Nomophobia Levels Research Articles

The Relationship between Nomophobia and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels of University Students

In today's world, smartphones are an indispensable part of people's daily lives because smartphones facilitate daily routines. However, problematic or excessive use of smartphones can cause some psychological problems. Nomophobia is considered as one of the psychological problems caused by excessive use of smartphones. Nomophobia is referred to as modern age phobia and refers to irrational fears and anxieties of a person who cannot access or communicate with their mobile phone. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence of nomophobia among college students, behavioral patterns associated with nomophobia, and reveals the relationship between nomophobia and depression-anxiety-stress. A personal questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress (DASS-42) and Nomophobia (NMP-Q) scales were used to investigate the research questions. . Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression methods were used to analyze the data. The results show that the level of nomophobia among college students is higher than average. There were significant differences between the level of nomophobia and the college students' behaviors such as carrying a charger, checking the smartphone after waking up, checking the phone frequently during the day, the duration of daily smartphone use, and the time of internet use through the smartphone. A positive correlation was found between nomophobia and depression-anxiety-stress level. Finally, in the regression analysis, the model was found to be statistically significant. This result shows that the level of nomophobia is a significant predictor of the level of depressionand anxiety stress. The results obtained show that nomophobia has negative impact on mental health.

Self-Efficacy and Nomophobia in Nurses in Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and the level of nomophobia (the fear of being detached from a smartphone) in nurses. This was a descriptive correlative study with a cross-sectional design, where 113 respondents were selected using quota sampling techniques. Data collection was through the Nomophobia Questionnaire and General Self-Efficacy Scale. The study was conducted from June 6 until July 10, 2020, at Hospital X in Bandung, Indonesia. Analysis of the data was through univariate analysis (frequency distribution) and bivariate analysis (Chi-square and Spearman’s correlation test). The results showed that most of the respondents were female (66.4%), and ages ranged between 26 - 56 years old with a mean of 37 years old. The minimum and maximum length of work were 1 and 34 years, respectively. The study showed a significant relationship between the cost of using a smartphone and the level of nomophobia. It also showed a relationship between self-efficacy and the level of nomophobia among nurses from X hospital in Bandung (p < 0.05). Generally, nurses with lower self-efficacy showed a higher degree of nomophobia. These results may be used in developing clear regulations regarding restricting smartphone usage in hospitals and formulating work strategies. This would improve and maintain the nurses’ self-efficacy as an effort to increase the quality of nursing care services as well as patient satisfaction and safety in the hospital.
 Keywords: self-efficacy, nomophobia, nurse, smartphone

The impact of nomophobia and smartphone presence on fluid intelligence and attention

Nomophobia and even simply the presence of smartphones has an impact on attention and performance, likely through the cognitive mechanism of reduced working memory capacity. When a smartphone, a personally relevant stimulus, is present, working memory capacity is utilized leading to a reduction in the ability to inhibit responses and therefore difficulty with complex attentional tasks. With the increase in smartphone ownership, especially among young adults in developing nations and their proliferation in undergraduate classrooms, it becomes important to understand their cognitive impact in this demographic of users. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of the presence of undergraduate students’ smartphones on their performance on a non-verbal reasoning task, as well as a series of simple to complex attentional tasks. A total of 154 Pakistani undergraduate students participated in this study. Results demonstrated that the presence or absence of the students’ smartphones did not affect fluid non-verbal intelligence or simple attentional tasks. However, the level of fear of being without their smartphone was correlated with non-verbal fluid intelligence and simple attention. Importantly, when the students’ smartphones were present, they experienced difficulty with a more complex attentional task, regardless of the level of nomophobia. Given the need for fluid reasoning and the complex nature of most material covered within the undergraduate classroom context, this finding indicates a need for education about the detrimental nature of smartphone presence on complex attention, as well as the relationship between nomophobia and fluid reasoning and attention. Implications also include a need for institutional policies clarifying appropriate use of smartphones in the classroom.

Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia.

(1) Background: ESports is a new trend of sports, which has gained considerable popularity worldwide. There is a scarcity of evidence that focuses on the lifestyle of ESports players (eSP) particularly on symptoms of nomophobia, level of anxiety, sleep quality, food consumption and physical activity. (2) Objective: to determine the prevalence and relationship between symptoms of nomophobia, psychological aspects, insomnia and physical activity of eSP in Saudi Arabia. (3) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2021 using a convenient self-selection adult sample. A total of 893 (216 eSP vs. 677 non-eSP (NeSP)) participants aged over 18 years were included. All participants answered a seven-part validated questionnaire that included: (i) sociodemographic questions; (ii) a symptoms of nomophobia questionnaire; (iii) general anxiety disorder questions, (iv) an insomnia severity index, (v) an Internet addiction scale, (vi) the Yale food addiction scale 2.0 short form and (vii) an international physical activity questionnaire. (4) Results: Among the entire population, the prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia, anxiety, insomnia, Internet addiction and low physical activity were 29.8%, 13.9%, 63.3%, 27% and 2.8%, respectively. The eSP and NeSP differed significantly in nomophobia scale, anxiety and insomnia values. Compared to NeSP, eSP had a higher level of severe nomophobia p = 0.003, a severe level of anxiety p = 0.025 and symptoms of insomnia p = 0.018. Except for food addiction and physical activity, a positive correlation was identified between symptoms of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP. (5) Conclusion: This study reported high prevalence of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP compared to NeSP.

The use of electronical devices and relative levels of Nomophobia within a group of Italian nurses: an Observational Study


 Background: In healthcare, the use of smartphones and other electronical devices are becoming important tools among health professionals. Thanks to these devices, there are new methods of assistance. However, if used incorrectly, they may cause distraction during clinical practice. The excessive use of such devices has generated a new form of addiction in the workplace named nomophobia, a phobia still little explored in literature. We reported an analysis of the frequency and method of use of these electronical devices. The primary aim of the research was to investigate the level of dependence on electronic devices (nomophobia) and the digital habits of nurses. Secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the possible association between nomophobia and distraction in the workplace.
 Methods: A transversal multicenter study was conducted on a sample of Italian nurses, using the Nurses’ Use of Personal Communication Devices Questionnaire and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q).
 Results: 34.1% of the sample (n=184) declared that they used smartphones and other electronical devices a moderately during working hours. 20.2 % (n=109) used them frequently and 8.9% (n=48) uses devices during working hours constantly. However, 44.0% (n=222) never uses health apps for patient medical assistance, the 32.9% (n=166) never uses learning apps or apps for professional development. 16.6% (n=87) admit that the use of these devices negatively affected their working performance (mean 80.5; SD 40.1). Study participants showed moderated levels of nomophobia (media=50.34; SD=29.0).
 Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate the scares use of such electronical tools to implement adequate care among Italian nurses. Nomophobia can have significant impact on the risk of making mistakes. Future studies should examine not only nurses but also other help professionals and support staff, to bring out an underestimated dimension.

Nomophobia and Stress among Vietnamese High School Students in Covid-19 Pandemic: A Mediation Model of Loneliness

Nomophobia is rising among high school students, especially in light of the Covid-19 pandemic, such as social distancing, long-term online learning, and lack of social support. Many studies have also shown that students with high levels of nomophobia have a higher risk of stress. However, very few researchers are interested in studying loneliness as a mediation factor for the relationship between nomophobia and stress . This study investigated whether the loneliness factor is a mediator in the r

Association of Nomophobia with Decision Making of Dental Students

Objective: With recent advancement in technology, generation Z has become addicted to gadgets, particularly smartphones. The fear of being separated from mobile phones, is known as Nomophobia. The aim of our study was to ascertain whether nomophobia and/or problematic mobile phone use has any influence on decision-making of undergraduate dental students. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on dental students of Pakistan. The level of nomophobia was determined using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MP-PU), and the decision-making skills of dental students was determined using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDM-Q). Results: The mean score of the NMP-Q was 102.49 ± 11.07, and the mean score of MP-PU Scale was 83.45 ± 17.82. Positive correlation was present between the measure of mobile phone problematic use scale and nomophobia. Similarly, positive correlations were discovered between nomophobia and the measure of buck-passing, procrastination and hypervigilance in regard to decision-making. As for the MDM-Q scale, the procrastination measure had a high correlation with the decision-making value. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest an increasing prevalence of nomophobia among dental students of Pakistan. Keywords: Smartphone; Nomophobia, Decision making, Dental student

A Structured Teaching Programme on the Knowledge and Levels of Nomophobia and its Prevention among the Selected Colleges of Surendernagar District of Gujarat

The prevalence of nomophobia is very high among adolescents. Adolescents need to be aware of the new disease which have come across through the over usage of mobile phone. Nowadays it is very easy to convey our feelings and messages in the remote corners of the world through the use of mobile phone technology. The communication through the mobile phone is very simple and is basics of all relations. Mobile technology helps the people to transfer the message form one person to another within short period of time. Based on this the present study was carried to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on the knowledge and prevalence level of nomophobia among the selected colleges of Surendernagar district of Gujarat. Pre-experimental study was carried out among college students with one group pre test and post test was used to find out the findings of the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to carry out this study. 50 College students were selected from different college of C.U. Shah University. Data was collected with the help of structured demographic questionnaire and the structured knowledge questionnaire. Pre test was conducted on the first day and on the same day teaching programme was given to the students and the effectiveness of the teaching programme was checked on the eighth day. The overall test knowledge score was to be 43.4% where the overall post test knowledge score was found to be 85.5% which was to be very significant. An association was also carried to find out the significance of the socio demographic characteristics on the knowledge score.

A Study on Nomophobia, Boredom & Loneliness on Young Adults

Loneliness is an unpleasant state of feeling that everybody has at least felt once in their life. It is the absence of meaningful relationships or people in one’s life. It is normal to feel lonely every once in a while, but when a person constantly feels lonely, it can lead to mental health problems such as anxiety, emotional distress, addictions or depression. Loneliness can be affected by several factors such as low self-esteem, boredom, Nomophobia etc. Nomophobia is very common these days. It is said to be 21st century addiction. Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. The present research aims to study the effect of Nomophobia, Boredom on Loneliness among adults. The study was conducted on 65 participants, age18 to 25. Standardized scales were used to assess the level of nomophobia, boredom and loneliness. The results revealed that both nomophobia and boredom have a significant positive correlation with loneliness. The research also found a significant positive correlation between nomophobia and boredom. As the study implied that nomophobia and boredom determine the levels of loneliness. It is necessary now that people must acknowledge the severity of nomophobia and its effect on psychological well-being.

A Study to Assess the Prevalence of Nomophobia among School Going Children

Our lives have been drastically altered by smart phones. Nowadays, we can't do anything without our phones. We must analyse ourselves or think clearly in order to determine whether a cell phone is a boon or a curse. We are all a part of technoculture. Schoolchildren have also been immersed in this aspect of techno-culture during the previous two years. We must properly prepare technology because each technology has both positive and negative elements. Overuse of mobile phones is extremely dangerous to one's health. Students need to have mobile phone to attend classes from the comforts of their home. Smart phone has become the basic necessity of school children daily life and students are slowly coping with this new method of technology for their academic progress. Over usage of mobile phone leads to such an extent that children comes across a situation where they cannot live without the use of mobile phone. Such a situation when students start to have fear when they cannot access their smart phones is known has nomophobia. The present study was carried among the school going children in the Surendernagar district of Gujarat. The findings of the study reveal that overall 52.58 % of the study subjects had moderate level of Nomophobia. Around 32.58 % of the study subjects had mild level of nomophobia. 14.40 of the school children had severe level of nomophobia, while only 0.44% had no signs and symptoms of Nomophobia. Mobile phones have lead to disturbance in the family relationship.

Nomophobia in teenagers: digital lifestyle, social networking and smartphone abuse

Smartphone use influences teenagers’ behaviors and lifestyles, not always in a positive way. Abuse and dependence on the use of this device is what has led to the study of nomophobia. The objective of this research is to measure the level of nomophobia in adolescents, and to study their digital consumption habits. The study seeks to analyze the relationships between risk of nomophobia, digital behavior, age and smartphone use. A structured questionnaire has been applied to a sample of 850 students aged 12 to 16. The data has been analyzed with SPSS and SPAD. Multivariate statistical characterization, one of the most recent data mining techniques, has been used to study differences in teenagers’ behaviors according to their risk of nomophobia, and to find related explanatory variables. Teenagers’ nomophobia risk ranges from mild to moderate, showing a relation with age, academic performance and intensity of use of mobile social networking apps. The risk of nomophobia responds to differences in students’ digital, social, relational and educational behaviors, and exhibits differences according to academic performance, age, gender, motivation and self-perception.

The Effectiveness of Two Different Occupational Therapy Interventions on Time Management and on Perceived Occupational Performance and Satisfaction in University Students with Severe Nomophobia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of two different occupational therapy interventions applied to university students with severe nomophobia. Forty-six participants were assigned to client-centered (CC) and time management (TM) intervention groups. Before and after intervention, participants’ time management skills were evaluated with the time management questionnaire (TMQ), occupational performance and satisfaction were evaluated with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and nomophobia levels were evaluated with Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Both groups improved in NMP-Q, TMQ, and COPM within-group comparisons (p < 0.001). The interventions can be used to reduce nomophobia increase time management skills and increase perceived occupational performance and satisfaction.

Nomophobia and the connection anxiety dimensions: a cross-sectional study among students and nurses.

Nomophobia, a form of behavioral addiction, is uncontrolled, obsessive fear of being disconnected from the mobile phone network. Excessive use of smartphone during care, a source of errors and distractions, is among the top ten risks related to the use of technologies in healthcare. The study aims to investigate the presence of nomophobia among nurses and students of the Degree in Nursing and any differences based on gender, age group and seniority. A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive study conducted at Università Politecnica delle Marche and Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord departments; the NMP-Q questionnaire (Nomophobia Questionnaire) was administered to a non-probabilistic sample of nurses and nursing students. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential non-parametric statistical measurements. A total of 280 questionnaires were returned, 141 for students and 139 for nurses. The mean total score for students and nurses was moderate and overlapping (M=79.9 vs. 79.3, p>0.05), with no difference by gender and course year (p>0.05); in the sample of nurses score is higher in men (M=89.8 vs. 76.0, p=0.037), under 30 (M=72.0) and over 50 years (M=83.1, p=0.021). The comparison between the two groups shows higher percentages of moderate nomophobic grade among students (+17pp), mild (+8.2 pp) and severe (+7.4 pp) among nurses, without significant gender differences. In the perspective of proper risk management, the level of nomophobia found in both groups should not be underestimated. This study highlights the importance of monitoring the phenomenon, adopting information and awareness-raising policies aimed at healthcare personnel as early as university training: distracting factors associated with the over-use of smartphones in the workplace make nurses, particularly newly graduates and with less expertise, more vulnerable and more exposed to the risk of error.

The relationship between the nomophobic levels of higher education students in Ghana and academic achievement.

There is an upsurge in the use of mobile phones among higher education students in Ghana, which may result in the nomophobia prevalence with the students. Therefore, the need to assess the influence of nomophobia within the student population in Ghana. This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of nomophobia and the sociodemographic variables, and the association with academic achievement of the understudied population. A self-reporting nomophobia questionnaire, composed of 20 dimensions, was answered by 670 university students to measure the nomophobia prevalence. Raw data were estimated using descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA and Independent T-test. While the findings showed diverse grades of nomophobia, statistical significance between academic achievement and the level of nomophobia was observed. This study concludes that there is a high nomophobia prevalence among university students in Ghana as the use of smartphones increases. However, follow-up studies should be conducted in Ghanaian universities to monitor nomophobia and its associates in order to reduce the adverse effects of habitual use of smartphones.

Measuring smartphone dependency and exploration of consequences and comorbidities

“Nomophobia” is the fear of not being able to use your smartphone and has been noted to be associated with excessive levels of smartphone dependency. For many, these devices have become an extension of ourselves, which raises hesitation on whether or not society has become addicted to smartphones. Specific diagnostic criteria for smartphone addiction have yet to be settled, and even use of the word “addiction” when describing excessive usage of smartphones is controversial. We therefore utilize current measures to explore the symptoms of smartphone dependency and their hierarchy, as well as comorbidities including social anxiety, self-esteem, and distracted driving. A total of 159 adults from a research-intensive university in the Midwestern United States completed an anonymous online survey. Through factor analytic and Rasch modeling methods, it was found that based on a single measure for one's level of nomophobia, the degree to which smartphone use interferes with daily life can be qualified. The relationship between nomophobia and social anxiety supports the hypothesis that smartphone addiction can be magnified by personality traits and other psychiatric comorbidities. Both multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression analyses found that phone usage while driving and being female were found to be significant positive predictors of smartphone dependency. It is apparent that technology addiction and smartphone addiction need to be studied among a greater population, especially among women and those who use their smartphones while driving.

The Relationship Between Nomophobia and Anxiety Levels in Healthy Young Individuals.

The current study was performed to determine whether there is a relationship between nomophobia (i.e., fear of being without a mobile phone or disconnected from mobile phone communication) levels and anxiety among healthy young individuals and whether nomophobia affects work or academic life. Three hundred sixty young individuals with no health problems were included in the study. The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to measure participants' nomophobia levels. There was a statistically significant relationship between NMP-Q and BAI scores in the male group. As NMP-Q scores increased, BAI scores also increased. However, we could not find such a relationship in the female group. We have shown that individuals who do not have their mobile phones with them experience anxiety that affects their work and/or academic life. Efforts should be made to raise awareness of nomophobia, which concerns not only individuals but society as a whole. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(8), 23-30.].

Relationships between personality traits and nomophobia: Research on nurses working in public hospitals.

In this study, some personal and smartphone usage characteristics will be examined as the determinants of nomophobia, and its relationship with personality traits will be tested. The sample of the descriptive and correlative study consisted of 669 nurses working in six hospitals in Istanbul. The data collection tool consisted of three parts: Descriptive information form, Nomophobia Scale, and Five-Factor Personality Traits Scale. There was a relationship between nurses' nomophobia levels and neuroticism scores (r = 0.201; p < 0.001). The relationships nomophobia levels with other personality features were found to be either significant but negative, and very low power or statistically non-significant. As a result of the research, the prevalence of nomophobia increases due to the use of smartphones, especially the younger generation is at risk for nomophobia and that the personality traits of the people do not have a strong explanatory on the levels of nomophobia.

Do Age and Educational Stage Influence No-Mobile-Phone Phobia?

Technological progress not only brings with it resources that improve and facilitate the day-to-day life of the people who make up society but also entails health risks, with the emergence of terms, such as nomophobia, which is considered an anxiety disorder produced by the fear that not having a mobile phone generates in a person. This research aims to identify the relationship and influence between levels of nomophobia and the age or educational stage of students. The research method is based on a correlational and predictive design of quantitative methodology. The instrument used is the NMP-Q questionnaire. The study population is students from different educational stages (obligatory secondary education, baccalaureate, vocational training and university). The results show that students over 12 years old present an average level of “nomophobia” (no-mobile-phone phobia), namely, not being able to communicate with the family where the highest levels are presented. We conclude that students over 12 years of age and of any educational stage present an average level of nomophobia, and it cannot be determined that either the educational stage or the age are determining factors in the presentation of this problem. This can occur at any age and at any level of the different educational stages, although there are risk indicators that we should bear in mind to avoid the appearance of nomophobia.

An Investigation of the Relationship between Nomophobia and Social and Emotional Loneliness of Turkish University Students

This research was carried out to measure the relationship and effect of social and emotional loneliness levels of university students to nomophobia levels. The sample of the study consists of 692 university students who attended Trakya University in Edirne province of Turkey. As a result of the findings of the study, it was observed that there was a significant relationship between the level of nomophobia of the university students and the loneliness in the familial relations, one of the sub-dimensions of Social and emotional loneliness Scale. In addition, no significant relationship with nomophobia was observed regarding loneliness in Social and Emotional relations. In conclusion, increase in the sense of loneliness experienced by university students in familial relationships may suggest that it increases the risk of nomophobia.

The relationship between nomophobia level and worry severity in future healthcare professional candidates.

This descriptive study was conducted to determine the relationship between nomophobia level and anxiety severity among university students. The study was completed with a total of 745 students. A descriptive questionnaire and the nomophobia questionnaire and measure of worry severity. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses were used. It was found positive correlation was determined between the nomophobia level and severity of anxiety. İndividuals with nomophobia should be given the necessary assistance before the current situation worsens. Information about the correct use of the smartphone should be provided.