Non-academic Sources Research Articles

Tempting the Fate of the furious: cyber security and autonomous cars

ABSTRACT The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) has developed new aspects of its WP.29 agreement for harmonising vehicle regulations, focusing on the regulation of vehicle manufacturers’ approaches to ensuring vehicle cyber security by requiring implementation of an approved cyber security management system (CSMS). This paper investigates the background, framework and content of WP.29’s cyber security regulation. We provide an overall description of the processes required to become certified, discuss key gaps, issues and the impacts of implementation on stakeholders, and provide recommendations for manufacturers and the authorities who will oversee the operation. Putting the discussion into a broader theoretical framework on risk certification, we explore to the role of non-academic sources to shape public risk perception and to drive, for better or worse, legislative responses.

Conceptualizing Cybercrime: Definitions, Typologies and Taxonomies

Cybercrime is becoming ever more pervasive and yet the lack of consensus surrounding what constitutes a cybercrime has a significant impact on society, legal and policy response, and academic research. Difficulties in understanding cybercrime begin with the variability in terminology and lack of consistency in cybercrime legislation across jurisdictions. In this review, using a structured literature review methodology, key cybercrime definitions, typologies and taxonomies were identified across a range of academic and non-academic (grey literature) sources. The findings of this review were consolidated and presented in the form of a new classification framework to understand cybercrime and cyberdeviance. Existing definitions, typologies and taxonomies were evaluated, and key challenges were identified. Whilst conceptualizing cybercrime will likely remain a challenge, this review provides recommendations for future work to advance towards a universal understanding of cybercrime phenomena as well as a robust and comprehensive classification system.

Business model innovation for sustainability: a new framework

PurposeSustainable business model innovation (SBMI) is a change in the way a firm operates in order to create positive impacts or to reduce negative consequences for the environment and the society. The aim of this paper is to explain what pathways a firm can take when it implements a sustainable business innovation process in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Design/methodology/approachThe article starts with the analysis of the existing literature about BMI and SBMI in order to extrapolate the main elements of these topics.FindingsThanks to the combined information from academic and nonacademic sources, the study proposes a new framework. It is divided into three sectors: value proposition, value capture delivery and value capture according to the main studies about the business model.Research limitations/implicationsRegarding theoretical implications, this study contributes to developing a theory of both BMI and sustainable innovation. Indeed it helps in the understanding of the dynamic vision about how the business model changes in order to incorporate triple sustainability.Practical implicationsFrom a practical view, the paper can serve as a guideline for corporate reorganization.Originality/valueThe new framework differs from some recent academic efforts first of all for its theoretical characteristics: BMI construct and not business model concept is the core of the framework. The business model represents the subject of innovation, not its vehicle. Another unique aspect that can be derived from the approach adopted is that it links theoretical with practical sources.

Black Earth Rising and Queen Sono: A Critical Decolonial Analysis

Abstract In this article two series are analyzed: Black Earth Rising (a BBC/Netflix production) and Queen Sono (the first African Netflix original series), shows that are about African realities from an African perspective (Rwanda in Black Earth Rising and South Africa in Queen Sono). The findings in this article show that both series address social and political issues such as neocolonialism, neoextractivism, internal colonialism, racism, inequality, justice, self-determination, corruption, violence, peace, memory, necropolitics, mental health, and decoloniality. I also argue that the shows could be used as pedagogical tools to raise critical consciousness in a wide public regarding the social and political issues addressed. The research in this article has been conducted with a qualitative methodology, using both shows as case studies and using content analysis and bibliographical research. The analysis of the series is based in the discussion of critical theory and decoloniality approaches and authors, especially from Latin America and Africa. Furthermore, the analysis of popular media (such as series) is a relevant effort to decolonize knowledge, using alternative and non-academic sources to produce and socialize knowledge.

Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture Videos on YouTube: An Analysis of Video Content and Quality

PurposeOur purpose was to analyze the content and quality of YouTube videos related to distal biceps tendon (DBT) ruptures and repair. We aimed to compare differences between academic and nonacademic video sources.MethodsThe most popular YouTube videos related to DBT injuries were compiled and analyzed according to source. Viewing characteristics were determined for each video. Video content and quality were assessed by 2 reviewers and analyzed according to the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria, DISCERN criteria, and a Distal Biceps Content Score. Cohen’s kappa was used to measure interrater reliability.ResultsA total of 59 DBT YouTube videos were included. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from moderate to excellent for the content scores. The mean DISCERN score was 29, and no videos were rated as either “good” or “excellent” for content quality. With the exception of the mean Journal of the American Medical Association criteria score (1.5 vs 0.5), videos from academic sources did not demonstrate significantly higher levels of content quality. Only 4/59 videos (7%) discussed the natural history of nonsurgically treated DBT ruptures. Of the 32 videos that discussed surgical techniques, only 3/32 (9%) had a preference for 2-incision techniques. No videos discussed the association between spontaneous DBT ruptures and cardiac amyloidosis.ConclusionsThe overall content, quality, and reliability of DBT videos on YouTube are poor. Videos from academic sources do not provide higher-quality information than videos from nonacademic sources. Videos related to operative treatment of DBT ruptures more frequently discuss single-incision techniques.Clinical relevanceSocial media videos can function as direct-to-consumer marketing materials, and surgeons should be prepared to address misconceptions regarding the management of DBT tears. Patients are increasingly seeking health information online, and surgeons should direct patients toward more reliable and vetted sources of information.

Kinship in Contemporary Japanese Society : An Overview

The paper seeks to analyse the salient features of the kinship structure in Japan and how it plays it is significant role to form the traditional Japanese values. The paper also tries to analyse the changing nature of the kinship system in contemporary Japanese society from its traditional family (IE) system. The paper follows the qualitative method of research where the data has been collected from both academic and non-academic sources. By analysing the kinship structure of different periods in Japan, the paper finds that during the IE family system of the Tokugawa period, Japan gives less weight to kinship relations than other Asian countries. The feeling on son, either related to blood or adopted, marks the major distinction with other societies to find out the kin and non-kin. Following the IE system, the paper finds another two major events behind the weaken kinship structure in Japan: the emergence of koseki since the Meiji restoration and the rise of corporate culture during the contemporary period.
 Social Science Review, Vol. 37(2), Dec 2020 Page 105-124

Shoulder and elbow arthroplasty videos on YouTube: an analysis of video content and quality

BackgroundThe purpose of this investigation was to analyze the content and quality of YouTube videos related to shoulder arthroplasty (SA) and elbow arthroplasty (EA). In addition, we aimed to compare videos produced by academic sources with those that were produced by nonacademic sources. We hypothesized that overall SA and EA YouTube video content and quality would be poor. MethodsThe most popular SA and EA YouTube videos were analyzed as per the source, and video characteristics were recorded. We determined video content and quality scores utilizing the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria, DISCERN criteria, and a novel arthroplasty content score. ResultsEighty-four and 34 unique SA and EA videos were included, respectively. Mean Journal of the American Medical Association, DISCERN, and content scores were 1.2, 29.5, and 3.4 for SA videos and 0.9, 29.9, and 3.5 for EA videos, respectively. No videos were classified as “good” or “excellent” as per the DISCERN criteria. Mean quality and content scores were not significantly different for academic compared with nonacademic sources for either SA or EA videos. ConclusionYouTube videos related to SA and EA are of poor quality and are unreliable sources of patient information. Videos from academic sources do not provide higher-quality information than videos from nonacademic sources. With the growing use of internet and social media for health information, surgeons should, at present, direct patients away from these sources. Upper-extremity surgeons and professional societies should endeavor to create quality, patient-directed educational videos related to SA and EA, as patients are increasingly seeking information from social media sources. Level of evidenceBasic Science Study

Systemic risk of cruise ship incidents from an Arctic and insurance perspective

Easier accessibility and demand for so-called last chance tourism has contributed to rapid growth in Arctic cruise ship tourism. Arctic cruising brings many benefits to remote coastal communities but also presents an array of risks. In the light of this context, this article explores the concept of systemic risk of cruise ship incidents in general, findings which are then placed in an Arctic context and consideration given of the role the insurance sector may play in addressing cruise ship incidents. The study is based on metadata, both from academic and nonacademic sources. Findings are drawn from 11 global case studies of cruise ship incidents, 5 of which are polar examples. In the worst-case scenario, an array of serious economic, business, environmental, sociocultural, and security impacts may unfold in the Arctic, presenting risks that may be considerably worse than in other parts of the world. Arctic-specific challenges include extreme weather conditions and the presence of sea-ice, navigation and communication conditions, and lack of infrastructure (port facilities, Search and Rescue capabilities). Significant knowledge gaps across the Arctic have been identified, for example, in terms of seabed mapping, how to deal with industry-related activities, and the risks and nature of environmental change. When cruise ship risks in the Arctic are considered, both passenger and shipowner risk need to be accounted for, including Search and Rescue cover. Although data are limited, there is evidence that the sociocultural risks of an Arctic cruise ship incident are insufficiently addressed, either via insurance mechanisms or cross-border, navigational safety guidelines such as the Polar Code. The academic contribution of the study is the systemic scale of the analysis, and the practical and political implications are to lay the foundation for solution discussion that is of relevance in an Arctic and insurance context.

Evaluating service quality and performance of higher education institutions: a systematic review and a post-COVID-19 outlook

PurposeThis study aims to present a systematic review on service quality in higher education. It discusses about the latest opportunities and challenges facing higher educational institutions (HEIs) following the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe study relied on the grounded theory’s inductive reasoning to capture, analyze and synthesize the findings from academic and non-academic sources. The methodology involved a systematic review from Scopus-indexed journals, from intergovernmental and non-governmental policy documents, as well as from university ranking sites and league tables.FindingsThe comprehensive review suggests that HEIs can use different performance indicators and metrics to evaluate their service quality in terms of their resources, student-centered education, high-impact research and stakeholder engagement. Moreover, this paper sheds light about the impact of an unprecedented COVID-19 on higher education services.Practical implicationsDuring the first wave of COVID-19, the delivery of higher educational services migrated from traditional and blended learning approaches to fully virtual and remote course delivery. In the second wave, policy makers imposed a number of preventative measures, including social distancing and hygienic practices, among others, on HEIs.Originality/valueThis timely contribution has synthesized the findings on service quality and performance management in the higher education context. Furthermore, it investigated the effect of COVID-19 on higher education services. It deliberates on the challenges and responses in the short/medium term and provides a discussion on the way forward. In conclusion, it implies that HEI leaders ought to embrace online teaching models and virtual systems, as they are here to stay in a post-COVID-19 era.

3D printing in construction: state of the art and applications

3D printing is an emerging technology that revolutionizes the traditional construction industry. Although it has gained wide attention, implementing the state of the art of 3D printing in construction has remained limited. Since the technology has been developing very fast and many innovations have been made public by nonacademic sources, excluding them would inevitably result in an incomplete picture. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to fill this gap by including all the construction 3D printing projects and studies performed from nonacademic sources as well as academic articles. Apart from evaluating the current progress, we also examined the readiness of 3D printing applications in construction, both from technical and nontechnical aspects. As reflected by various printing products and applications, this technology can offer much for the construction industry. However, the current printing technology cannot yet produce products for the construction sector due to limited printing materials, methods, and systems. Many projects have been performed by self-developed printing setups, which are technically similar. In addition, the impacts of the technology have never been quantified. Researchers and practitioners dive into technological developments without knowing whether they would bring benefits to the construction industry. Whether following this new trend and reinventing 3D printing setups a waste of resources remains a question. For its applications in construction, more government support and official national and international building codes can be expected.

Assessing the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures.

To assess the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures. Eleven common musculoskeletal radiology procedures were queried in three online search engines (Google, Yahoo!, Bing). All unique patient-targeted websites were identified (n = 384) from the first three pages of search results. The reading grade level of each website was calculated using 6 separate validated metrics for readability assessment. Analysis of word and sentence complexity was also performed. Results were compared between academic vs. non-academic websites and between websites found on different pages of the search results. Statistics were performed using a t test. The mean reading grade level across all procedures was 10th-14th grade. Webpages for nerve block were written at a higher reading grade level on non-academic websites (p = 0.025). There was no difference in reading grade levels between academic and non-academic sources for all other procedures. There was no difference in reading grade levels between websites found on the first page of search results compared with the second and third pages. Across all websites, 16-22% of the words used had 3+ syllables and 31-43% of the words used had 6+ characters (complex words); 13-24% of the sentences used had 22+ words (complex sentences). Patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures are written at the 10th-14th grade reading level, which is well beyond the AMA and NIH recommendation. Readability can be lowered by decreasing text complexity through limitation of high-syllable words and reduction in word and sentence length.

Digitized German editions of the 18th - 19th centuries as non-academic sources of Armenology: history reflected in postmodernity

The article discusses the problems of using archival materials and old editions in order to familiarize themselves with the history and culture of individual countries. Using the example of the practice of postmodern technology for digitizing non-academic historical documents by German authors, it is shown that they constitute a significant resource for expanding knowledge in the field of cultural studies, educational history, historical geography due to the presence of a text array and visual range. Visual imagery includes a wide range of artifacts, including national and military clothing, national symbols, historical geopolitical maps. Digitized editions of the 18th and 19th centuries, devoted to the problems of the history and culture of the Armenian people, being descriptive material, make a great contribution to the formation of a new scientific direction in Armenology. They allow you to get acquainted with authentic historical documents containing information about the geopolitical, historical, social, cultural, philosophical and pedagogical problems of the Caucasus in the 18th century. and XIX centuries. The article shows that subsequent scientific research on the problems of the history of the peoples of the Caucasus did not become widely known due to the lack of available digitalized historical sources containing the works of both Armenian and foreign authors.

The prospects of waste management in the hospitality sector post COVID-19

COVID-19 has imposed significant detrimental effects on the global hospitality sector. These effects have primarily been considered from the socio-economic perspective, ignoring the implications of the pandemic for the environmental performance of hospitality services. By drawing upon emerging evidence from various academic and non-academic sources, this conceptual paper critically evaluates the implications of the preventative and protective measures adopted against COVID-19 for the generation of the hospitality sector's food and plastic waste. The implications are divided into direct and indirect and considered through the prism of temporality of their anticipated occurrence (immediate, short-term and medium-term perspective). The paper proposes potential strategies to aid in the management of these wastes in the hospitality sector in a post-pandemic world. To address the issue of food waste, the hospitality sector should be integrated into alternative food networks (AFNs) and short food supply chains (SFSCs). Business coopetition between hospitality enterprises and other actors of the food supply chain is necessary for the success of such integration. To address the issue of plastic waste, the hospitality sector should invest in ‘green’ innovation. This investment needs to be encouraged and supported by targeted policy interventions. The paper argues that these strategies are critical not only in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, but will also remain valid for the sustained development of the hospitality sector in light of future disastrous events, especially climate change. The paper discusses the institutional and organisational prerequisites for the effective implementation of these strategies and highlights the related research opportunities.

Review of BIM literature and government initiatives to promote BIM in Malaysia

The purpose of this paper was to review the current state of building information modelling (BIM) literature in Malaysia. A detailed description of the history and definition of BIM was also presented. A literature search was carried out on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) on BIM research in Malaysia. Results showed that Malaysian output of BIM research peaked in 2016 and has shown a steady decline since. Most of the research from local affiliations were published in conference proceedings as opposed to academic journals. Also, a search among non-academic sources was conducted to reveal government efforts to promote BIM in Malaysia. Generally, the strategies used by the government to promote BIM include spreading awareness through roadshows, increasing competency through workshops and encouraging higher education institutes to include BIM in their curricula. Current focus should now be shifted to increasing collaboration among construction industry players using BIM as a medium for cooperation. Implications include the need for more peer-reviewed studies and a systematic nationwide study of BIM implementation in Malaysia to facilitate its growth on the national level.

Facilitating literature searches for work based learning students using an action research approach

ABSTRACT This paper describes an action research project in a university to identify the requirements of Work-Based Learning (WBL) students in respect of literature searches for practice enquiries and outlines measures subsequently taken to improve student support. The study confirms previous research that WBL students need to consult a wide variety of source material and not just academic texts. Students report uncertainty in using non-academic sources and difficulties searching. As a result, academic practices have been adapted to provide more consistent, comprehensive support. These include the production of online resources and modified practices by tutors and librarians. In line with the action research approach, practices are monitored on an ongoing basis to ensure their continuing relevance.

Recommendations for Maintaining a Dermestid Beetle Colony (Dermestes maculatus) for Processing Human Remains.

Dermestid beetles (Dermestes maculatus De Geer 1774) are small carrion insects characterized by a rounded or oval-shaped body and white abdomen with black markings. Given their natural propensity to consume soft tissue throughout various stages of decomposition, biological anthropologists have sought to use dermestids as a forensic processing method in addition to traditional chemical tissue removal techniques. Although useful, most of the existing academic literature regarding the upkeep of dermestid colonies for skeletal remains processing either lack specificity or are outdated. Additionally, nonacademic sources that contain information regarding dermestid maintenance are often disjointed, resulting in a difficulty to replicate habitat construction and ideal environmental conditions. Therefore, this technical note presents recommendations for anthropologists interested in establishing and maintaining a D. maculatus population. These recommendations are based on our experiences using several dermestid colonies to process five unembalmed human heads, procured from an anatomical gift company for a larger study on gunshot trauma. Aspects of the dermestids' environment that are crucial for the management of a healthy colony include the type of bedding, food, water, and containment method used, in addition to maintaining appropriate temperature ranges (24-27°C) and humidity levels (35-73%). Although habitat construction and dermestid maintenance involve materials that are relatively inexpensive and readily available, setting up and maintaining a D. maculatus colony can be laborious and time consuming and should only be undertaken when the volume of casework is such that this investment would be offset.

Behind the definition of Industry 4.0: Analysis and open questions

The many scholars approaching Industry 4.0 today need to confront the lack of an agreed-upon definition, posing serious limitations to theory building and research comparability. Since its initial German conceptualization in 2011, both the technological landscape and the understanding of the Industry 4.0 have evolved significantly leading to several ambiguities. In parallel, similar concepts often used as synonyms − such as “smart manufacturing”, “digital transformation”, and “fourth industrial revolution” − have increased the sense of confusion around the scope and characteristics of the phenomenon.This study approaches the issue through an analysis of almost 100 definitions of Industry 4.0 and related concepts. The review of academic publications has been complemented by a selection of the most influential non-academic sources, including governmental bodies and consulting companies. Each definition has been broken down into its underlying technological and non-technological definitional elements. This categorization will serve as a basis for future research to approach the phenomenon in its multiple facets.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Socio-Economic and Elections Implications in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Stringent restrictions were adopted in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) following the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this article, we summarize the socio-economic and elections impacts following stringent restrictions. Pub Med and Google Scholar were used for the literature review. Additionally, existent instructions in conjunction with those of Ministries of health of the West African states, and papers and reports for various non-academic sources (e.g. Website and news) were obtained. Whilst stringent restrictions have to lead to a turmoil repercussions on all aspects of the economy, affecting all segments of the population, and disturbing electoral calendar, the consequence of health and food sectors could likely submerge the existing extremely and weak vulnerable health system and create an acute food security crisis. Besides a comprehensive socio-economic master plan in all sectors, strong and resilient supervision is required in expanded society, trade, healthcare, and government. Also, instantaneous programs should be enforced and adapted for vulnerable groups. Rejuvenate and equilibrate the economy after this pandemic is required through mid-and long term programs.

Thinking Critically about Research: A Step-by-Step Approach

We live in an age of unprecedented access to information. The last decade has seen an exponential growth in data and material available, often at the touch of a button. However, this has also made it harder to discern between fact and fiction. What is real and what is fake? What should we believe and what should we reject? In an environment of information overload, a distrust of experts, the circulation of misinformation and false facts, and public debates based upon poor evidence, Thinking Critically About Research comes at a vital juncture. The book is designed to help readers develop a critical understanding of evidence and the ways in which evidence is presented, and to challenge the information they receive in both academic and non-academic sources. The author presents a step-by-step approach with a focus on knowing methods, culminating in a bespoke ‘critical tool kit’ which offers a practical checklist designed to be used when carrying out research. Also containing learning features including tasks and worked examples, drawing on real research studies, this is an essential resource for students and researchers, and those putting research into practice, who want to have better critical thinking skills.

Through their Eyes: Reporters’ Challenges in Covering China-Africa Relations

ABSTRACT Since the “official formalization” of China–Africa relations through the establishment of Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000, there has been increased media coverage of the China–Africa relations in national and regional news media outlets in China and several African countries. However, media critics as well as scholarly studies have noted several of the stories from the coverage are biased, slanted and superficial in nature or read more like state-sponsored public relation reporting. In view of the criticisms of China–Africa reporting in both scholarly literature and non-academic sources, this study surveyed journalists who received reporting grants from the Africa–China Reporting Project of Wits University, South Africa, to gain insights on how journalists perceive the reportage of China–Africa relations and the constraints that journalists frequently face in reporting China–Africa relations from the field.