Non-basmati Rice Research Articles

Exploring genetic variation and genetic components under salinity stress among Basmati and Non-Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential cereal crop which feeds more than half of the world’s population. Rice is cultivated on one-tenth of the world's arable land (approximately 150 million hectares (ha)). Its production is critically affected by salinity stress, which harms photosynthesis and growth, causing biomass loss and partial sterility. The extent of salinization of cultivable soil is increasing by 10% annually. It is predicted that more than 50% of the world's land will be damaged by salinization by 2050. In Pakistan, approximately 6.30 Mha of land is severely affected by salt stress. To cope with this problem, this study was conducted to identify saline-tolerant rice cultivars, 14 rice cultivars (PK1121 aromatic, Nonabokra, Kalomonok, PK10683, PK8892 Tol-19, Shaheen Tol-19, Chenab Tol-19, Punjab Basmati, Super Basmati 2019, Basmati 2000, Basmati 370, Basmati 385, Super Basmati, and Basmati 515 Tol-19) were grown in a 5.5 electrical conductivity (EC) salinity block to investigate their tolerance to salinity stress. Seven rice cultivars (Nonabokra, Basmati 2000, Kalomonok, Basmati 370, Basmati 385, Super Basmati, and Basmati 515 Tol-19) exhibited tolerance to salinity. Basmati 370 was tolerant to a high salinity level of 5.5 EC and showed high yield than other cultivars, however, Nonabokra outperformed other cultivars in terms of all yield attributes investigated in this study. These results were also verified via molecular screening of these genotypes by using already reported DNA markers. Polymorphic SSR marker (RM7075) associated with the SaltTOl QTL to evaluate the tolerance of rice varieties to salinity. This study showed that Nonabokra, Basmati 2000, Kalomonok, Basmati 370, Basmati 385, Super Basmati, and Basmati 515 Tol-19 performed better against salt stress and may be used as salinity-tolerant lines for future rice breeding programs.

Trends and performances of non-basmati rice export from Tamil Nadu

Trends and performances of non-basmati rice export from Tamil Nadu

Bilateral Trade Welfare Impacts of India’s Export Ban of Non-Basmati Rice Using the Global Partial Equilibrium Simulation Model (GSIM)

India, the world’s leading rice exporter, banned the export of non-Basmati white rice, accounting for 25% of its total exports (or 10% of the global rice trade). The ban aims to ensure availability to domestic Indian consumers and reduce domestic market prices, impacting global rice market accessibility, consumers, and producers across twelve regions. The study utilized the global simulation model (GSIM) to analyze the effects of trade restrictions on industries. The model uses national product differentiation to assess trade policy changes at global, regional, or national scales. It examined importer and exporter effects on trade values, tariff revenues, exporter surplus, and importer surplus. It found that India’s Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) ban on non-Basmati rice resulted in a higher local price and a negative global net welfare impact of USD 1.7 billion. The losses decreased to USD 1.4 billion when importing countries responded by reducing rice import tariffs by 25% and USD 1.1 billion when importing countries reduced tariffs by 75%. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Cooperation Council regions were most affected. The study also found minimal impact on consumer surplus in India due to inelastic rice demand.

Nutrient requirements of non-basmati rice varieties in rice zone of Punjab, Pakistan

Among various agronomic practices, the balanced use of fertilizers is important to get maximum economic yields. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the economically optimum nutrient requirement for producing higher yields of non-Basmati varieties of rice. To achieve these objectives, experiments were conducted at 14 sites at farmers’ fields from 2016 to 2020. The levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potash (K) were N (0, 87,174, 261), P2O5 (0, 52, 104, 156) and K2O (0, 40, 80,120) kilogram per hectare respectively arranged in central treatment design with eleven treatments. Experiments were designed and conducted in the field under randomized complete block. Maximum paddy yield (6,223 kg ha) was obtained with 174-156-80 kg ha-1 on an overall basis. However, the maximum benefit cost ratio was observed with 174-0-80 kg ha-1 with a lower yield level. Marginal rate of return was higher for nutrient N due to its lower price but higher for P and K nutrients due to their higher prices. Based on the results, 174-156-80 kg ha-1 of N-P2O5-K2O may be used by farmers seeking maximum incomes whereas 174-104-0 may be used by farmers seeking maximum cost benefit ratio, however, total income of farmers in this case may be lower

GROWTH TRENDS AND INSTABILITY IN EXPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FROM INDIA: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

India is the largest producer and exporter of cereal products in the world. The present paper analyse the growth trends and instability in export of agricultural crops from India with the objectives to examine growth trends and instability in export of agricultural commodities from India and to identify the major destination of India for exporting of agricultural commodities from India. To fulfill the objectives secondary data from 2010-11 to 2023-24 has been utilized for analysis using the statistical tools like Compound Annual Growth Rates, Coefficient of Variation and Cuddy Della Valle’s Instability Index. The study revealed that during the period the export of some commodities in terms of quantity like maize and other cereals show a negative growth rate. In terms of value other cereals also showed negative growth. The export growth rates of foodgrain such as basmati rice, non-basmati rice, wheat and millets are positive in case of quantity. The quantity of export of agricultural cash crops such as coffee, sugar and groundnut has shown positive growth rate while tea, cashew and cotton have shown a negative growth rate. Other cereals have shown the highest instability index value indicating the highest instability and variability among others in both cases quantity and value term. In term of value, cotton has shown the high level of instability index value indicating the highest instability and variability among others. India’s key markets for cereals crops are Saudi Arab, Benin, Vietnam, Nepal, United Arab Emirates, Russia and Bangladesh, while cash crops are mainly exported to the United Arab Emirates, Italy, Sudan, Indonesia and Bangladesh. KEYWORDS: Agriculture, foodgrain, cash crop, export, growth, instability

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out GluB gene for developing low glutelin rice mutant

The nutritional quality improvement is among the most integral objective for any rice molecular breeding programs. The seed storage proteins (SSPs) have greater role to determine the nutritional quality of any cereal grains. Rice contains relatively balanced amino acid composition and the SSPs are fractioned into albumins (ALB), globulins (GLO), prolamins (PRO) and glutelins (GLU) according to differences in solubility. GLUs are further divided into subfamilies: GluA, GluB, GluC, and GluD depending on resemblance in amino acid. The GLU protein accounts for 60–80% of total protein contents, encoded by 15 genes located on different chromosomes of rice genome. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system was employed to knockout Glu-B (LOC-Os02g15070) gene in non-basmati rice PK386 cultivar. The mutant displayed two base pair and three base pair mutation in the targeted regions. The homozygous mutant plant displayed reduction for both in total protein contents and GLU contents whereas, elevation in GLO, ALB and PRO. Moreover, the mutant plant also displayed reduction in physio-chemical properties e.g., total starch, amylose and gel consistency. The agronomic characteristics of both mutant and wild type displayed non-significant differences along with increase in higher percentage of chalkiness in mutant plants. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed the loosely packed starch granules compared to wild type. The gene expression analysis displayed the lower expression of gene at 5 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 15 DAF and 20 DAF compared to wild type. GUS sub-cellular localization showed the staining in seed which further validated the results obtained from gene expression. Based on these findings it can be concluded Glu-B gene have significant role in controlling GLU contents and can be utilized in breeding programs to enhance the nutritional quality of rice, and may serve as healthy diet for patient allergic with high GLU contents.

Physicochemical, functional, pasting, and amino acid compositions of milled rice, and extrusion behavior of milled rice from basmati and nonbasmati varieties

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis study was carried out to evaluate the difference in physiochemical, functional, cooking, textural, and pasting properties along with amino acid profile of nine basmati and nine nonbasmati rice varieties. Principle component statistical analysis was done to analyse the relationships among different properties of these varieties. Some verities containing high amylose content and good amino acid profile were selected for further development of extruded products (rice extrudates).FindingsVariations were observed in the physicochemical and functional properties of basmati and nonbasmati varieties. Low amylose rice varieties had higher cooking time, firmness, pasting temperature, and lower pasting viscosity. Selected high amylose‐containing varieties were showed higher bulk density but lower expansion ratio and hardness of rice extrudates. Result of this study will help industry for selection of rice for development of gluten‐free rice‐based breakfast cereals, puffed rice snacks, and so forth.ConclusionsAmong all varieties, PR122, PR128, PB3, PB4, and PB1121 exhibited higher levels of ash content, amylose content and protein content. Consequently, these varieties demonstrated longer CT, greater GSL, higher cooked grain firmness, and higher pasting PT, although they exhibited lower PV. PB1637, PB1509, PB1121, and PB4 displayed higher levels of essential AAs and sweet taste attributing amino acids, such as serine, glycine, and alanine, when compared to the other varieties. The results showed that rice containing higher amylose had lower expansion ratio of the extrudates, while higher bulk density and hardness. PR126 and CSR30 had the highest expansion ratio among the varieties that have been evaluated. Based on these results, PR126 and CSR30 could be used to make gluten‐free rice‐based breakfast cereals, rice snacks, and instant products.Significance and NoveltyPhysiochemical, functional, cooking, texture, pasting properties as well as amino acid profile were evaluated of different basmati and non‐basmati Indian (Punjab) varieties. Principle component (Relationship) analysis between various properties and different rice varieties was carried out. Extrusion is the most versatile processing technology used in the food industry to develop the product having better functional and sensory characteristics. The findings highlight the necessity of taking amylose content and amino acid composition into account when selecting rice types for preparation of extruded rice food.

Domestic and international impacts of rice export restrictions: The recent case of indian non-basmati rice

This study examines the impact of India's export restrictions on domestic retail rice prices using a dynamic panel GARCH model. The findings suggest that export restrictions are not a sufficient condition to lower domestic prices. Export restrictions are associated with lower retail price volatility in the East Zone. Moreover, the international price transmission to a sample of Asian and African economies shows that all countries are vulnerable, but the degree and kinds of vulnerability differ. Rice exporters appear to be the most susceptible as domestic prices increase in these countries. Rice importers are also vulnerable because of price increases, but the increases are less than in countries where the private sector decides on import quantities.

Export competitiveness of Non- basmati Rice in Chhattisgarh, India

The present study is to analysed the export competitiveness of non-basmati rice in Chhattisgarh based on secondary data. All of the secondary sources engaged in collection and curation of export data were utilised. The Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), the Indiastat website, and the Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority (APEDA) statistical export reports was used to gather the secondary data needed to meet the objectives over 10 years (2014 to 2023). Nominal protection coefficient, Revealed comparative advantage techniques were used to analyse the data. As NPC and RCA was less than unity, respectively, the competitiveness revealed that Chhattisgarh had a comparative disadvantage in the export of non- basmati rice. Thus the share of non-basmati rice in total agriculture export is medium.

Investigating the effects of grain quality, processing and environmental conditions on aflatoxin contamination in rice

This study examined the impact of aflatoxin contamination on rice, a widely consumed staple food. Various forms and types of rice from three regions in Pakistan between 2019 and 2022 were investigated for their relationship with processing, infestation severity and physicochemical characteristics. Semi-polished rice displayed the highest aflatoxin levels employing significant variability, while parboiled rice was also found to be contaminated. Nearly 22% of polished rice samples and 3% of brown rice samples exceeded the EU limit. Non-basmati rice varieties, particularly IRRI-6 (47.3 μg/kg), showed twice as much contamination as basmati rice. The coastal Zone-IV exhibiting significantly higher aflatoxin levels (avg. 14.40 µg/kg). Environmental conditions played a significant role, with moisture in brown rice and protein in parboiled rice exhibiting positive and negative correlations (p < 0.01) with aflatoxin levels, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that semi-finished and non-basmati rice were more associated with non-compliant rice. The first principal component, explaining 57.8% of variance, was positively loaded with aflatoxin, moisture, and insect infestation, while negatively loaded with protein, amylose, ash, immature, chalky, and foreign matter. These findings are insightful for local and international stakeholders for mitigating aflatoxin contamination in rice.

Stable isotopic fingerprinting of authentic basmati rice from Pakistan

Basmati rice is a popular, high-value aromatic rice which is an easy target for fraudulent activities such as mislabeling and substitution with non-basmati cultivars. Bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) combined with multivariate analysis was employed to develop a model to identify the geographical origin of rice and authenticate different rice cultivars from Pakistan. ANOVA showed significant statistical differences for δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O isotopes amongst different basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars. δ2H and δ18O values showed a larger variation between basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars. Multivariate ANOVA showed a significant influence on rice from different regions, cultivars and their stable isotopic values. Regional effects contributed the highest variation for both δ13C and δ15N isotopes (56.6 % and 42.7 %), whereas cultivar type largely contributed to differences in δ2H and δ18O values. Finally, supervised classification models (LDA and PLS-DA) were constructed to assess origin classification ability. The PLS-DA model achieved a higher origin classification accuracy in both training and validation sets (76.7 % and 70.0 %, respectively). In conclusion, isotopic fingerprints along with multivariate statistical analysis showed good potential to characterize rice according to cultivar type and production region. This study provides valuable insights to authenticate Pakistan basmati rice from other non-basmati cultivars, and will be instrumental in developing new tools for industry and regulatory agencies to control fraudulent labeling of basmati rice.

Diversity and Multi-variate Analysis of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Genotypes over Two Seasons using Organo-leptic Traits

Investigation on multi-variate analysis was done with Mahalanobis’ D2 statistic, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), genetic variability studies and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis among fifty-one rice genotypes over two consecutive seasons i.e., Kharif 2021 and Rabi 2021. It led to the clustering of the genotypes into ten clusters with maximum intra cluster distance found in cluster III and inter cluster distance between clusters III and X. PCA led to six principal components that had eigen values greater than one, explaining cumulative of 76.77% of the total variation. Based on the per se performance, D2 analysis and PCA, it was found that the genotypes, Improved white ponni, CO 52, VGD 1, BPT 5204, RNR 15048, Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Basmati 1 were highly divergent due to the large genetic distance from the genotypes viz., TRY 3, TPS 5, Palawan, Azucena and Khao do ngoi for both grain yield and organoleptic traits indicating the possibilities for the potential use of these parents in future breeding programme aimed at improvement of grain yield and desirable organoleptic traits . Linear elongation ratio was positively correlated with amylose content, kernel length, L/B ratio and kernel length after elongation but negatively correlated with kernel breadth, kernel breadth after cooking, water uptake ratio and volume expansion ratio and hence indirect selection for longer grains and intermediate to high amylose content would improve LER inspite of the seasonal influence. These traits attribute to the selection of genotypes with desirable cooking quality that fetches premium price in the market in particular to that of non-basmati genotypes.

Better crop establishment, residue recycling and diversification for sustaining non-basmati rice (Oryza sativa) in western IGP

The conventional non-basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) is neither economical nor sustainable in IGP. Therefore, an on-farm study was carried out at the farmer’s field in Karnal district of Haryana to find out alternative by diversified crops having legume (summer mungbean) with the best tillage and residue management practices. The intensification through conservation agriculture (CA)-based crop management within the RW system (CTR–ZTWMb and DSR– ZTWMb) and beyond with diversification by maize (ZTMWMb and ZTMMuMb) gave statistically on par yield to conventional non-basmati rice (CTRW). Compared to CTRW, total water use was reduced by 0.8 and 14.8% in CTR– ZTWMb and DSR–ZTWMb, respectively. The total water use was significantly reduced by 53.9 to 60.8% with maize and soybean (ZTMWMb, ZTMMuMb, and ZTSWMb) over DSR–ZTWMb and CTRW. The net returns increased by ₹3.7–6.5 × 103/ha in CTR–ZTWMb and DSR–ZTWMb over the CTRW. In diversified systems, net returns increased by ₹10–16.5 × 103/ha with maize systems compared to three rice production scenarios. Similarly, in soybean, net returns enhanced by ₹4.6 × 103/ha over the CTRW systems. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in global warming potential (GWP) by 53.4–69.1, 53.3–69.0 and 46.9–64.8% was observed under ZTMWMb, ZTMMuMb and ZTSWMb, respectively over the three RW system treatments. These results demonstrate that crop diversification with the inclusion of maize and soybean with CA may be opted to improve crop and water productivity and farmer's income replacing traditional rainy (kharif ) season non-basmati rice in Western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP).

Dynamics of physico-chemical properties towards understanding the optimum ageing of basmati and non-basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) for consumer preferences

Ageing is a complex and useful method of post-harvest improvement in rice grain quality. Till date, limited information is available for longer period (up to 24 months) of rice ageing. This is the first comprehensive study to provide optimum period of rice ageing based on dynamics of nutritional, textural, cooking, pasting, and sensory properties of highly consumed and exported mega Indian varieties of basmati (PB-1121, PB-1509) as compared to non-basmati (BPT-5204, Swarna) rice. No significant differences in starch, protein, and lipid contents were observed, whereas amylose content and resistant starch showed an increasing trend during ageing in all varieties. Hardness and stickiness showed a negative correlation with the significant coefficient (R2) of −0.73, −0.74, −0.71 and −0.54 for PB-1121, PB-1509, BPT-5204 and Swarna respectively. Regression analysis between elongation ratio and water use efficiency for all varieties was found highly significant (0.89–0.99). Based on pasting profiles, eating-cooking quality traits, amylose content, and resistant starch content, 12–18 months aged basmati rice is recommended for rice eaters depending on their choice of fluffiness and grain length and 18–24 months aged non-basmati rice is good for food industries to use them for crispiness of products. Future research is needed to study the effect of storage on rice digestibility for a better understanding of ageing phenomenon.

Сomparative study of properties of basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars

Сomparative study of properties of basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars

Genotype × Environment Interaction of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Genotypes (Oryza Sativa L.) Under Direct Seeded Rice

Genotype × Environment Interaction of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Genotypes (Oryza Sativa L.) Under Direct Seeded Rice

Resource Use Efficiency in Basmati and Non-basmati Rice Production in the J&amp;K

Resource Use Efficiency in Basmati and Non-basmati Rice Production in the J&amp;K

Field evaluation of biopesticides against rice insect pests under organic farming

Neem based commercial formulations Ecotin (azadirachtin 5%; 50,000 ppm) @ 150,175 and 200 ml ha-1, and standard checks- Achook (azadirachtin 0.15%; 1500 ppm) @ 2500 ml ha-1 were applied at pest appearance for evaluating them for the management of rice stem borers Scirpophaga spp. and leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) on basmati and non-basmati rice under organic cultivation conditions. In basmati, the reduction of deadhearts due to stem borers was observed to be maximum with Ecotin @ 200 ml ha-1 as 55.79 and 56.84% at 5 and 10 DAS, respectively; while white ears were at 55.99% in 2019; and reduction of deadhearts was 50.45 and 45.75% at 5 and 10 DAS, respectively, while white ears reduced up to 50.71% in 2020. Similarly, reduction of damaged leaves due to leaf folder was 55.80 and 59.62% at 5 and 10 DAS, respectively; and in 2020, it was 50.45 and 45.75% at 5 and 10 DAS, respectively. Ecotin 5% @ 200 ml ha-1 gave maximum crop yield (31.29 q ha-1). In non-basmati rice too the reduction of deadhearts was maximum with Ecotin @ 200 ml ha-1, while white ears reduced by 50.47% in 2019, with similar trend in 2020; also results were of similar trend with leaf folder. The occurrence of spiders revealed a non-significant difference among the treatments. The biopesticides caused no residual or phytotoxic effects and were safe to the environment and predatory fauna.

Export performance and direction of trade of major Agricultural commodities exported from India with special reference to Nepal

The current study intended to study the growth rate of export of agricultural commodities from India to Nepal from the period 1992-93 to 2021-22 and to know the direction of trade of Non-Basmati Rice, Maze, Wheat, Cereal Preparations which are major commodities imported by Nepal. The secondary data required for the study was obtained from APEDA. The growth rate was calculated using Compound Annual Growth Rate technique. The growth rate was observed the growth at a growth rate of 9.31 per cent it has variations within the selected study period but shows positive growth rate. The dynamic nature of trade pattern of the selected commodities was analyzed by employing the first order Markov process by examining gains and losses in respect of export shares of major Indian agricultural commodities to different countries. For major five selected products for the period from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Through the TPM we noticed that the major agricultural commodities which were imported by Nepal are also imported to many other countries in the same manner where Nepal retains its majority of share with and also loses part of its share to few new export destinations of India. Efforts should be taken to promote export of selected products from India to explore and exploit potential of other markets and to avoid overdependency on few countries.

Trends in Export of Major Agricultural Commodities and Products from India

India's agricultural products export touched $ 50 billion for the financial year FY22, the highest level ever achieved. Basmati and Non-basmati rice are major exports and doubled during 2010-20 compared to 2000-2010. Export value of basmati and non-basmati rice were about Rs. 32,000 crores and Rs. 23,000 crores respectively during 2019-20. Exports of processed vegetables, fruits, nuts and fresh grapes are growing nearly 3 times during 2010-2020 (Rs.500 crores each) compared to 2000-2010 (around Rs. 3,000 crores each). Exports of cucumbers, gherkins, jaggery and confectionary items are growing at a faster rate in the recent decade (Rs.400 crores during 2005-06 to Rs. 1600 crores during 2019-20). Export basket of agricultural commodities is highly diversified (Herfindahl Index: 0.09 – 0.26) and non-conventional exports like processed vegetables, fruits and vegetables are increasing in faster rate. Hence, policy support to the non-conventional and high value exports as well as small and new exporters has to be continued. Aggregation of small exports and Farmers Producers Companies will directly benefit the farmers.