45) was below to their respective background levels. This was confirmed by contamination factor (CF) and ecological risk factors (Er). Heavy metal concentrations in different parts of canola decreased in the following order: Fe> Mn > Cr > Pb > Co > Cu > Ni > Hg. Honey transfer factor (TFH) of heavy metals was less than unity except Ni and Hg. Human health (non-carcinogenic) risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil through potential exposure pathway (ingestion) recorded a dramatically increased risk for children (hazard index, HI=2.44). Hazard quotient via honey (HQH) consumption value of heavy metals were within the safe limits (HQ< 1). Probably, honeybees have a strong ability to transfer Co, Pb, Hg, and Mn (HQ> 1) from the canola to their hives during collecting pollen and nectar. HQ in honeybee workers from the consumption of honey can be used to derive HQ in humans using the hazard factor (HF). HF is 1481.482 (Pb), 2356.902 (Ni), and 3888.889 (Cr), respectively, for adult human (70kg) and 317.460 (Pb), 504.377(Ni), and 832.22 (Cr) for children (15kg).

Changes in the indicators of chemical safety of drinking water in Ufa during its transportation to consumers

Introduction. To conduct a total assessment of carcinogenic, non-carcinogenic, and organoleptic risks to public health and cover both normalized and non-normalized pollutants of potable water, based on the results of long-term monitoring studies, it is possible using an integral indicator of chemical harmlessness of water. Material and methods. Authors studied potable water of water intakes of surface and infiltration types from potable water reservoirs and remote zones of Ufa water distribution networks. Impurities were determined by chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, photometric, nephelometric, and titrimetric methods. Results. The main effect on the amount of carcinogenic risk in potable water of the surface water intake are chloroform, bromodichlethane, dichloroacetic acid, in the infiltration water intake - in addition to these compounds zinc, lead and chromium are in addition influenced. Organic compounds (phthalates, benz(a)pyrene, volatile aromatic compounds, etc.) have no effect on this type of risk due to the presence in water in low background concentrations. The identified number of individual carcinogenic risks for bromodichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid according to the WHO classification corresponds to the second range. As the surface type water intake is removed from the potable water reservoir, the total carcinogenic risk of water decreases by 13-30%, and the infiltration type increases by 41-84%. Values of noncancerogenic and organoleptic risks are constant for potable water of different water intakes and correspond to recommended limit values. The excess of the maximum permissible concentrations (SanPin 1.2.3685-21) of individual substances in the potable water of the city has not been detected for the whole period of observation. In terms of the integral indicator of chemical harmlessness, the most favorable is the po-table water of the infiltration water intake, in the technology of which is mainly used the UV for decontamination of water. Conclusion. Using a risk assessment methodology complements the traditional approach to assessing water quality under modern hygiene standards. It becomes possible to evaluate the effect of pollutants of various classes on water quality when they are present together.

Identifying fluoride endemic areas and exposure pathways for assessment of non-carcinogenic human health risk associated with groundwater fluoride for Gujarat state, India.

Analytical data of fluoride concentration in groundwater collected from various geological formations in Gujarat, India, have been studied to assess their spatial distribution characteristics and related potential chronic health risks. Decadal analysis of groundwater was attempted for precise quantification and a realistic ground representation of fluoride concentration in the entire state. This exercise involved collection of 6407 samples over a period of 10 years (2009-2018), from 641 representative locations, distributed evenly throughout the state (6407 = 641 locations × 10 years). The analytical results indicate that 19% of the sample locations have fluoride concentration higher than the permissible limit and 42% of the locations have fluoride concentration much below the desirable limit, thereby exposing children to a higher risk of associated dental morbidities. Monte Carlo simulation integrated with sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was applied for an accurate and realistic assessment of the non-carcinogenic health risk. Model results indicated that groundwater fluoride exposure through consumption is way higher than the exposure due to dermal absorption pathway. It is inferred that 94 locations (15%) have total hazard index greater than the unity value for all population groups, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the local populace to dental and skeletal fluorosis. Total hazard index in 210 locations (36%) and 188 locations (29%) are beyond the permissible limit for the population comprising infants and children. Populaces living in these locations are susceptible to health hazards that stems from high fluoride concentration. Children and infants are at greater risk due to groundwater fluoride toxicity when compared to the adult populace. The order of the geographic stratification of vulnerabilityis Mainland regions > Saurashtra region > Kachchh region. Ingestion rate and fluoride concentration are the sensitive parameters with high impact and residents of these vulnerable locations should be advised to abstain from direct intake of groundwater and resort to defluoridised groundwater.