Nominal Genera Research Articles

Revision of the coral-inhabiting genus Conopea (Cirripedia: Archaeobalanidae) with description of two new species of the genera Conopea and Acasta.

The morphology of archaeobalanid barnacles of the genera Conopea and Acasta inhabiting cnidarians of the orders Alcyonacea and Antipatharia was surveyed. Based on morphological characteristics, it became evident that the species of the nominal genus Conopea fell into three natural groups affiliated to three archaeobalanid genera, Conopea s.s., Acasta and Solidobalanus. The relationships between the species of Conopea s.l. and those of Acasta inhabiting alcyanaceans are analyzed using a cladistic approach. The barnacles of the genus Conopea s.s. are characterized by a strong, firm shell; the orifice is not dentate; rostral and sometimes carinal plates are often elongated in their basal parts; the rostro-carinal axis of the basis is often elongated and clasps the axis of the host coral; the radii have summits parallel to the basal margin of the parietes, and denticulated sutural margins; the scutum has simple growth ridges without longitudinal striation or ribs; the basitergal angle is truncated (sinusoid); and the basidorsal point of the penis is developed. The genus Conopea s.s. encompasses 20 epizoic species from tropical and temperate seas, inhabiting alcyonaceans (sea fans or gorgonians) and antipatharians. A new species of Conopea and a new species of Acasta are described, and a key to the species of Conopea s.s. is provided.

A new ant genus from southern Argentina and southern Chile, Patagonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) comprises 71 described species that occur in North America, South America, and Hispaniola, and it is the nominal genus in the recently established tribe Pogonomyrmecini. A molecular phylogeny using 3,647 base pairs from fragments of one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase I) and five nuclear genes (long-wavelength rhodopsin, elongation factor 1α F1, elongation factor 1α F2, wingless, rudimentary) inferred that Pogonomymrex was not monophyletic. The vast majority of species belonged to a monophyletic clade (Pogonomyrmex sensu stricto), whereas species in the Po. angustus-group formed a second lineage outside of Pogonomyrmex and Hylomyrma, the latter being the only other genus in the tribe. To maintain monophyly of Pogonomyrmex, we create the genus Patagonomyrmex gen. n., which consists of the three angustus-group species (Patagonomyrmex angustus comb. n., Patagonomyrmex laevigatus comb. n., and Patagonomyrmex odoratus comb. n.) that are sister to all other pogonomyrmecines. The genus is restricted to southern Argentina and southern and southcentral Chile. Workers are characterized by: (1) poorly-developed psammophore that consists of short to medium-length hairs scattered over the ventral surface of the head, (2) anterior clypeal margin strongly convex in full-face view, (3) clypeus strongly convex in profile, (4) superior and inferior propodeal spines long, (5) dorsal surface of promesonotum smooth and shiny, lacking rugae <span style="text-decoration: underline;">or if rugae present, then interrugae strongly granulate-punctate, (6) anteroventral margin of peduncle of the petiole with a small, acuminate spine, and (7) palp formula 5,4. We also provide information on biology, distribution maps, and a key to workers, queens, and males in English and Spanish.

Reappraisal of the two axiid genera Manaxius Kensley, 2003 and Calaxidium Sakai, 2014, and description of a new species of Calaxius Sakai & de Saint Laurent, 1989 from French Polynesia, Southwest Pacific (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea).

Discovery of an undescribed species of axiid shrimp from French Polynesia, Southwest Pacific, led the author to assess the taxonomic status of the two nominal genera, Manaxius Kensley, 2003 and Calaxidium Sakai, 2014. As a result, these two genera are synonymized under Calaxius Sakai & de Saint Laurent, 1989, because there are no significant differences in generic characters among the three taxa. An emended generic diagnosis of Calaxius is presented. The new species, Calaxius poupini, is morphologically similar to C. euophthalmus (De Man, 1905), C. izuensis Komai, 2011, C. kensleyi Clark, Galil & Poore, 2007, C. mimasensis (Sakai, 1967), C. pailoloensis (Rathbun, 1906) and C. sibogae (De Man, 1925), but the poorly developed armature on the ventral margin of each cheliped merus distinguishes the new species from the other six allied species. Some points of taxonomic confusion relating to Calaxius are clarified.

A new species of Synchroa Newman from China (Coleoptera: Synchroidae).

The family Synchroidae Lacordaire, 1859 is a small group of beetles with an elongate, tapered, and slightly flattened body and brownish to black coloration. Members exhibit morphological similarity to some genera of Melandryidae, but can be distinguished based on larval morphology and the unmodified apical maxillary palpomeres. They are widely distributed throughout the Oriental, Palaearctic and Nearctic regions and possess the highest species diversity in Eastern Asia (Nikitsky 1999; Hsiao 2015). Synchroa bark beetles had been viewed as members of the Melandryidae for a long time, but were treated as an independent family in Böving & Craighead (1931). Crowson (1966) followed Böving & Craighead's treatment and suggested close relatives among the members of Zopheridae and Stenotrachelidae based on both larval and adult characters. Currently, only 8 species distributed amongst three genera have been described in this family: Mallodrya Horn, 1888 is a monotypical genus from North America; Synchroa Newman, 1838, the nominal genus and the largest genus widely distributed in North America, east Palearctic region and the Oriental region, including 5 species; Synchroina Fairmaire, 1898 is from the Oriental region and includes two species. (Nikitsky 1999; Hsiao 2015).Recently, the first author had the opportunity to examine the collection of the Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (SYSBM) discovering one remarkable species of Synchroa with dark coloration and a narrow prothorax, which are very different from previously described species of this genus. After careful examination and comparisons to other described species it is described here as new. In addition, an updated key to the world species of Synchroa is provided.

The African hexaploid Torini (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): review of a tumultuous history

A review of the tumultuous history of the alpha- and genus-level taxonomy of the hexaploid African Torini, i.e. Labeobarbus s.l. (synonym: Varicorhinus), as well as of the closely related monospecific genera Acapoeta and Sanagia, is provided. The main purpose of the present paper is to provide a continental framework for multidisciplinary research on this megadiverse vertebrate group. Based on the inspection of almost all relevant type specimens, a complete and fully annotated checklist of all valid species and junior synonyms is provided for each of the four nominal genera. It comprises ∼275 nominal taxa, 125 of which are valid African Labeobarbus spp. and three of which are formally named hybrid phenotypes. Particular attention is drawn to the diversity and taxon-specific distribution of mouth phenotypes, which previously served as generic identification characters, i.e. ‘rubberlips’ with strongly developed, sometimes hypertrophied lips and a mental lobe, and ‘chiselmouths’ (former Varicorhinus spp.) with a cornified sharp cutting edge on their lower jaw. Interestingly, many species are polymorphic and include a large array of intermediate mouth phenotypes. The recurrent occurrence of similar mouth phenotype diversity within, but also far beyond, the borders of Labeobarbus s.l. is highlighted, raising numerous evolutionary questions. © 2016 The Linnean Society of London

THE CHAENOPSINE BLENNIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN (PISCES: CLINIDAE: CHAENOPSINAE) I. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY

The chaenopsine blennies are an homogeneous group which may be considered a subfamily of the Clinidae, since the existing evidence is not enough to give them familial status. The subfamily includes eight genera: Mccoskerichthys, Coralliozetus, Acanthemblemaria, Ekemblemaria, Emblemaria, Hemiemblemaria, Lucayablennius, and Chaenopsis. The nominal genera Protemblemaria and Emblemariopsis are herewith considered synonyms of Coralliozetus, since they share two derived characters: small size and sexual dimorphism in the color of the head, and are rather similar in several other characteristics. The división of the West Indian Zoogeographical Province made by Briggs (1974) is unnatural, since the fish fauna of Belize, Florida and the Bahamas is very similar. I proposed two subprovinces, the Northern Caribbean-Antillean from Isla de San Andrés (12.5°N) in the western Caribbean to Cabo Catoche (21.5°N, México), southern Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Antilles; and the Southern Caribbean from Costa Rica to the island of Trinidad. Eight of the thirteen chaenopsines endemic to the Southern Caribbean Subprovince belong to genera, subgenera, or species-groups of Chaenopsinae more widely distributed in the eastern Pacific than in the Caribbean, being therefore pacificophile species. There are 23 species of chaenopsine blennies in the southern Caribbean, which is 61% of the total West Indian fauna of the group, while in the Northern Caribbean-Antillean Subprovince the number of known species is 20.

Systematics of Ariantinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae), a new approach to an old problem

A new starting-point in Ariantinae systematics is presented by combining data on traditional shell morphology and genital anatomy, with phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequence data. For nearly all genera and subgenera one or more shells are depicted and drawings of the proximal part of the genital organs are shown to illustrate the morphological diversification within the subfamily. For as much as our material allowed it, partial sequences are presented for Histone H3 (H3), Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), Cytochrome B (CytB) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S). Some of the allegedly speciose genera like Chilostoma and Campylaea (Zilch, 1960) do not represent monophyletic groups of species, whereas most of the remaining nominal taxa (e.g. Causa, Dinarica, Josephinella, Faustina, Liburnica, Kosicia and Thiessea) warrant a separate taxonomic status indeed. Sequence data from individual markers were informative at the species-level, but not for higherlevel phylogenetics. Insight in genus-level relationships was obtained after concatenation of the individual datasets. The Ariantinae are estimated to have originated during the late Cretaceous (Campanian), not later than ca. 80 million years ago. The enigmatic and morphologically aberrant, monotypic genus Cylindrus is shown as the sister-group of Arianta, a genus including A. arbustorum, which is also unusual in shell-shape and habitat. Ariantopsis and Wladislawia are classified as subgenera of neither Campylaea nor Chilostoma, but Cattania. Sabljaria is considered a subgenus of Dinarica. The nominal genus Superba is shown to be paraphyletic; additional data should demonstrate whether Superba has to be synonymised with Liburnica. The Ariantinae are here divided in 21 genera (2 new) and 13 subgenera (3 new).

Corrigendum to: Phylogeny of Stenopodidea (Crustacea : Decapoda) shrimps inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals non-monophyly of the families Spongicolidae and Stenopididae and most of their composite genera

The infraorder Stenopodidea is a relatively small group of marine decapod crustaceans including the well known cleaner shrimps, but their higher taxonomy has been rather controversial. This study provides the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of Stenopodidea using sequence data from two mitochondrial (16S and 12S rRNA) and two nuclear (histone H3 and sodium–potassium ATPase ?-subunit (NaK)) genes. We included all 12 nominal genera from the three stenopodidean families in order to test the proposed evolutionary hypothesis and taxonomic scheme of the group. The inferred phylogeny did not support the familial ranking of Macromaxillocarididae and rejected the reciprocal monophyly of Spongicolidae and Stenopididae. The genera Stenopus, Richardina, Spongiocaris, Odontozona, Spongicola and Spongicoloides are showed to be poly- or paraphyletic, with monophyly of only the latter three genera strongly rejected in the analysis. The present results only strongly support the monophyly of Microprosthema and suggest that Paraspongiola should be synonymised with Spongicola. The three remaining genera, Engystenopus, Juxtastenopus and Globospongicola, may need to be expanded to include species from other genera if their statuses are maintained. All findings suggest that the morphological characters currently adopted to define genera are mostly invalid and substantial taxonomic revisions are required. As the intergeneric relationships were largely unresolved in the present attempt, the hypothesis of evolution of deep-sea sponge-associated taxa from shallow-water free-living species could not be verified here. The present molecular phylogeny, nevertheless, provides some support that stenopoididean shrimps colonised the deep sea in multiple circumstances.

Phylogenetic relationships of Acronictinae with discussion of the abdominal courtship brush in Noctuidae (Lepidoptera)

AbstractWe present results of an eight‐gene molecular study of the subfamily Acronictinae and related Noctuidae. Amphipyrinae are recovered as sister to Acronictinae, but with weak support – not surprisingly, the content of the two subfamilies has often been mixed in classifications. Balsinae, previously placed near Acronictinae or within Noctuinae, is recovered within an unresolved polytomy of Cuculliinae, Eustrotiinae, Raphiinae and Dilobinae. Gerbathodes Warren, Moma Hübner and Nacna Fletcher are excluded from Acronictinae. Three genera recently transferred into the subfamily – Cerma Hübner, Chloronycta Schmidt &amp; Anweiler and Comachara Franclemont – are confirmed as acronictines. Lophonycta Sugi (the type genus of Lophonyctinae) is returned to the Acronictinae. Sinocharis Püngeler, formerly considered to be Acontiinae or as the basis of its own subfamily Sinocharinae, is nested within early diverging Acronictinae genera. Both subfamilies are formally synonymized: i.e. Lophonyctinae syn.n. and Sinocharinae syn.n. Nine acronictine genus‐level taxa were found to nest within the nominate genus Acronicta Ochsenheimer: Eogena Guenée, Hyboma Hübner, Hylonycta Sugi, Jocheaera Hübner, Oxicesta Hübner, Simyra Ochsenheimer, Subacronicta Kozhanchikov, Triaena Hübner, and Viminia Chapman. Eogena, Oxicesta, and Simyra, currently treated as valid genera, nest within terminal clades of the genus Acronicta and are here subsumed within the genus: Eogena syn.n., Oxicesta syn.n. and Simyra syn.n. Four well‐supported species groups within Acronicta are identified: the alni clade, the leporina clade, the nervosa clade and the psi clade. While many previous treatments have stated explicitly that Acronictinae lack abdominal scent brushes, or excluded genera with brushes from the subfamily, we show that well‐developed brushes are present in three early diverging acronictine genera: Cerma, Lophonycta, and Sinocharis. We illustrate and describe the brushes of all three genera, and briefly review the taxonomic distribution of the anterior abdominal courtship brushes in Noctuidae, emphasizing the labile evolutionary distribution of these structures.

Molecular phylogeny of the highly diversified catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) reveals incongruences with morphological classification

The Loricariinae belong to the Neotropical mailed catfish family Loricariidae, the most species-rich catfish family. Among loricariids, members of the Loricariinae are united by a long and flattened caudal peduncle and the absence of an adipose fin. Despite numerous studies of the Loricariidae, there is no comprehensive phylogeny of this morphologically highly diversified subfamily. To fill this gap, we present a molecular phylogeny of this group, including 350 representatives, based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (8426 positions). The resulting phylogeny indicates that Loricariinae are distributed into two sister tribes: Harttiini and Loricariini. The Harttiini tribe, as classically defined, constitutes a paraphyletic assemblage and is here restricted to the three genera Harttia, Cteniloricaria, and Harttiella. Two subtribes are distinguished within Loricariini: Farlowellina and Loricariina. Within Farlowellina, the nominal genus formed a paraphyletic group, as did Sturisoma and Sturisomatichthys. Within Loricariina, Loricaria, Crossoloricaria, and Apistoloricaria are also paraphyletic. To solve these issues, and given the lack of clear morphological diagnostic features, we propose here to synonymize several genera (Quiritixys with Harttia; East Andean members of Crossoloricaria, and Apistoloricaria with Rhadinoloricaria; Ixinandria, Hemiloricaria, Fonchiiichthys, and Leliella with Rineloricaria), to restrict others (Crossoloricaria, and Sturisomatichthys to the West Andean members, and Sturisoma to the East Andean species), and to revalidate the genus Proloricaria.

Evidence of introgressive hybridization between the morphologically divergent land snailsAinohelixandEzohelix

Hybridization between different taxa is likely to take place when adaptive morphological differences evolve more rapidly than reproductive isolation. When studying the phylogenetic relationship between two land snails of different nominal genera, Ainohelix editha and Ezohelix gainesi, from Hokkaido, Japan, using nuclear internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA, we found a marked incongruence in the topology between nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies. Furthermore, no clear association was found between shell morphology (which defines the taxonomy) and nuclear or mitochondrial trees and morphology of reproductive system. These patterns are most likely explained by historical introgressive hybridization between A. editha and E. gainesi. Because the shell morphologies of the two species are quite distinct, even when they coexist, the implication is that natural selection is able to maintain (or has recreated) distinct morphologies in the face of gene flow. Future studies may be able to reveal the regions of the genome that maintain the morphological differences between these species.

Reassessment of the cyanobacterial family Microchaetaceae and establishment of new families Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae.

The family Microchaetaceae is a large group of heterocytous cyanobacteria, whose members bear typical morphological features of uniseriate heteropolar filaments never terminated by thin hairs and with simple false branching. However, phylogenetic analyses of the gene for 16S rRNA showed that members of this traditionally morphologically delimited family form several distant groups and therefore the current concept is hereafter indefensible. In this study, we provide reassessment of the status of the family Microchaetaceae based on morphology, ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene. Thorough examination of strains of the nominate genus Microchaete revealed their affiliation to two groups, Nostocaceae and Rivulariaceae, and their distant position to other traditional members of Microchaetaceae such as Tolypothrix, Hassallia, and Coleodesmium. To reflect the phylogenetic relationships and to accommodate members of the traditional family Microchaetaceae that are clearly not related to any of the Microchaete representatives, we propose establishment of two new families, Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae. Based on both molecular and morphological evidence, we also provide a description of three new species of the genus Fortiea.

Taxonomy, phylogeny and host plants of some Abia sawflies (Hymenoptera, Cimbicidae).

We briefly review the taxonomy of Abia, and attempt to clarify their systematics by phylogenetic tree reconstructions inferred from three (nuclear and mitochondrial) genes of some West Palaearctic and Nearctic species. The main question which we asked is whether the distinction, made by several authors, of two genera within this group is justified. Based on the species here sampled, our results strongly support a clade recognised widely in earlier literature as Abia or Abia (Abia), but do not always support another clade, Zaraea or Abia (Zaraea), as monophyletic. In the interests of nomenclatural stability and for other practical reasons, the two nominal genera should be treated as synonyms. Host plant associations may be useful in the systematics of Abia species, but this topic requires further investigation and inclusion of more species in phylogenetic analyses.

Carboniferous auloporids from the Iberian Peninsula: palaeocology, diversity, and spatio-temporal distribution

Auloporid corals are common in the Palaeozoic and very frequent in the Carboniferous buildups of the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity of these corals through a taxonomical recognition of the species and morphotypes that occur in the Iberian Peninsula. Eighteen sections have been sampled between the Ossa-Morena (Mississippian) and Cantabrian (Pennsylvanian) zones dated as upper Viséan to early Kasimovian. In addition, other localities where auloporids occur and are cited in the literature have been also used for this study. The taxonomical identification has been carried out using the criteria proposed by Tchudinova (1980) with little modifications. Thus, eighteen morphotypes and two species belonging to nine nominal genera have been identified (Multithecopora sp. A-H, Syringopora sp. A-B, Aulopora sp. A-B, Cladochonus sp. A-B, Syringoalcyon sp., Roemeripora sp., Sinopora sp., Mastopora? sp., Multithecopora hontoriense and Neomultithecopora cantabrica). Through a classical microfacies study, the environments where the auloporids lived have been identified, as well as the growth patterns and the features of sedimentation. Finally, a preliminary biostratigra­phic range chart for the Carboniferous auloporoids from the Iberian Peninsula has been achieved.

A neotype designation for the bone-skipper Centrophlebomyia anthropophaga (Diptera, Piophilidae, Thyreophorina), with a review of the Palaearctic species of Centrophlebomyia

The European bone-skippers (Diptera: Piophilidae: Thyreophorina), long considered extinct, have recently been the object of much interest by dipterists after their unexpected rediscovery. Considerable faunistic work has been done on these flies in recent years. However, some nomenclatural and taxonomic issues still require attention. A neotype is designated for Thyreophora anthropophaga Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (now in the genus Centrophlebomyia Hendel, 1903) to fix the identity of this nominal species. Centrophlebomyia anthropophaga is recognized as a valid species. It is described and illustrated in detail, and information on its preimaginal instars is provided for the first time. Four Palaearctic species of Centrophlebomyia are recognized and reviewed and a key is provided for their identification. Centrophlebomyia orientalis Hendel, 1907 from northern India, is removed from synonymy with Centrophlebomyia anthropophaga and recognized as a valid species of Centrophlebomyia, stat. r. The nominal genus Protothyreophora Ozerov, 1984 is considered a junior synonym of Centrophlebomyia, syn. n.

Fossil Echinoids from the Upper Pliocene Hopegate Formation of North Central Jamaica

The Upper Pliocene Hopegate Formation has been the least attractive limestone unit for paleontological investigation in the Cenozoic of Jamaica due to its extreme lithification and dolomitization, despite the scientific appeal of it being a rare example of a Pliocene raised reef in the Caribbean. Preservation of invertebrate macrofossils is commonly moldic. Hitherto, few named macrofossils from the unit have been published. New and extensive exposures of the Hopegate Formation have become available since 2002 as the main north coast road has been re-engineered in central north Jamaica. Echinoids were previously unknown from this formation, but at least seven taxa are now recognized, namely, Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck), Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, regular echinoids spp. indet., Echinoneus sp. cf. E. cyclostomus Leske, Schizaster sp. cf. S. doederleini (Chesher), Meoma? sp. and Brissus sp. cf. B. unicolor (Leske). The identifiable genera are typical of modern shallow water environments of the Caribbean. With the exception of Meoma? and Brissus, these nominal genera have also been identified from the coeval Bowden Formation, a deeper water deposit with a mixed allochthonous/autochthonous echinoderm fauna. In contrast to the Bowden Formation, which has yielded numerous fragmentary, but well preserved, echinoderm specimens, the Hopegate Formation has yielded only rare, poorly preserved echinoid tests and rarer fragments.

Tiny worms from a mighty continent: High diversity and new phylogenetic lineages of African monogeneans

The family Gyrodactylidae contains one of the most significant radiations of platyhelminth fish parasites. The so-called hyperviviparity is very rare in the animal kingdom, and the rapid generation time can lead to an explosive population growth, which can cause massive losses in farmed fish. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny including all-but-one African genera, inferred from ITS and 18S rDNA sequences. The validity of nominal genera is discussed in relation to the systematic value of morphological characters traditionally used for generic identification. New complete 18S rDNA sequences of 18 gyrodactylid species of eight genera together with ITS rDNA gene sequences of eight species representing seven genera were generated and complemented with GenBank sequences. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses pointed to a paraphyletic nature of African Gyrodactylus species. They formed well-supported clades possibly indicating speciation within host taxa: (1) parasites of cichlids (Cichlidae); (2) parasites of catfishes (Siluriformes), consisting of a lineage infecting mochokids and one infecting clariids. Macrogyrodactylus spp. firmly clustered into a monophyletic group. We found that Swingleus and Fundulotrema are very closely related and clearly cluster within Gyrodactylus. This supports earlier claims as to the paraphyly of the nominal genus Gyrodactylus as it is currently defined, and necessitates a revision of Swingleus and Fundulotrema. Molecular dating estimates confirmed a relatively young, certainly post-Gondwanan, origin of gyrodactylid lineages. Building on the previously suggested South-American origin of viviparous gyrodactylids, the dataset suggests subsequent intercontinental dispersal to Africa and from there repeated colonisation of the Holarctic.Even though the African continent has been heavily under sampled, the present diversity is far greater than in the intensively studied European fauna, probably because of the high endemicity of sub-Saharan Africa.

Generic identities and relationships within the brachiopod family Sowerbyellidae

Abstract: Sowerbyellid brachiopods often formed the dominant constituent in various Late Ordovician and Early Silurian benthic assemblages and had a global distribution under a wide range of water depths on the continental shelves. They persisted after then, but much less abundantly, into the Middle Devonian (Eifelian). However, their classification has varied. The terminology used for each of the individual morphological characters is reviewed and standardised, and those characters are discussed in turn as to their suitability for generic discrimination. Some structures previously used, such as canals developed within the ventral valve hinge area, are now found to be developed polyphyletically within both Sowerbyella and Eochonetes. The systematics of all the nominal genera are reviewed, and synonymies are suggested. Zhilgyzambonites is transferred from the Sowerbyellidae to the Hesperomenidae. Brief revised diagnoses are presented for all the genera and subgenera. Because it is enigmatic, the rare genus Dubioleptina from the Wenlock of Bohemia is revised in detail with new photographs and fresh descriptions, as is the more common but comparably controversial Kozlowskites from the Late Ordovician (Katian) of Bohemia and Wales. Both are confirmed as independent genera.

Molecules, morphology and minute hooded beetles: a phylogenetic study with implications for the evolution and classification of Corylophidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)

Eight genes (nuclear: 18S, 28S, H3, CAD; mitochondrial: 12S, 16S, COI, COII) and morphology were used to infer the evolutionary history of Corylophidae, some of the smallest free‐living insects. The study included 36 corylophid exemplars, representing approximately 60% of the known generic diversity of the family and 16 cucujoid outgroup taxa. Multiple partitioning strategies, molecular datasets, combined datasets and different taxon sampling regimes using maximum likelihood and mixed‐model Bayesian inference were utilized to analyse these data. Most results were highly concordant across analyses. There was strong agreement across (i) partitioning strategies, (ii) maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of the molecular data, and (iii) Bayesian inference of the molecular data alone and Bayesian inference of the combined morphological and molecular data when all terminal taxa were included. When a strict taxon sampling protocol was employed so that only single generic exemplars were included, deep relationships were affected in the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses. Under such narrow sampling strategies, deep phylogenetic relationships were also sensitive to the choice of generic exemplars. Although it is often challenging to obtain single representatives for many taxa in higher‐level phylogenetic analyses, these results indicate the importance of using denser taxon sampling approaches even at the specific level for genera included in such studies. Molecular data alone support Anamorphinae (Endomychidae) strongly as the sister group of Corylophidae. In combined data analyses, Coccinellidae is recovered as the sister group to Corylophidae. In all analyses, Corylophidae and the subfamily Corylophinae are recovered as monophyletic. The monophyly of Periptyctinae was untested, as only a single species was included. All included corylophine tribes were recovered as monophyletic with the exception of Aenigmaticini; Aenigmaticum Matthews forms the sister group to Orthoperus Stephens and StanusŚlipiński et al. is recovered as the sister group of Sericoderus Stephens. Stanus tasmanicusŚlipiński et al. is transferred to a new genus, Pseudostanus Robertson, Ślipiński &amp; McHugh gen.n.incertae sedis. We propose a new tribe, Stanini Robertson, Ślipiński &amp; McHugh trib.n. for Stanus bowesteadiŚlipiński et al. and a new concept of Aenigmaticini sensu.n. to include only the nominate genus. Anatomical transitions associated with corylophid miniaturization are highlighted. Key phenotypic modifications and elevated rates of substitution in nuclear rRNA genes are evident in a subgroup of Corylophinae that includes the most diminutive species. Other taxonomic and evolutionary implications are discussed in light of the results.

Case 3584ErythemisHagen, 1861: proposed precedence overLepthemisHagen, 1861 (Insecta, Odonata)

Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Articles 23.9.3 and 81.1 of the Code, is to conserve the widespread usage of the generic name Erythemis Hagen, 1861 for a group of common dragonflies from the New World over the simultaneously published nominal genus Lepthemis Hagen, 1861, selected to take precedence by the First Reviser action (Article 24.2), whenever these names are considered to be synonyms. This proposal seeks to achieve the least change in the nomenclature of the species currently placed in these two genera, in strict accordance with Principle 4 of the Code.