Non-basmati Rice Research Articles

Differential biochemical response of basmati and non-basmati rice seeds upon bakanae (Fusarium fujikuroi) infection

Differential biochemical response of basmati and non-basmati rice seeds upon bakanae (Fusarium fujikuroi) infection

India’s Basmati Rice Export Forecasting and Performance: ARIMA Model

Rice is the stable food in India and also in many countries of Asian continent. Indian rice is having higher demand in international market, so the Basmati and non-Basmati rice contributing a very high national income through export. The export performance and forecasting of basmati rice was carried out by using CAGR, Instability Index and ARIMA model. This study tried to understand the per cent share of rice export from the total agricultural export, growth rate from 1987 to 2022. Only secondary data was used for this study and the data was collected from APEDA. The study found that, the total export share of rice to the total agricultural export was 55.20 per cent in terms of quantity and 42.68 per cent in terms of value during the period 2020-21. This paper also predicted the next 5 years Basmati rice export from India using SPSS software. The CAGR was used to find the growth rate and it was found that 10.31 per cent and 17.37 per cent of growth with respect to quantity and value of export. The study concluded that positive growth rate of basmati and non-basmati rice was noticed in terms of quantity as well as in terms of value with higher instability. The study showed that higher instability within exports of non-Basmati rice as compared to Basmati rice during the study period. The forecasting of basmati rice exports showed increasing trends in exports over the years.

Display of distinct endogenous phenolic contents in different rice ecotypes grown under normal conditions: a potent biomarker system for sensing growth, stress and adaptability

Phenolic compounds are important bioactive components in plant kingdoms with ubiquitous distribution amid immense structural diversity. They are indispensable in developmental and physiological stages of a plant besides having specific response in protection, adaptability, environmental and climatic resilience. In the present study, total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated in 9 different rice ecotypes (PB- 1, PB-1121, PB-1509, Pusa-RH-10, CSR-30, PR-126, HKR-47, Govind and Sharbati) belonging to basmati and non-basmati rice varieties. TPC distribution was measured in both shoot and root system at 14 days old seedling stage. In shoot, the average TPC distribution was 254.38 μg of GAE/gm FW, ranged from 170.33 μg to 357.62 μg of GAE/gm FW. For root, the TPC ranged from 64.58 μg to 105.27 μg of GAE/gm Fw with an average of 84.82 μg of GAE/gm FW. Hence, increased TPC was observed in shoots compared to roots, also there was a positive correlation in TPC distribution between shoot and root. Furthermore, the TPC distribution was more profound in shoot and root of basmati varieties compared to non-basmati varieties. Therefore, differential TPC distribution represents significant physiological feature during the developmental process for optimum growth and metabolism within the rice varieties according to their ecological behavior.

Weed control, yield and quality of small-grain scented rice as influenced by spacing and weed management in lower gangetic plains

The effect of planting density and weed management on weed control, yield and quality of a non-Basmati type short-grained scented rice (cv. Radhunipagal) was studied at 'C' Block Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design comprising 2 spacings (15 cm × 15 cm and 20 cm × 15 cm) in main plots and 6 weed control practices [weedy check, 2 hand weeding (HW), Butachlor as pre-emergence (PE) + HW, Butachlor (PE) + 2,4-D Na-salt as post-emergence (PoE), HW + 2,4-D Na-salt (PoE), mechanical weeding + HW) in sub-plots during rainy (kharif) season of 2013 and 2014. Mean number of total weeds in 1 m2 field was 94.3 and 118.8 at 28 and 56 days after transplanting (DAT); and weed control efficiency varied among 5 weed management practices over weedy check as: 49.0-67.3% at 28 DAT and 56.5-72.8% at 56 DAT. Close planting (15 cm × 15 cm) resulted in 9.1% greater grain yield (2.27 vs. 2.08 t/ha), higher net income (Rs. 23,700 vs. 20,900/ha) and B:C ratio (1.79 vs. 1.73) over wider spacing (20 cm × 15 cm). Manual weeding twice at 21 and 42 DAT recorded better weed control efficiency (67.3 and 72.8% at 28 and 56 DAT), grain yield (2.51 t/ha), milling recovery (65.9%) and net return (Rs. 25,900/ha). But chemical weed control [Butachlor (PE) + 2,4-D Na-salt (PoE)] was adjudged as less expensive option (Rs. 27,300/ha) for Radhunipagal rice with moderate grain yield (2.16 t/ha ), higher protein content (7.45%) and B: C ratio (1.90).

Biochemical and Anatomical Characteristics of Basmati And Non-basmati Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) For Resistance To Foot Rot

Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of foot rot disease, infects all the parts of rice, causing serious yield losses in different parts of the world. In order to understand the basis of disease tolerance, various biochemical and anatomical traits of ten days old healthy and infected basmati and non-basmati rice seedlings were compared. Total soluble sugar content was higher in healthy seedlings, while total phenols, orthodihydroxy phenols and total soluble proteins were higher in non-basmati rice seedlings post infection indicating the initiation of defence against the pathogen. Increase in the total antioxidant activity, enzymes and α-tocopherols in basmati rice cultivars post infection indicate the oxidative stress created by pathogen. Histopathological observations revealed hyphal and conidial growth in infected tissues of basmati cultivars whereas a complete and intact tissue was observed in healthy and infected counterparts of non-basmati cultivars. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(1): 29-36, 2022 (March)

Rice Value Chain Systems in Haryana: An Economic Analysis

The economic analysis of rice value chain in Haryana has been carried out using a sample of 30 farmers, 10 wholesalers and 20 retailers which were purposively selected from Karnal district of Haryana. One government (HAFED Taraori rice mill) and 5 private rice mills in Karnal were selected as the processing units. The results revealed that retailers incurred the highest total cost in both Basmati and non-basmati (PR-fine) rice value chain (` 93.37 kg-1 and 41.73kg-1), whereas rice mills contributed the largest value addition to both Basmati and PR-fine rice (61.34% and 56.19%). The highest profit in Basmati rice and PR-fine rice was accrued by rice mills (` 37.96 kg-1 and ` 8.88 kg-1). The major production and processing constraints were lack of remunerative prices and market instability with Garrett mean score of 76.33 and 63.71, respectively, while the major wholesaling and retailing constraints was increased procurement cost as a result of per litre increased cost of fuel. Better remunerative price policy for paddy should be made to entice farmers to produce more and ensure regular supply of paddy to the processing units, which will trickle down to the entire value chain.

Detection of basmati rice using microsatellite markers

Basmati rice is a fine and aromatic rice grown mainly in certain areas of Punjab province in Pakistan. It has high demand in the international market and a source of earning foreign exchange via export. Adulteration of non-basmati rice grains is a major challenge to secure its export standards. Hence, the development of a simple and cost-effective method is necessary to screen the basmati and non-basmati rice samples. In this study, we have validated the efficiency of different molecular markers by screening seven unknown rice samples. Our results demonstrated that three markers namely RM1, RM19 and RM225 proved to be efficient microsatellite molecular markers that could be used to screen basmati and non-basmati rice samples. Further, these results are validated based on expression pattern of Badh2 gene among the basmati and non-basmati rice. Thus, this study provides a contribution towards development of a simple and cost-effective method for rapid screening of basmati rice.

Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere Soil Samples from Basmati and Non-basmati Rice Growing Areas of Jammu Region, Jammu and Kashmir, India

In the current study, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from six different locations of rice fields in Jammu, Kathua and Samba districts of Jammu region of UT of Jammu and Kashmir, The soil samples were processed and analysed from their physicochemical characteristics. Soil samples were collected from each sampling site and analysed for Organic Carbon (OC), soil pH, Salinity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium, along with this the micronutrient profiling of the samples was also conducted following the standard protocols. The overall mean results for soil pH level, OC, N,P, and K content of the majority of rice fields in the research locations were favourable for rice production; nevertheless, the ideal pH and NPK levels should be evaluated on a regular basis to ensure the best potential rice harvests.

State-wise Production Performance of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice in India

The present study was designed to evaluate the state wise Basmati and non-Basmati rice production performance in India. The study is based on the time series data on area production and yield which were compiled from various sources for a period of 39 years (1980-81 to 2018-19). The sate wise analysis considers for the major basmati and non-basmati production sates by merging the newly divide states to parents’ sates like Telangana to AP etc. While considering overall period in basmati area (6.01%) production (10.55%) and yield (4.28%) shows positive growth rate with 1 per cent level of significance. Allover India shows positive growth rate like area (0.24%), production (1.95%) and Productivity (1.70%) with 1 per cent level of significance. For India, in overall period it is more stable as Area (2.89), Production (6.07) and yield (4.5) give low instability percent. Special attention program is need to enhance the production of rice in Assam and Orissa were two states are in lowest category in terms of productivity, so effects may be taken to increase the productivity in Assam and further increase from medium to high productivity states in case of Andhra Pradesh.

Rhizobacterial consortium mediated aroma and yield enhancement in basmati and non-basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Basmati and non-basmati rice varieties are commercially important. Aromatic rice varieties are low yielding and recently depletion in aroma is observed due to the shift towards modern agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to restore the aroma and increase the yield through sustainable agriculture. The use of microbial bioinoculants is one of the promising ways to achieve these targets. With these objectives, rhizospheric bacterial strains Enterobacter hormaechei (AM122) and Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus (DB25) having the property of synthesizing 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were isolated from the rhizosphere of two aromatic rice varieties, Ambemohar-157 and Dehradun Basmati respectively and their effect on plant growth, aroma and yield enhancement under mono-inoculation and consortium conditions was analyzed. The bacterial inoculum in consortium resulted in significant improvement in vegetative growth, yield and 2AP content over mono inoculation and control. The study highlights the potential of E. hormaechei and L. xylanilyticus in plant growth, yield and aroma enhancement in basmati and non-basmati rice varieties. These strains can be taken up further for developing a commercial bioformulation.

Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) Disease Incidence and Severity in Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Growing Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the most damaging diseases of rice in Asia and annually incurring significant yield loss to rice production in Pakistan. Management of disease required the information of BLB incidence and severity in basmati and non-basmati rice areas. The current study presented the observation of BLB disease incidence and severity in 19 major rice growing districts of Punjab. In this study, 9 Basmati growing and 10 non-basmati rice growing districts were surveyed from September to October in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013. Rice fields near to roadside, research stations and adjoining farmer fields were preferred for the survey. Each halt was after 10 km on the route depending upon the crop intensity. The general appearance of the field was observed for the absence or presence of BLB disease symptoms. The incidence of BLB was recorded as a percentage of plants infected in a field on a visual basis. For each field, 4 plants were observed at 5 points/hill along the diagonal transect for disease symptoms. The data of severity was recorded as the percentage of leaf area infected out of the total leaf area. Among the districts with basmati rice, the mean incidence of BLB was maximum in Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Hafizabad followed by Mandi Bahauddin and Gujrat. A similar pattern of disease severity was observed in the basmati rice belt with maximum BLB mean severity in Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Hafizabad having most of the field with a severity scale of 9. Overall, the disease trend showed that both the incidence and the severity were higher in 2010, 2012 and 2013 in the basmati rice belt. The ten districts, comprising of mostly non-basmati rice varieties showed relatively less BLB incidence and severity compared to basmati rice districts. The maximum mean incidence of 20-25% was observed in Faisalabad, Chiniot and Sahiwal in at least one year of the rice season. None of the field with BLB disease symptoms was observed in districts Okara, Khanewal and Bahawalpur during the 2012 and 2013 rice season. Maximum disease severity of mean value 3 was observed in Sahiwal during 2009 while the rest of the districts showed less than 2 mean severity during all rice growing season. Overall, in non-basmati rice districts, no specific trend of disease incidence and severity was apparent, however, the disease was present in very low magnitude or absent during the surveyed years. The information from this study is helpful in the selection of variety for basmati and non-basmati districts of Punjab and the adoption of appropriate disease management strategies.

Trade Dynamics of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Exports from India

India is the world's largest producer and leading exporter of basmati rice. India produces about 70 per cent of the total world basmati rice production and the rest is produced by Pakistan. During 2017-18 the country has exported globally about 40.56 Lakh tonnes of Basmati Rice and 86.48 Lakh tonnes for Non-Basmati rice, the worth of 268.70 billion and 229.68 billion respectively. Basmati rice has got good export demand and fetches good export price in international markets due to such uniqueness. The higher price of basmati rice in international market made basmati rice as export competitive product. The present study is to analyze the export performance and its competitiveness of basmati non-basmati rice in India. In this paper rice trade dynamics of changes in terms of value of exports of basmati and non-basmati rice from India to different export markets have been measured by employing the Markov-Chain model. U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia are found to be stable destinations for Indian basmati rice exports from Markov-Chain results. Whereas, Benin, Bangladesh and UAE are found to be major destinations for non-basmati rice exports. The most unstable markets among the non-basmati rice importing countries were Cote D Ivoire and Liberia with the zero per cent retention. In order to sustain in the international market, Indian export price needs to be competitive besides improvement in quality and sanitary standards.

Variant biochemical responses: intrinsic and adaptive system for ecologically different rice varieties.

India has a diverse range of agro-ecological conditions which support the cultivation of different rice varieties differing in the adaptation which is so important for sustainable development of rice crop. Specific ecotypes of rice adapted to diverse conditions have divergence in their morphology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular function, agronomy, and stress response. In the present study, 12 different rice varieties viz., PB-1, PB-1509, Pusa-RH-10, CSR-30, HKR-47, PR-126, Govind, Sharbati, ADT-37, ADT-39, ADT-45, White Ponni, were selected for the study of intrinsic biochemical behaviour and these varieties belong to different Agro-ecological zones and basmati or non-basmati rice varieties. Amongst intrinsic biochemicals activity, the differential response of radical scavenging, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) activities, were observed in the selected rice varieties at 14 days old seedling stage, developed under controlled growth conditions. Comparatively, North India region rice varieties displayed an enhanced intrinsic biochemical response than south India region rice varieties. Similarly, basmati rice varieties showed increased biochemical response compared to non-basmati rice varieties. Thus, the differential biochemical responses (radical scavenging, SOD, CAT, and POX activities) observed creates a significant difference between rice varieties and provides valuable information about rice ecotype-biochemical interaction for sustainable adaptive value under different ecological conditions.

AMMI biplot analysis for grain yield of basmati lines (Oryza sativa L.) in North Western Himalayan Hill regions

Thirty basmati and non-basmati rice genotypes were evaluated in five different locations representing varied agroclimatic zones in Himachal Pradesh during kharif 2017 and 2018 for stability of grain yield. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction and stability model were employed to study the GxE interaction. ANOVA revealed significant differences among genotypes and locations along with significant G × E interaction. Both linear and non-linear components contributed towards G × E interaction. The mean grain yield per plant varied from 11.32-19.49 g among the genotypes with the general mean of 15.83g. Genotype HPR 2693 was identified to have higher mean grain yield per plant than general mean and was stable across the locations. AMMI analysis revealed that the first two significant IPCA scores together explained 77.18% of the total interaction variance. Biplot graphical analysis showed Dhaulakuan to be the less interacting and stable location. Genotype HPR 2693 scored zero for both IPCA1, IPCA2 and also lowest ASV score along with higher average grain yield per plant and therefore could be considered as stable across locations. Pusa-1121, one of the highly prized basmati was also found stable but the average yield per plant over all the location was low and hence could be identified for specific location. Genotypes HPR 2863, HPR 2612, HPR 2667, PB-1509, HPR 2858 showed specific adaptation to Malan while HPR 2761, HPR 2749, HPR 2746, HPR 2720, HPR 2862 and HPR 2880 exhibited specific adaptation at Palampur. These genotypes could be utilized for direct cultivation as well as for improvements of other cultivars.

WTO Questions India’s Plan to Revive Farm Sector

The farm support plans announced by India and the United States have created a lot of noise, mainly among the developed nations with surplus agriculture produces. These are under the scrutiny by the World Trade Organization members in WTO’s quarterly agriculture committee meeting on June 25-26. Specifically the European Union and Australia has asked India to explain the Modi’s proposal to spend Rs 25 lakh crore on agriculture and rural development and doubling farmers’ incomes by 2022 as part of Rs 100 lakh crore, five-year infrastructure development plan. Even the US is out asking questions about India’s 5% export subsidy for non-Basmati rice as well as increasing purchase of wheat at higher minimum support prices by the Indian Government even when India has record wheat stockpile.

Implementing the systems approach in rice pest management : India context

A basic IPM module for basmati rice as a part of integrated crop management accounting the pest prevalence and the information available from literature has been developed. As the module is location specific and dynamic, therefore needs regular updating and fine tuning depending on the location and pest prevalence. The technology has been successfully validated and implemented during 1998 to 2019 in Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati, Dehraduni Basmati, Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with little modification and fine tuning. Implementation of the technology resulted in increase in rice grain yield i.e., 21.6% in Pusa Basmati 1 at Shikohpur, in Uttar Pradesh 21.5% in Taraori Basmati at Chhajpur in Haryana, 19.5% in Type 3 in Uttarakhand, 14.5 to 22.7% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana and 38.2% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Uttar Pradesh over farmer's practices (FP). In all the basmati rice trials, higher yield as well as Benefit - Cost (B-C) ratio was obtained in IPM as compared to FP. Implementation of IPM led to significant reduction in uses of chemical pesticides. In case of IPM, only 1.46 application of chemical pesticides (103.2 g a.i./ha) were undertaken in Pusa Basmati 1121 against 2.8 application in FP (1214.4 g a.i./ha) at Bambawad, Uttar Pradesh. ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack developed and validated IPM module at Sigmapur (Cuttack, Odisha) non-Basmati rice variety Pooja for four kharif seasons i.e 2010-2013 using standard agronomic practices. The trial resulted in an enhancement of 47.1% yield and 26.47 % B-C ratio over FP. Additional income of Rs. 9857/- per ha was also obtained in IPM over FP. On-Farm trial on validation of IPM module in non-Basmati rice (Pooja variety) under semi deep water conditions conducted in 10 ha during rabi 2017 at Nagapur and Basudeipur villages in Khurda district of Odisha resulted in reduction in the incidence of insect pests and diseases with higher population of natural enemies as compared to FP. Rice yield was recorded 5600 kg ha-1 in IPM as against 4900 kg ha-1 in FP. Recently, ICT based e-pest monitoring and advisory has become an important component for area wise implementation of IPM at state and national level. The programme has been successfully implemented in Odisha during 2010 and 2011 under RKVY. Implementation of the programme had resulted successful management of swarming caterpillar in 13 rice growing districts of Odisha during kharif 2010 and 2011.

Implementing the systems approach in rice pest management : India context

A basic IPM module for basmati rice as a part of integrated crop management accounting the pest prevalence and the information available from literature has been developed. As the module is location specific and dynamic, therefore needs regular updating and fine tuning depending on the location and pest prevalence. The technology has been successfully validated and implemented during 1998 to 2019 in Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati, Dehraduni Basmati, Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with little modification and fine tuning. Implementation of the technology resulted in increase in rice grain yield i.e., 21.6% in Pusa Basmati 1 at Shikohpur, in Uttar Pradesh 21.5% in Taraori Basmati at Chhajpur in Haryana, 19.5% in Type 3 in Uttarakhand, 14.5 to 22.7% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana and 38.2% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Uttar Pradesh over farmer's practices (FP). In all the basmati rice trials, higher yield as well as Benefit - Cost (B-C) ratio was obtained in IPM as compared to FP. Implementation of IPM led to significant reduction in uses of chemical pesticides. In case of IPM, only 1.46 application of chemical pesticides (103.2 g a.i./ha) were undertaken in Pusa Basmati 1121 against 2.8 application in FP (1214.4 g a.i./ha) at Bambawad, Uttar Pradesh. ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack developed and validated IPM module at Sigmapur (Cuttack, Odisha) non-Basmati rice variety Pooja for four kharif seasons i.e 2010-2013 using standard agronomic practices. The trial resulted in an enhancement of 47.1% yield and 26.47 % B-C ratio over FP. Additional income of Rs. 9857/- per ha was also obtained in IPM over FP. On-Farm trial on validation of IPM module in non-Basmati rice (Pooja variety) under semi deep water conditions conducted in 10 ha during rabi 2017 at Nagapur and Basudeipur villages in Khurda district of Odisha resulted in reduction in the incidence of insect pests and diseases with higher population of natural enemies as compared to FP. Rice yield was recorded 5600 kg ha-1 in IPM as against 4900 kg ha-1 in FP. Recently, ICT based e-pest monitoring and advisory has become an important component for area wise implementation of IPM at state and national level. The programme has been successfully implemented in Odisha during 2010 and 2011 under RKVY. Implementation of the programme had resulted successful management of swarming caterpillar in 13 rice growing districts of Odisha during kharif 2010 and 2011.

In vitro evaluation of selected Basmati and non-Basmati Rice varieties against Meloidogyne graminicola

<i>In vitro</i> evaluation of selected Basmati and non-Basmati Rice varieties against <i>Meloidogyne graminicola</i>

Effect of particle and surface properties on flowability of rice flours

Abstract The flowability of basmati and non-basmati rice flour was compared affecting bulk handling of flour related to the particle size, shape and surface roughness (measured by Atomic Force Microscope) as well as dynamic and shear properties depending upon the processing conditions. Particle size (62.3–68.8 µm) of both the flours was significantly different and further, the flowability of non-basmati rice flour was significantly affected by its particle shape (circularity 0.552), surface roughness (129.46 nm) and compressibility (28.50%), making it more cohesive than basmati rice flour. Also, basic flow energy, stability index and specific energy was significantly higher in non-basmati flour, thus required more energy (192.27mJ) to flow than basmati rice flour (167.42mJ). Overall, the flowability was analysed at three different pressures (3,6 and 9kPa) and the non-basmati rice flour was found less flowable as indicated by the flow function coefficient (1.62at 9kPa) in comparison to basmati (2.29at 9kPa) creating difficulty in bulk handling.

Morpho-Agronomic and molecular characterization of gobindabhog, a traditional aromatic rice of West Bengal, India

The agro-morphological characterization of Gobindabhog, a traditional non-Basmati type aromatic rice of lower gangetic plains and rahr (red and laterite) region of West Bengal was done at B.C.K.V., Kalyani, West Bengal, India during kharif season of 2011, 2012 and 2013 following DUS test guidelines of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPVF which had late heading (110–115 days) and late maturity (scale 7, 140–150 days). The flower was bi-sexual including six yellow coloured anthers, and an ovary with white/yellowish-white feathery stigma. The lemma and palea of grain were straw or goldenyellow in colour and the grains were awnless, short in length (6.1 mm) with very low test weight (10.17 g). The kernels were short-bold (length 3.97 mm and width 1.95 mm) in shape with white colour, which had low amylose content (17.9%), medium gelatinization temperature (alkali value 3.3) and medium-strong aroma. 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used for DNA amplifi cation profile to develop molecular base-pair length database of Gobindabhog rice against non-aromatic international check variety IR 36 in the study. Among them, two markers (RM 341 and RM 339) made greater genetic distance (95.33 vs. 174.97 bp and 180.75 vs. 143.09 bp, respectively) between Gobindabhog and IR 36.