Non-binary Research Articles

Mapping analysis of sixty-seven years of scientific evolution about the transgender population

Gender, traditionally treated in a dichotomous manner as male and female, does not encompass non-binary gender identities. One of the terms used to refer to a non-binary gender identity is transgender, which is employed in this study to investigate its strategic themes and thematic evolution. To achieve this, a bibliometric performance and network analysis (BPNA) was carried out using the existing data from the Web of Science database between 1954 and March 2021. A total of 23,471 articles were identified and included in the SciMAT software to conduct a bibliometric analysis, resulting in the visualization of the graph depicting the thematic evolution structure and the strategic diagram. This analysis highlights eight motor themes and a significant cross-cutting theme, which are discussed in depth. The results demonstrate the relationship between the transgender theme and gender, identity, sexual orientation, hormone therapy, and gender-affirming surgery. It is concluded that, despite the large number of associated research, some areas of study are still in their early stages, such as the inclusion of transgender people in the formal labor market and in the prison context. This opens up the field for further studies.

Bisexual+ Women and Gender Nonbinary Survivors of Sexual Violence: Comparisons of Substance Use, PTSD Symptoms, and In-Person Social Reactions to Sexual Violence Disclosure

ABSTRACT The current study examined whether in-person social reactions to disclosure of sexual violence vary as a function of sexual identity (heterosexual vs. bisexual+ survivors) and gender (women vs. nonbinary survivors). A secondary aim of the current study was to examine whether sexual identity and/or gender moderated the relation between social reactions to disclosure and various negative psychological/behavioral outcomes. (i.e. symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), heavy episodic drinking, cannabis use). Participants were 472 bisexual+ or heterosexual survivors who identified as women (cisgender and transgender women) or gender nonbinary. Independent sample t-tests and three simple linear regressions were used to examine the study aims. Nonbinary survivors reported higher levels of social reactions that involved turning against the survivor and providing unsupportive acknowledgment of the sexual violence experience, compared to women survivors. Both bisexual+ and nonbinary survivors reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms and greater cannabis use compared to heterosexual and women survivors, respectively. For bisexual+ survivors, reactions that turned against the survivors were associated with lower levels of PTSD symptoms and higher levels of heavy episodic drinking. For bisexual+ survivors, reactions involving unsupportive acknowledgment were associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms and lower heavy episodic drinking. The current study highlights how identification as bisexual+ or as nonbinary may influence in-person social reactions received upon disclosure of sexual violence as well as psychological outcomes following sexual violence.

The AFFIRM Framework for gender-affirming care: qualitative findings from the Transgender and Gender Diverse Health Equity Study

BackgroundTransgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse (TGD) people experience stigma in healthcare settings impacting healthcare utilization, including avoidance of care due to anticipated discrimination. Gender-affirming care refers to care for medical gender affirmation, such as gender-affirming hormones and surgery, as well as general care that affirms and respects TGD patients. This study sought to explore the experiences of TGD adults to inform gender-affirming care delivery and develop an actionable framework for practice.MethodsBetween May–October 2021, one-time individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 27 TGD adults receiving any healthcare in the greater Boston Massachusetts area to gather data about gender-affirming care. Interviews were semi-structured, explored prior and current experiences in healthcare and ideal gender-affirming care models, and conducted virtually via a secure Zoom platform. Analyses were conducted using immersion crystallization and reflexive thematic analysis; interview transcripts were double coded by two coders.ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 28.5, ranging 18–45 years, and were: 7 transgender men, 6 transgender women, 8 nonbinary, 3 genderqueer, 1 agender, and 2 gender not specified. Themes about gender-affirming care coalesced into the acronym AFFIRM: (1) Affirms in individual interactions: Participants called for affirmation of TGD identity, lived expertise, and competent TGD providers and staff. (2) Flexible and accessible: Participants expressed the need for gender-affirming care to be available beyond urban population-specific clinics, in a timely fashion without long wait lists, and in a community-centered manner such as offering non-traditional times and settings. (3) Fights systemic oppression: Participants emphasized the need for providers and health systems to eliminate gatekeeping practices for gender-affirming care and create care models that resist intersecting oppressive systems such as racism and cisgenderism. (4) Interacts with community: Patients desired intentional interaction with TGD community to holistically address health and unmet gender affirmation needs. (5) Retains patients in care: Patients shared the need to collaboratively identify and problem-solve obstacles to gender-affirming care with providers and healthcare systems to optimize TGD-specific retention strategies. (6) Multidisciplinary: Patients called for interdisciplinary teams with co-located services such as primary care and mental healthcare with letter-writing for surgical care, and incorporation of peer navigators to meet the broader social, health, and well-being needs of TGD people.ConclusionsFindings from this study and the AFFIRM Framework which emerged from TGD patient narratives can be applied to improve current care and set benchmarks for high-quality gender-affirming care delivery and practice.

Mapping Gender Fluidity: Bridging Essentialism and Indeterminacy in Postmodern Feminist Thought

ABSTRACT This essay explores the tensions between essentialist and postmodern perspectives in feminist theory, particularly in debates surrounding gender fluidity. Critics of Judith Butler’s ‘theoretics of heterogeneity’ contend that its emphasis on indeterminacy weakens feminist political activism. In response, this essay proposes the concept of ‘mapping’ as a framework to address the fluid and intersecting aspects of gender identity while retaining practical applicability. Drawing on Linda Kinnahan’s interpretation of this concept, the essay demonstrates how mapping can highlight marginalized identities and promote inclusivity within feminist discourse. Through an analysis of Seyla Benhabib’s ‘view from outside the walls of the city’ and Teresa de Lauretis’s ‘view from elsewhere’, the essay offers critical frameworks that challenge rigid binaries without retreating into theoretical abstraction. These perspectives are especially relevant for addressing the lived experiences of transgender and queer individuals, whose identities often disrupt traditional gender categories and demand intersectional analysis of race, class, and sexuality. By combining theoretical innovation with material engagement, the essay highlights how feminist theory can respond to the complexities of contemporary social realities. It argues for methodologies that respect the fluidity of gender while supporting the rights and dignity of marginalized communities, ensuring feminist scholarship remains both inclusive and actionable.

HIV Testing and PrEP Use Among Trans and/or Non-binary Participants in the TASG Study, a Participatory Study in Germany.

HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are recommended in Germany for individuals at increased HIV risk. However, data on HIV testing, PrEP use, and PrEP knowledge among trans and non-binary people are limited. We analysed data from the 'Sexuelle Gesundheit in trans und nicht-binären Communitys' (TASG) study, a participatory study on HIV/STI and sexual health among trans and non-binary people in Germany. The study was designed, promoted, and analysed with active involvement of community members. Participants were invited to complete an anonymous online survey between 1 March and 1 July 2022. The outcomes included HIV testing within the last 5 years, PrEP use, and PrEP-specific knowledge. Predictors for HIV testing were identified using a bootstrap stepwise selection procedure. Among 2468 HIV-negative participants with information on potential HIV risks, 21.5% had potential needs for HIV testing and PrEP. Of these, only 44.3% (208/470, missing: 60) reported testing for HIV within the last 5 years. Older participants, those living in larger cities, and those with higher education levels were more likely to have tested for HIV. Additionally, only 8.3% (38/459, missing: 71) reported ever using PrEP. Among 451 participants with potential PrEP needs (missing: 79), only 57.4% knew at least one of three key PrEP-related facts at the time of the survey. Our findings highlight substantial gaps in HIV testing and prevention among trans and non-binary individuals in Germany with potential needs for these services. Reducing barriers to testing and prevention is essential to enable broader access to these critical services.

Trauma surgeons: Have we achieved gender equality?

Several concerns regarding gender equality in orthopedic surgery do exists. The aim of this study was to (1) compare operative times, (2) compare mortality rates, (3) investigate gender disparities in hip fracture surgeries, and (4) analyze gender distribution among attending and resident surgeons performing Closed Reduction Internal Fixation (CRIF) and Hemiarthroplasty (HA) METHODS: All patients >75 years old treated for proximal femur fractures in a level-one trauma center in a four-year timeframe were retrospectively enrolled. Exclusion criteria were follow-up <3 years, incomplete data, active patients treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) and other surgeries performed during the same anesthesia. Patients were grouped according to procedure: 1) Closed Reduction Internal Fixation (CRIF) and 2) Hemiarthroplasty (HA). Gender and level of expertise (residents or attending surgeon) of leading surgeons (male (M), female (F) and non-binary (NB)) was extracted from medical records. Operative time, mortality rates, and the likelihood of performing either CRIF or HA were compared across genders. A total of 172 leading surgeons (M: 141 (82%); F: 31 (18%); NB: 0 (0%)) performed 1916 surgical procedures (CRIF: 1425 (74.4%); HA: 491 (25.6%)). 14.7% were performed by female surgeons (group 1: 15.5%; group 2: 12.2%; p = 0.076). No gender disparities were observed in the mean operating times for either group 1 (p = 0.759) or group 2 (p = 0.981). Similarly, there were no significant differences in mortality rates between genders in group 1 (p = 0.5779) or group 2 (p = 0.069). Additionally, no significant gender disparities were found in the performance of CRIF (p = 0.636) or HA (p = 0.141). Finally, analysis of gender distribution among attending and resident surgeons across various procedures, including CRIF and HA, revealed no significant differences in gender distribution (CRIF: p = 0.133, HA: p = 0.468, all procedures: p = 0.122). Despite orthopedics still being a male-dominated field, gender does not affect surgical outcomes or the likelihood of performing CRIF or HA. However, the focus should shift towards improving inclusivity in surgical education and practice by providing equal opportunities and removing social and educational barriers based on gender.

Language ideologies, life-making and vitality in trans communities in the US South

This article examines how transgender individuals in South Carolina negotiate community language practices in light of personal and political projects for trans vitality. Drawing on moments of metalinguistic commentary from online group interviews with trans and nonbinary people in South Carolina, this article focuses on examples from two interviews to explore how interviewees orient to two distinct understandings of language use: a ‘self-facing’ approach and a ‘public-facing’ approach. While participants describe creatively using language for enjoyment and self-exploration, they are keenly aware that their language is up for critique once it enters the public realm. As such, they invoke a linguistic ideology that recognises multiple contextual approaches to language use. This article demonstrates how these trans South Carolinians use language for trans life-making: for the simultaneous personal and political projects of self-determination and the making of a safe and viable world for trans people.

Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Cardiology Physicians and Fellows in Training.

The number of practicing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) cardiologists is unknown despite diversity initiatives focused on understanding workforce demographics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, sources of mistreatment, and measures of wellness among the LGBTQ+cardiology community. An online survey was sent to the American College of Cardiology Fellow in Training and Early Career Professional Listservs and shared on social media sites. The survey included the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire and LGBTQ+-specific harassment questions. Chi-square analysis and Fisher exact tests were performed to compare responses between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+respondents. A total of 188 respondents completed the survey (56% Fellow in Training). One-third (33%) identified as LGBTQ+. Gender identity data included: transgender (3%), nonbinary (2%), gender queer (1%), and agender (1%). LGBTQ+physicians were less likely to agree with the statements 'LGBTQ+patients were treated fairly' (40% vs 66%, P<0.001), and 'leadership dealt with people demonstrating poor behavior fairly' (34% vs 51%, P=0.029) compared to heterosexual peers. LGBTQ+physicians were more likely to report gender policing and heterosexist harassment compared to heterosexual peers (P=0.002). The majority of physicians (91%) were satisfied with their decision to become a cardiologist. This current analysis of LGBTQ+cardiologists in the workplace identifies opportunities to address mistreatment impacting the LGBTQ+community. Despite experiencing mistreatment, LGBTQ+cardiologists report high job satisfaction. Further work is necessary to create a safe space and diverse cohort of physicians required to meet the needs of LGBTQ+patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.

PrEP Disparities Among Transgender Feminine, Transgender Masculine, Nonbinary, and Gender Expansive Youth and Young Adults in the United States.

This study assessed disparities in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among transgender and gender expansive youth and young adults (N = 477) between 15 and 24years old in the CARES (ATN 149) and TechStep (ATN 160) study protocols within the National Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN). Structural equation modeling was used to test mediation pathways between gender identity and PrEP uptake among the full sample and stratified by sex assigned at birth. Lifetime PrEP uptake was higher among those assigned male at birth (26%) versus assigned female at birth (9%), explained by greater structural and behavioral risks and perceived need for PrEP, especially among trans women. Among those assigned female at birth, PrEP uptake was higher among trans men (12%) than nonbinary participants (6%). Our findings characterize key structural and behavioral drivers of PrEP use and highlight the need to reduce barriers to healthcare for trans youth, particularly in the South.

Analysing gender fluidity representation in perfume bottles with heterosexual matrix theory

Perfume bottles represent the gender identity associated with perfume, reflecting the transition in gender construction from binary to fluid in contemporary society. From the perspective of Butler’s heterosexual matrix theory ( Gender Trouble, 1990), this study examines the representation of the binary gender system and gender fluidity in perfume bottles by combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The findings indicate that, generally, the visual representation of perfume bottles fundamentally follows the binary gender system. The bottles of women’s and men’s fragrances differ significantly in colour and shape, reflecting heterosexual relationships in metaphor/metonymy and text. Unisex fragrances basically adopt a masculine visual style. In addition, a small yet increasing number of perfume bottles represent gender fluidity in two aspects. On the one hand, perfume bottles have emerged as vehicles of female subjectivity, objectification of men and gender diversity. By changing the representation of sex, gender and desire, perfume bottles transcend traditional gender construction. On the other hand, the gender representation of perfume bottles has gradually become more diverse and fluid over time.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subjective Cognitive Decline Among Transgender Adults.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with an increased risk of developing chronic health conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), self-reported confusion/memory loss, and an early clinical manifestation of ADRD. While ACEs and SCD have both been individually studied in transgender and nonbinary (TGN) adults, no study has examined the relationship between the two among this population. This study sought to establish the prevalence of ACEs and their association with SCD among TGN adults. Cross-sectional, secondary analysis of publicly available data. 2019-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, representing 16 US states that assessed ACEs, SCD, and self-reported gender identity were used to determine the association between ACEs and SCD among TGN adults aged 45+ (N = 206). Pearson's chi-squared/Fisher's exact tests assessed the association between ACEs (individual, categorical, sum score) and SCD. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to investigate the associations between ACEs and SCD. 18% (n = 38) of TGN adults in the sample endorsed SCD, 60% (n = 120) experienced any ACE, 20% (n = 41) 1 ACE, and 18% (n = 37) experienced > 4 ACEs. Nearly 50% experienced childhood abuse (n = 94) or household dysfunction (n = 92). Among those with SCD, 34% (n = 13) reported > 4 ACEs, and 73% (n = 26) reported childhood abuse or household dysfunction (n = 27). Most ACES were associated with and increased the risk of SCD, even after adjusting for BRFSS year, age, race, education, and employment. The odds of SCD increased 40% as the number of ACEs increased (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6, p < 0.0001). The odds of SCD were higher with childhood abuse (aOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.88-10.02, p < 0.01) or household dysfunction (aOR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.00-11.07, p < 0.01). ACEs increase the risk of SCD among TGN adults. Gender-affirming and trauma-informed nursing care are important, and screening and interventions for ACEs and SCD are needed to help reduce the risk of SCD and ADRD. Examining how adverse childhood experiences impact different aspects of health, including brain health, is important to nursing practice as it can provide clinical care strategies and identify interventions to specifically address ways to improve the health and well-being of transgender and nonbinary people.

Kjønnsmangfold i læreverk

This article analyses the visual representation of gender in beginner’s books in the foreign language subjects French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and German, as textbooks are often students’ first encounter with the subject. Previous research suggests that women are both underrepresented and stereotypically portrayed in textbooks. The article presents a quantitative analysis of the visual materials in recent Norwegian textbooks, and finds a relatively even distribution of women and men in the materials, but the absence of non-binary people and gender diversity. The results point to limitations of existing methods for mapping visual representations of gender in textbooks and the need for more open representations of gender in this type of material.

Parental and partner attachment working models in romantic relationships of nonbinary adults

Attachment working models are mental and emotional representations of the self and others. A central question within attachment theory is how best to conceptualize the relationship between different attachment working models, such as how one’s attachment to parents may influence partner-specific working models and impact romantic relationship satisfaction. Despite the robust evidence that attachment theory can be appropriately applied across developmental and cultural contexts and the functional similarity of attachment in women and men, little research has examined attachment working models among nonbinary people. The current study tested competing hypotheses replicating the work by Dugan and Fraley (2022), extended to a large sample of nonbinary adults ( N = 2,811). Similar to previous findings, our results supported the mediation hypothesis, which suggests that parental (defined as mother and father) attachment working models indirectly relate to romantic relationship satisfaction through romantic partner attachment working models. We also report comparisons of attachment overall between nonbinary people, men, and women, which showed that there were smaller mean differences between nonbinary people and women, yet more similar correlations between nonbinary people and men. These findings highlight the generalizability of attachment theory to diverse, nonbinary gender identities.

Psychological, social and cultural influences on smoking among lesbian, bisexual and queer women

BackgroundSmoking rates have declined markedly in Australia over time; however, lesbian, bisexual and queer (LBQ) women continue to smoke at higher rates than heterosexual women. Understanding the factors influencing smoking...

Research Funded by National Institutes of Health Concerning Sexual and Gender Minoritized Populations: A Tracking Update for 2012 to 2022.

Objectives. To investigate trends in awards funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) focusing on sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) populations from 2012 to 2022 in the United States. Methods. Replicating the method of Coulter etal., we identified NIH-funded awards for SGM research from 2012 to 2022 using the NIH RePORTER (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results) system. We coded for SGM subpopulations, demographics, and health content areas. We also inflation adjusted awards to 2022 dollar values. Results. NIH funded 1093 unique awards concerning SGM health, which totaled $491.7 million in first-year funding and made up 0.8% of the NIH portfolio. Frequency of awards nearly tripled over our study period. Most awards focused on HIV/AIDS (65.5%), mental health (29.5%), illicit drug use (19.9%), or sexual health issues (17.0%). We found funding differences across subpopulations: sexually minoritized men (67.8%; $357.9 million), transgender women (18.1%; $77.6 million), sexually minoritized women (13.9%; $57.6 million), transgender men (8.2%; $37.6 million), and nonbinary people (4.4%; $17.6 million). Only 42.2% of awards explicitly examined racial/ethnic identities of participants. Conclusions. Although NIH funding for SGM-related research has increased, persistent inequities indicate the need for systemic changes to advance health equity. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 23, 2025:e1-e13. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307913).

Uncovering Gender Biases in Human-AI Platforms

As part of my PhD studies, I am focusing on the broad problem of gender related biases in Human-AI systems, making a three-fold contribution to every part of the Responsible AI pipeline-- (i) Adversarial Audits in different human-AI platforms to identify biases against binary &amp; non-binary gender groups, (ii) Novel gender-inclusive datasets and (iii) Low-resource bias mitigation algorithms. The Human-AI systems that I am studying as part of my PhD thesis are-- (a) Face Recognition Systems (FRSs), (b) e-commerce platforms, (c) text-based gender analyzers and (d) Vision Language Models (VLMs). My thesis is divided into three parts-- (i) Adversarial audit of FRSs for binary genders, (ii) Data-centric and model-centric bias mitigation in FRSs for binary genders, and (iii) Audit of non-binary gender bias in other Human-AI systems-- visual-search enabled e-commerce, text-based gender analyzers and VLMs.

Assessing the State of Published Research Concerning COVID-19 and Transgender and Nonbinary People in the United States via a Scoping Review: Lessons Learned for Future Public Health Crises.

Purpose: Transgender and nonbinary people (TNB) experienced a disproportionate burden of poor health and socioeconomic outcomes resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, largely driven by increased vulnerability due to pervasive structural discrimination. To characterize the extent and nature of TNB inclusivity within COVID-19 research, we conducted a scoping review of studies published in English from 2019-2022 reporting COVID-19 pandemic impacts on TNB individuals in the United States. Methods: We searched PubMed (PubMed.gov), Embase (Elsevier), PsycInfo (EBSCO), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), and CINAHL (EBSCO), and TNB-focused organizational websites using search concepts 1) COVID-19, 2) TNB people. Studies were systematically reviewed for inclusion. Findings were extracted then summarized using systematic narrative synthesis. Results: Our search identified 1518 studies; 80 articles (65 peer-reviewed, 15 gray literature) met eligibility criteria. Most studies collected data early in the pandemic (69%) utilizing quantitative methods (79%), survey data (81%), and convenience sampling methods (65%); geographic foci varied. Many studies lacked transparent reporting on TNB involvement (80%), race/ethnicity of TNB subsamples (67%), and gender measurement (30%). The findings addressed COVID-19 (39%), mental health (29%), socioeconomics (26%), health care access (24%), physical health (13%), substance use (11%), violence/discrimination (8%), resiliency/coping (5%), gender identity/expression (5%), and sexual health (4%). Conclusions: A substantial amount of COVID-19 research inclusive of TNB people was conducted during the initial 2.5 years of the pandemic. However, there were key methodological (e.g., standardized measurement, enhanced community involvement) and topical gaps (e.g., social and structural resiliencies), which should be addressed in future research and practice to reduce TNB health disparities related to COVID-19 and future public health crises.

Did the CPA Shut the Bathroom Doors for Transgender and Non-Binary People? A Critical Legal Reflection of Section 9(2) of the CPA

The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) introduced a variety of consumer rights that are intended to protect consumers in their engagement with suppliers. Amongst these rights is the consumer's right to equality in the consumer market. Section 8 of the CPA sets out practices that are considered to be prohibited discriminatory marketing practices; while section 9 of the CPA provides instances that constitute reasonable grounds for differential treatment in certain circumstances. In particular, section 9(2) of the CPA provides that a supplier may provide and designate facilities that are separate but equal for the exclusive use of each gender. Alternatively, the supplier is permitted to offer access to a facility to one gender exclusively. Over the years, the LGBTQI+ community has increased awareness around gender stereotypes; and stressed that not all persons conform to a binary-gender allocation. Therefore, the question that arises is whether section 9(2) of the CPA, in permitting the designation of facilities to exclusively one gender, is unfairly discriminating against transgender and non-binary persons and is therefore unconstitutional. To the extent that the provision is constitutional, the paper considers whether the continued practice of having gender-segregated bathrooms to the exclusion of transgender and non-binary persons is constitutional.

Layers of isolation: Exploring the lack of social support among transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis

Background Endometriosis is a chronic, debilitating and isolative disease that has a negative effect on people’s quality of life. Little is known about the lived experience of psychosocial support for transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of psychosocial support, or the lack thereof, for eleven transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis. Methods We used Hermeneutic Analysis to analyze the data, from our sample of 11 participants, that we collected through three online interviews and one diary per participant. We used Phenomenology of Medicine as our theoretical point of departure. Results We shared our findings under three themes of psychosocial support: (1) rejection of gender identity: left to manage endometriosis alone, (2) an isolating and alienating disease, and (3) The significance of support with gender identity and endometriosis. Participants described endometriosis as a lonely disease. Many of the participants reported feeling alone and isolated as transgender and non-binary individuals living with endometriosis. The few who reported receiving support, shared how these support structures aided them with their endometriosis and managing adversity and rejection regarding their gender identity. Discussion We describe from our participants’ experiences how transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis may experience a layering of isolation due to experiences of rejection of their gender identity and needing to navigate an isolative disease. We recommend that transgender and non-binary people with endometriosis have their psychosocial needs assessed as part of their treatment as they may benefit from additional psychosocial supports that are gender inclusive.

“For Fear that They Would Turn Away from me”: From Transgressing Boundaries to Sexual Abuse in Spanish Autistic Women and Non-Binary People

“For Fear that They Would Turn Away from me”: From Transgressing Boundaries to Sexual Abuse in Spanish Autistic Women and Non-Binary People