Non-adaptive Types Research Articles

Механизмы психологической защиты и ее доминирующие стратегии в общении у старшеклассников и студентов-первокурсников

The study of psychological defense mechanisms is relevant due to their significance in the development of personality self-regulation as well as their importance in teaching and personal development of high school students and university students. The objective of the study is to identify and compare the features of psychological defense and its dominant communication strategies in high school students and first-year students. The theoretical analysis of the problem showed that it is insufficiently studied. The research hypothesizes that psychological defense of high school students and university students has a similar character, since they can be attributed to the same age group. The study involved high school students of comprehensive schools (n=50, aged 16-17, 30 of them were boys and 20 were girls) and first-year university students (n=100, aged 17-19, 65 of them were boys and 35 were girls) living in the city of Bryansk. To identify the most common types of psychological defense, the “Life Style Index” methodology was used (R. Plutchik, G. Kellerman, H. R. Conte); the study of psychological defense strategies was conducted using the questionnaire “Diagnosis of the dominant strategy of psychological defense in communication” (V. V. Boyko). The obtained data indicate that the manifestation of different types of psychological defense and their dominant communication strategies in the two groups of subjects has a similar character. Statistically significant differences between the indicators (according to the F-test) were not found either, which emphasizes that the subjects belong to the same psychological age – youth. Indeed, the mechanisms of regression and displacement are the center of psychological defense in high school students, and displacement is dominant in university students. The data also show that such psychological defense strategies as placidity and withdrawal (avoidance) prevail in adolescence. The research has revealed significant correlation between non-constructive defense communication strategies and immature, non-adaptive types of psychological defense in high school students and university students. The gathered data contribute to a more complete understanding of the patterns of behavior self-regulation in senior schoolchildren and first-year students. The results can be used in counseling and psychocorrective work of a psychologist, as well as in the process of teaching and personal development of high school students and university students.

PSYCHOVEGETATIVE SYNDROME AS A CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ADAPTATION DISORDERS IN SENIOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

The objective of the paper was the verification of psychosomatic disorders against the background of disadaptation among senior medical students. Materials and Methods. We used screening and psychometric diagnostic methods to examine 292 4th-year students, 181 (62 %) of whom showed signs of disorders relating to psychological and emotional adjustment to the stressful influence of external irritants against the background of somatic symptoms. We used the standardized Spielberger–Hanin, Zung, Cohen, and Nijmegen questionnaires and anamnestic data for the in-depth questionnaire in our research. Results. When assessing the overall results of the psychometric screening, we found that more than half of the 4th-year students surveyed (62 %) had some signs of adjustment disorders. According to the Spielberger questionnaire, 43.65 % of students in the main group (n = 181) showed signs of increased state anxiety. The majority of young people showed signs of trait anxiety, among whom 53.04 % had severe anxiety disorders and 41.99 % had moderate anxiety disorders. According to the Zung questionnaire, 17 people showed signs of depression. The Cophen scale assessment revealed a high number of young people with low stress tolerance among respondents. We found that among 181 students, 35.36 % had a satisfactory result (6.8 ± 1.43 units) and 50.28 % had a poor result (28.2 ± 1.18 units). The remaining 10 students in this group had a very poor result (36.5 ± 2.16 units). 48 students in the main group showed positive results according to the Nijmegen questionnaire. On the background of the detected changes, psychosomatic symptoms were established in most students, which can act as a marker of a non-adaptive type of autonomic reaction. Conclusions. Screening assessment of medical students with the use of standardized questionnaires makes it possible to detect manifestations of psychovegetative dysfunction, disadaptation syndrome against the background of psychosomatic symptoms.

Information Source Finding in Networks: Querying With Budgets

In this paper, we study a problem of detecting the source of diffused information by querying individuals, given a sample snapshot of the information diffusion graph, where two queries are asked: (i) whether the respondent is the source or not, and (ii) if not, which neighbor spreads the information to the respondent. We consider the case when respondents may not always be truthful and some cost is taken for each query. Our goal is to quantify the necessary and sufficient budgets to achieve the detection probability 1- δ for any given 0 <; δ <; 1. To this end, we study two types of algorithms: adaptive and non-adaptive ones, each of which corresponds to whether we adaptively select the next respondents based on the answers of the previous respondents or not. We first provide the information theoretic lower bounds for the necessary budgets in both algorithm types. In terms of the sufficient budgets, we propose two practical estimation algorithms, each of non-adaptive and adaptive types, and for each algorithm, we quantitatively analyze the budget which ensures 1- δ detection accuracy. This theoretical analysis not only quantifies the budgets needed by practical estimation algorithms achieving a given target detection accuracy in finding the diffusion source, but also enables us to quantitatively characterize the amount of extra budget required in non-adaptive type of estimation, referred to as adaptivity gap. We validate our theoretical findings over synthetic and real-world social network topologies.

Features type of response on the diseases in patients with cereb ro vascular pathology

The type of reaction and the behavior patients is an important part of the successful treatment and recovery, and, respectively, the prolong duration and improve quality of life. At Kharkiv Regional Clinical Hospital — Emergency and Emergen cy Medicine Center during 2016—2018, observed 383 patients with cerebrovascular pathology (CVP) on different stage of diseases and 47 healthy persons. In research we used questionnaires “Type of response on the disease” and Boston Stress Test. In the continuum, “healthy — risk group — clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular pathology — after stoke” there is an increase nonadaptive types of response on the disease, manifested by mental stress and the decreasing psychosocial adaptation of patients. Growth of stress combined with types of response on the disease, accompanied by manifestations psychological and psychosocial disadaptation as an intrapsychic, and interphysical mechanism of development. Psychological correction the type of response on the disease, in particular chronic, with a vital threat and a signifi cant decreasing quality of life as a result of complications and progression, is an important component of psychological help for patients with cerebrovascular pathology based on a health-centered approach. Key words: type of response on the disease, cerebrovascular pathology, psychological help

Роль аутодидактических процессов в художественно-творческом саморазвитии студентов-музыкантов

The Central task of modern professional education is the formation of students’ readiness for self-education, self-development. Autodidactic processes are of direct relevance to the solution of this problem, which, acting as the basis for independent educational and cognitive activity, help students overcome the difficulties of self-development, contribute to the activation of creative potential (“self” processes), and allow them to become the subject of their own development. The article reveals the nature of musical art, which opens up opportunities for the development of semantic aspects of reality from the standpoint of creativity and continuous self-development; highlights the structure of artistic and creative self-development, which includes three levels – professional and value self-determination; artistic and creative self-perfection; artistic and creative self-actualization; the basic strategy of artistic and creative self-development of students-musicians, which is a harmonious combination of adaptive (conformal) and non-adaptive (creative) types of activity with a gradual predominance of creative activity. Special attention is paid to the components of artistic and creative self-development, which, representing the facets of one process, complement and enrich each other.

Skin diseases and coping techniques

The study examines the relationship of non-adaptive types of coping with different forms of psychosomatic skin diseases (psoriasis and atopic dermatitis). The study involved 72 women, mean age is 37 (30 – control group (NORM), 25 – patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), 17 – patients with psoriasis (PS)). Based on published data, a theoretical hypothesis is put forward that the deformation of the early symbiotic bonds of the mother and baby (and the corresponding types of relationships with the mother) leads to the formation of a second skin and is a predictor of skin diseases. Empirical data on the similarity of the symptoms of the clinical picture of the disease and various forms of symbiosis deformity are presented. These forms are described through the metaphor of the mother's gaze – "one-sided" and "distorting". It is assumed that the "one-sided gaze" is associated with blood pressure, and the "distorting" one is associated with PS. Using nonparametric statistics methods (Kruskal-Wallis test), it is proved that non-adaptive coping in the AD and PS groups corresponds to two forms of symbiosis deformation.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КОМПОНЕНТА ГЕСТАЦИОННОЙ ДОМИНАНТЫ, ВНУТРИСЕМЕЙНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И РОДИТЕЛЬСКИХ УСТАНОВОК У ЖЕНЩИН В СВЯЗИ С ВОЗРАСТОМ И СТАТУСОМ (БЕРЕМЕННЫЕ И НЕ БЕРЕМЕННЫЕ)

Pregnancy is a special period of a woman’s development, characterized by the acceptance of the new social role and changes in behavioral patterns based on parental attitudes, representations of motherhood, and social expectations. This study aims to analyze age differences in the types of psychological component of the gestational dominant (PСGD) and parental attitudes of women in different states (pregnant and non-pregnant). The principal assumption is that the age and the current state have a profound effect and determine different types of PСGD. Additionally, the associations between types of PCGD and parental attitudes are analyzed. The research sample consists of 436 women aged from 18 to 40, divided into two sub-groups: pregnant women (203) and non-pregnant women with a child not older than five (233). Methods: «Parental Attitude Research Instrument» (РARI) and questionnaire «Types of psychological component of the gestational dominant»; ANOVA, t-test, correlation and cluster analysis were used as statistical methods. The main conclusion is that differences in parental attitudes and types of PCGD mainly depend on the women’s age. Younger women (not older than 21) have more negative emotions linked with the intra-family relations (relationship with their husband) and the child’s upbringing. In addition, younger women perceive depression as the central psychological component of the gestational dominant. Regardless of the age, emotional characteristics of the family relations correlate with more adaptive types of PCGD, while non-adaptive types of PСGD are mainly associated with the emotions concerning interaction with the child.

ASSESSMENT OF COMPLIANCE FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH DUODENAL ULCER COMPLICATED BY STENOSIS

Aim.This study was conducted to assess the compliance of patients with duodenal ulcer disease during the dispensary observation.Materials and methods.We carried out an examination and a prospective observation of 1896 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and 43 people with sub- and decompensated scar-ulcerative stenosis of the duodenum.Results. The analysis confirmed that the compliance of patients with duodenal ulcer depends on the professional employment of patients, their gender, the level of education, presence of comorbidity, absence of undesirable effects of the taken medication, contact establishment with the patient, and presence of non-adaptive types of attitude to the disease.Conclusion.The interaction between different factors affecting the compliance should be taken into account when planning the tactics of dispensary observation of patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and after eliminating the complications as wel.

The features of psychological response to the disease in cancer patients

The aim of research was to reveal the features of psychological response to the disease in cancer patients at the different stages of treating process and depending on sex. Materials and methods . The research was carried out on the base of Kyiv city cancer center during 2014 – 2016. 80 cancer patients were examined at diagnostic stage, at the stage of final confirmation of diagnosis and the choice of the therapy methods– G(d), 187 persons, who underwent the anti-tumor treatment for the first time– G(п), and 155 cancer patients, who needed the repeated treatment as a result of the progressing or relapse of disease – G(в). The questionnaire “The types of attitude to disease” was used as a diagnostic instrument. Results . In 62,8% of cancer patients were revealed the non-adaptive types of response to the disease, 16,6% had combined forms of response, including personal and interpersonal maladjustment, the disorder of intra-psychical adaptation prevailed over inter-psychical one. The progressing of cancer disease conditioned the complication of manifestations of response to the disease by the way of junction of non-adaptive types and creation of their mixed forms, intensification of anxious, hypochondriac, melancholic, apathetic, paranoiac, dysphoric components in the composition of psychic response. Among cancer patients the most often were anosognostic (13,0%), anxious-sensitive (11,4%), ergopathic-anxious (10,4%), sensitive (7,8%), anxious (7,6%) and hypochondriac types (6,4%). The differences in the structure and frequency of occurrences of the types of responses to the disease indicated the presence of gender features of psychical response. Conclusion . The determination and correction of non-adaptive forms of the response to disease is an important part of medical-psychological help for the cancer patients

Strain-specific pathogenicity of putative host-adapted and nonadapted strains of Streptococcus uberis in dairy cattle

Streptococcus uberis is an important cause of intramammary infection in dairy cattle. Strains of Strep. uberis appear to differ in their ability to cause disease based on previous epidemiological studies. We explored the pathogenicity of 2 strains of Strep. uberis, where one strain represented a putatively host-adapted type based on its ability to cause persistent infection and to spread from cow to cow in a lactating herd. This type was part of a clonal complex that is commonly associated with bovine mastitis. The other strain, which was isolated from a transient infection in a single animal in the same herd and did not belong to any known clonal complex, was selected as putatively nonadapted type. Cows (6 per strain) were experimentally challenged in a single hind quarter and the adjacent hind quarter was used as mock challenged control quarter. Both strains showed an equal ability to grow in the milk of challenge animals in vitro. All cows that were challenged with the putatively host-adapted strain developed clinical signs of mastitis, including fever and milk yield depression as well as elevated somatic cell count due to influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The cytokine response followed a specific order, with an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels at the time of first SCC elevation, followed by an increase in IL-10, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels approximately 6h later. In 4 of 6 animals, IL-17A was detected in milk between 57 and 168h postchallenge. The increase in IL-17A levels coincided with inversion of the prechallenge CD4+-to-CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio, which was observed from 96h postchallenge. This was followed by normalization of the CD4+-to-CD8+ ratio due to continued increase of the CD8+ concentration up to 312h postchallenge. Spontaneous resolution of infection was observed in 5 animals and coincided with a measurable IL-17A response in 4 animals, suggesting that IL-17 may be involved in the resolution of intramammary infection. With the exception of minor elevation of IL-8 levels, no clinical, cytological, or immunological response was detected in quarters challenged with the nonadapted strain. The observed strain-specific pathogenicity was consistent across animals, implying that it is determined by pathogen factors rather than host factors.

Performance analysis of an adaptive two-stage PIC CDMA receiver in AWGN channels

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is considered a simple yet effective multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. However, its performance may deteriorate due to unreliable interference cancellation in the early stages. Thus, a partial PIC detector, in which partial cancellation factors (PCFs) are introduced to control the interference cancellation level, has been developed as a remedy. Recently, an interesting adaptive multistage PIC algorithm was proposed. In this scheme, coefficients combining the channel responses and optimal PCFs are blindly trained with the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The algorithm is simple to implement, inherently applicable to time-varying environments, and superior to the non-adaptive type of partial PICs. Despite its various advantages, its performance has not been theoretically analyzed yet. The contribution of this paper is to fill the gap by analyzing an adaptive two-stage PIC in AWGN channels. We explicitly derive the analytical results for optimal weights, weight-error means, and weight-error variances. Based on these results, we finally derive the output bit error rate (BER) for each user. Simulation results indicate that our analytical results highly agree with empirical ones.

Microbial diversity – insights from population genetics

Although many environmental microbial populations are large and genetically diverse, both the level of diversity and the extent to which it is ecologically relevant remain enigmatic. Because the effective (or long-term) population size, N(e), is one of the parameters that determines population genetic diversity, tests and simulations that assume selectively neutral mutations may help to identify the processes that have shaped microbial diversity. Using ecologically important genes, tests of selective neutrality suggest that adaptive as well as non-adaptive types of selection act and that departure from neutrality may be widespread or restricted to small groups of genotypes. Population genetic simulations using population sizes between 10(3) and 10(7) suggest extremely high levels of microbial diversity in environments that sustain large populations. However, census and effective population sizes may differ considerably, and because we know nothing of the evolutionary history of environmental microbial populations, we also have no idea what N(e) of environmental populations is. On the one hand, this reflects our ignorance of the microbial world. On the other hand, the tests and simulations illustrate interactions between microbial diversity and microbial population genetics that should inform our thinking in microbial ecology. Because of the different views on microbial diversity across these disciplines, such interactions are crucial if we are to understand the role of genes in microbial communities.

Aging and Attenuated Processing Robustness

Background: Within-person, across-time variations in processes and performance are intrinsic to all aspects of human functioning. Objective: This article starts with a brief taxonomy of intraindividual dynamics. There are adaptive as well as non-adaptive types of intraindividual variations that unfold with different degrees of reversibility on different time scales and involve either single, or systems of, functions. Methods: Empirical findings regarding aging and a specific type of intraindividual variation, namely attenuated processing robustness, are then presented with respect to cognitive and sensorimotor functioning. Results: In both domains of functioning, old adults exhibit less robust functioning with a greater amount of week-to-week, day-to-day, or trial-by-trial fluctuations in their cognitive, walking, and postural control performances. Conclusion: Currently, the causes for the attenuation of processing robustness in cognitive and sensorimotor functioning are not well understood. Neurocomputational models are useful tools for exploring the tripartite relationships between the aging of neural information-processing fidelity, and cognitive, and sensorimotor processes.

A Trigonometric Quadrature Rule for Cauchy Integrals with Jacobi Weight

In this paper, we consider a quadrature rule for Cauchy integrals of the form I ( wf ; s )=[formula] w ( t ) f ( t )/( t − s ) dt , −1< s <1, for a smooth density function f ( t ) and Jacobi's weights w ( t )=(1− t ) α (1+ t ) β , α , β >−1/2. Using the change of variables t =cos y , s =cos x and subtracting out the singularity, we propose a trigonometric quadrature rule. We obtain the error bounds independent of the set of values of poles and construct an automatic quadrature of nonadaptive type.

Development of a digital adaptive control system for PO 2 regulation in a membrane oxygenator

Regulation of gas exchange in artificial lungs (oxygenators) during cardiopulmonary bypass is normally achieved by manual control of the gas composition and flow in response to intermittent sampling of the arterial partial pressures of oxygen ( P a O 2) and carbon dioxide ( P a CO 2). Manual control often results in abnormal blood gases which have been implicated in patient morbidity as well as influencing perfusion safety. Fine control of P a O 2 and P a CO 2 may be achieved by a combination of an in-line blood gas monitoring system and a membrane type oxygenator which is automatically regulated. The overall dynamics of the oxygenation process and control system components are complex and have nonlinear, multivariable and time-varying characteristics. Consequently, an adaptive control system approach is necessary. The implementation of a digital self-tuning control regime for P a O 2 is described here. The controller is based on an explicit Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) self-tuning control design which is presented using a polynomial equation approach. The controller performance was investigated in in vitro experiments. The self-tuner performed satisfactority with various sensor/oxygenator combinations for blood flow and temperature load disturbances. In contrast, a nonadaptive (proportional-integral, PI) type of control system was found to be unsuitable.

猫のか牛神経核ニューロンの短音列に対する応答

Although both posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are innervated by the descending branch of auditory nerve fibers, their intrinsic morphological organizations are so different that their physiological roles are expected to be different in signal processing. Temporal information coding of acoustic signals in the cochlear nucleus was examined by using stimuli of "tone-burst-trains (TBT)". Responses of cochlear nucleus neurons of anesthetized cats were recorded either intracellularly or extracellularly. Responses of the neurons to TBT stimuli were classified into "adaptive type" and "non-adaptive type". The "adaptive type" neurons were mainly recorded from PVCN. Responses of these neurons to TBT stimuli decayed exponentially, because of short-term adaptation, in the subsequent tone-bursts. These neurons faithfully preserve the adaptative behavior of auditory nerve fibers. On the contrary, the "non-adaptive type" neurons were mainly found in DCN. They showed variety of responses to TBT stimuli including facilitation, disinhibition and inhibition depending on duration and/or interval of tone-bursts. Our results suggest that some "non-adaptive type" neurons, showing facilitative and/or inhibitory responses to TBT stimuli, act as temporal filters that extract temporal information from acoustic signals.

Studies on several inhibitors against influenza viruses. 2. beta-Inhibitor, its biological and physicochemical properties with particular emphasis on the differences from alpha-inhibitor, immune serum and properdin.

Biological and physicochemical properties of the β-inhibitor was studied in order to differentiate this inhibitor from the α-inhibitor, antiviral immune serum and properdin. The substance is fairly heat-labile and susceptible to trypsin action, indicating the protein nature. However these characteristics are quite different from that of specific immune serum. The fl-inhibitor is resistant to the action of both RDE and KIO4, thus distinguishing it from the α-inhibitor. Though the adsorption to zymosan has been proved with this agent as has been already proved with properdin, the participation of complement for the action of the β-inhibitor is not necessary at all. Further, biological activity of the β-inhibitor is limited just to the mouse nonadapted type A influenza viruses. The richest source of β-inhibiror was ox serum, but it was also detected in the serum of the rabbit and mouse. The purification of the β-inhibitor was performed from ox serum and after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, adsorption to and elution from zymosan was particularly effective to remove the other entities contained in ox serum. Though the 240 times purification was achieved in the sense of HAI activity per mg. of nitrogen, the heat lability increased when the purification advanced. From this reason, the purification study is still going on.