Nomen Nudum Research Articles

A new species of Pomponia Stl, 1866 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Western Ghats, with notes on the status of P. linearis (Walker, 1850) from southern India.

A new species of Pomponia Stl, 1866 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the P. linearis group is described from the Western Ghats of southern India. The hitherto unknown species, P. pseudolinearis sp. nov., is easily diagnosed from the other Pomponia species of the Western Ghats based on the unique structure of its male genitalia, low to mid-altitudinal distribution, and the characteristic male song. The new taxon is a member of the P. linearis species group according to its morphology and the distinctly protruding paramedian basal pygofer lobe suggests its affiliation to the linearis species complex inside the P. linearis species group. The divergent basal lobes of pygofer of males of this species are the critical characteristic feature that can be used to distinguish it from all the other members of the P. linearis species complex. It appears that this cryptic, common, and widespread species of the southern Western Ghats region was confused with P. linearis in the past. Pomponia linearis may not occur in the Western Ghats and its records are possibly a result of erroneous identification due to species lumping with similar taxa of linearis species complex distributed from Northeast India to Vietnam. In addition, some new morphometric indices are introduced. Notes on other known Pomponia species of the Western Ghats, namely P. cyanea Fraser, 1948 and P. zebra Bliven, 1964 are also provided with P. folei Fraser, 1948 treated as a nomen nudum.

NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON TWO WESTERN TRICHOSTEMA

Two species of Trichostema L. (Ajugoideae, Lamiaceae) from western states need nomenclatural clarification. Trichostema simulatum Jeps. occurs throughout northern California and southern Oregon. It was published by Willis Linn Jepson in his 1925 flora of California citing the type collection as “Klamathon, Copeland 3534, Type”. This is a conflation of the collector's name and the specimen number of the exsiccata West American Plants, in which the type specimen was distributed by C. F. Baker in 1903. Furthermore, an herbarium name, “Trichostema laetum Greene,” appears on most T. simulatum type material. This designation was never published and is a nomen nudum. Trichostema austromontanum F.H.Lewis occurs throughout the mountain ranges of southern California and Baja California. Originally published with two subspecies by Harlan Lewis in 1945, the three taxa have since been determined to be invalidly published because Lewis did not provide a species description, only subspecies descriptions. Herein, we provide a clarification on the type specimens of T. simulatum Jeps. as well as a valid publication of the species name T. austromontanum.

Catalogue and typification of the Moroccan taxa published by Carlos Pau

Carlos Pau was one of the first Spanish botanists interested in the flora of northern Morocco. He proposed 421 taxa for this area, including some illegitimate names and nomina nuda. A complete and annotated catalogue of names by Pau for Moroccan taxa is presented here. For all of them, the typification and synonymy have been evaluated. For 63 taxa the holotype is indicated, and 206 taxa are typified here. The main collection of Pau and most types are preserved in Herb. MA, but many types have also been found in Herb. BC and other European herbaria.

A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) – suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts

A revised taxonomy of Cenozoic radiolarian families is of particular importance because exhaustive molecular phylogenetic analyses for Collodaria, Entactinaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria have shown high level of confidence at family or higher taxonomic ranks. In this sense, this study presents a new comprehensive taxonomy at the family level that integrated a classification based on ribosomal taxonomic marker genes (rDNA) and classical morphological taxonomy. However, many family names commonly used in Cenozoic radiolarians (Polycystinea) are derived from genera whose type species were never illustrated at the time of the generic definition. Obviously, in the vast majority of those cases, the “Principle of Typification” regulated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Art. 61) cannot be logically applied. This has contributed to a century-long misunderstanding about the validity of Cenozoic taxa (species, genera and/or family-group names) erected without any illustration or drawing of their types, in particular the huge contribution of Ernst Haeckel from samples of the Challenger expedition (1872-1876). Reexamination of Haeckel's collection definitively confirmed that all the original types series (the specimens on which Haeckel established the nominal species-group taxon) being nonextant; in other words, all name-bearing specimens (the types) are restricted to the illustrations given in Haeckel's drawings. Because “types” in taxonomy are precious things, a nominal species-group taxon lacking at all of illustration (or indication to a repository) do not ensure the recognition of the species. Following the rules and recommendations of the ICZN, these names should be excluded from all nomenclatorial and taxonomical acts. This revision presents the state of the art of all proposed family-group names (with full synonymy lists) for Cenozoic Polycystinea.The list of family-group nominal taxa and their names was inventoried from 6694 publications (89% of the whole known references on radiolarians). The references were examined in order to clarify and fix the status of family names; hence these family-group names were rigidly classified as: valid, junior synonym, nomen dubium, nomen nudum, homonym, and invalid names. A total of 372 family-group names were proposed for the Cenozoic. These consist of 94 valid family-groups, 118 junior synonym family-groups, 111 nomen dubium family-groups (mainly artificially created in a hypothetical conceptual framework), 6 junior homonym family-groups, 19 nomen nudum family-groups, as well as 24 invalid names. In addition, one nomen novum et four new families are presented. The description of 25 families have been also emended.This study also outlines the advantages of an integrated approach to taxonomy of Polycystinea by the combination of both morphological and molecular systematics. Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the systematic classification proposed at suprageneric level is arranged as follows:a) Order Spumellaria: three Phylogenetic Molecular Lineages (PM Lineages = suborders), 13 superfamilies and 42 families;b) Order Entactinaria: one PM Lineage, five superfamilies and nine families;c) Order Nassellaria: four PM Lineages, 16 superfamilies and 37 families;d) Order Collodaria: three superfamilies and six families.

Лексическое значение антропонимов в английском языке

The purpose of the study is to determine the composition of the lexical meaning of various types of anthroponyms in the English language. The scientific novelty is determined by a new point of view concerning the problem of the lexical meaning of proper names that consists in the fact that the structure of the lexical meaning depends on the specific type of anthroponyms. The results of the study demonstrate that the personal names of the epic discourse have a complete semantic structure. Modern personal names are characterized by semantic reduction to a referential element. Emergence of informal names fills the loss of the lexical meaning of a proper name. Functioning in parallel with the personal name, they have complete semantic structure.

An evaluation of the nomina for death adders (Acanthophis Daudin, 1803) proposed by Wells amp; Wellington (1985), and confirmation of A. cryptamydros Maddock et al., 2015 as the valid name for the Kimberley death adder.

We assess the availability of four names proposed by Wells Wellington (1985) for Australian death adders (Acanthophis). In agreement with previous literature, A. hawkei is an available name, whereas A. armstrongi, A. lancasteri, and A. schistos are not described in conformity with the requirements of Articles 13.1.1 or 13.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and are therefore considered nomina nuda. Consequently, A. cryptamydros Maddock et al., 2015, is confirmed as the valid name for the Kimberley death adder of Western Australia. We comment on the need for greater clarity in the Code, and emphasise that the responsibility for establishing the availability of new nomina rests with their authors, not subsequent researchers.

Revival of Philozoon Geddes for host-specialized dinoflagellates, ‘zooxanthellae’, in animals from coastal temperate zones of northern and southern hemispheres

ABSTRACT The dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae comprises numerous genera and species with large differences in diversity, ecology and geographic distribution. An evolutionarily divergent lineage common in temperate symbiotic cnidarians and designated in the literature by several informal names including ‘temperate–A’, AI, Phylotype A´ (A-prime) and ‘Mediterranean A’, is here assigned to the genus Philozoon. This genus was proposed by Geddes (1882) in one of the earliest papers that recognized ‘yellow cells’ as distinct biological entities separate from their animal and protist hosts. Using phylogenetic data from nuclear (rDNA), chloroplast (cp23S) and mitochondrial genes (cob and cox1), as well as morphology (cell size), ecological traits (host affinity) and geographic distributions, we emend the genus Philozoon Geddes and two of its species, P. medusarum and P. actiniarum, and describe six new species. Each symbiont species exhibits high host fidelity for particular species of sea anemone, soft coral, stony coral and a rhizostome jellyfish. Philozoon is most closely related to Symbiodinium (formerly Clade A), but, unlike its tropical counterpart, occurs in hosts in shallow temperate marine habitats in northern and southern hemispheres including the Mediterranean Sea, north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, eastern Australia, New Zealand and Chile. The existence of a species-diverse lineage adapted to cnidarian hosts living in high latitude habitats with inherently wide fluctuations in temperature calls further attention to the ecological and biogeographic reach of the Symbiodiniaceae. HIGHLIGHTS A dinoflagellate genus symbiotic with temperate invertebrates is characterized and named using a discarded taxonomic term revived from the golden age of Natural Historians. The work highlights how animal–algal mutualisms are evolved to thrive under a broad range of environmental conditions.

Roseobacters in a Sea of Poly- and Paraphyly: Whole Genome-Based Taxonomy of the Family Rhodobacteraceae and the Proposal for the Split of the "Roseobacter Clade" Into a Novel Family, Roseobacteraceae fam. nov.

The family Rhodobacteraceae consists of alphaproteobacteria that are metabolically, phenotypically, and ecologically diverse. It includes the roseobacter clade, an informal designation, representing one of the most abundant groups of marine bacteria. The rapid pace of discovery of novel roseobacters in the last three decades meant that the best practice for taxonomic classification, a polyphasic approach utilizing phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic characteristics, was not always followed. Early efforts for classification relied heavily on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and resulted in numerous taxonomic inconsistencies, with several poly- and paraphyletic genera within this family. Next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed whole-genome sequences to be obtained for most type strains, making a revision of their taxonomy possible. In this study, we performed whole-genome phylogenetic and genotypic analyses combined with a meta-analysis of phenotypic data to review taxonomic classifications of 331 type strains (under 119 genera) within the Rhodobacteraceae family. Representatives of the roseobacter clade not only have different environmental adaptions from other Rhodobacteraceae isolates but were also found to be distinct based on genomic, phylogenetic, and in silico-predicted phenotypic data. As such, we propose to move this group of bacteria into a new family, Roseobacteraceae fam. nov. In total, reclassifications resulted to 327 species and 128 genera, suggesting that misidentification is more problematic at the genus than species level. By resolving taxonomic inconsistencies of type strains within this family, we have established a set of coherent criteria based on whole-genome-based analyses that will help guide future taxonomic efforts and prevent the propagation of errors.

<p class="NormalParagraphStyle"><strong>Nomenclatural comments on and corrections of nomina of some non-marine </strong><strong>fossil gastropods</strong></p>

Nomenclatural issues pertaining to selected non-marine gastropods of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are discussed and resolved as follows. [1] Viviparus hammeri (Defrance, 1825) is reinstated; Helicites viviparoides Schlotheim, 1820 is a nomen nudum, made available as Paludina viviparoides Bronn, 1848, a new objective synonym. [2] Viviparus frauenfeldi Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of Viviparus oulchyensis Wenz, 1919. [3] Lorus is proposed as a nomen novum for Liris Conrad, 1871 [nec Fabricius, 1804]. [3] Wesselinghia is proposed as a nomen novum for Longosoma Wesselingh & Kadolsky, 2006 [nec Hartman, 1944]. [4] Hydrobia incerta (Deshayes, 1862) is reinstated; Hydrobia antoni Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of this nomen. [5] The species Paludina frauenfeldi Hoernes, 1856 is designated as type species of Sarmata B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1920. [6] The misidentified type species of Annulifer Cossmann, 1921, so far known as ‘Paludina protracta sensu Cossmann 1921, non Eichwald, 1850’, is fixed under Article 70.3 of the Code as understood by Cossmann (1921), and renamed Annulifer annulifer new species. [7] Pomatias turgidulus (Sandberger, 1872) is reinstated; P. turonicus Wenz, 1923 and Cyclostoma squamosum Peyrot, 1932 are its new objective synonyms. [8] Valvata inflata Sandberger, 1875 is reinstated; V. gaudryana Wenz, 1928 [nec Mortillet, 1863] is its new objective synonym. [8] Catinella? montana Pierce, new species, originally published as “[Succineidae] montana Pierce, 1992”, is made available by associating the species epithet with a generic nomen. [9] Proalbinaria subantiqua (d’Orbigny, 1850) is reinstated; its senior synonym Pupa antiqua Matheron, 1832 is a primary junior homonym of Pupa muscorum antiqua Eichwald, 1830. [10] The type species of Palaeostoa Andreae, 1884 is Pupa fontenayi Sandberger, 1871 by subsequent designation by Cossmann (1905), which has precedence over the designation of Clausilia crenata Sandberger, 1871 by Wenz (1923). [11] Palaeostoa elongata (Melleville, 1843), whose original combination was Pupa elongata, is a primary junior homonym of Pupa elongata Bouillet, 1836, an unused name for an unidentified nominal species; pending more information on the taxon at stake, maintenance of the existing usage is recommended. [12] Scalaxis columnella (Deshayes, 1863) is reinstated, with Scalaxis sinister Wenz, 1923 as its new synonym. [13] Eurystrophe olla (Serres, 1844) is reinstated, with Helix janthinoides Noulet, 1868 [nec Helix janthinoides Serres, 1829, a nomen nudum] as its new synonym.

Mammal type specimens in the Macleay Collections, University of Sydney.

Type material of 12 mammal taxa originally proposed as species or subspecies are housed in the former Macleay Museum (now Macleay Collections, Chau Chak Wing Museum), University of Sydney and consist of seven holotypes and 12 syntypes. These were published from 1875 to 1887, five by N.N. Miklouho-Maclay and seven by E.P. Ramsay, of which six are currently considered valid taxa. Six type specimens are identified in the Collection for the first time. This includes rediscovery of the holotype skull of the New Guinean forest wallaby Dorcopsis chalmersii Miklouho-Maclay not reported since its description in 1884, a likely syntype of the bandicoot Perameles macroura torosa Ramsay, and three additional syntypes of the flying fox Pteropus (Epomops?) epularius Ramsay. The holotype of the dasyurid Antechinus (Podabrus) froggatti Ramsay, housed at the Australian Museum since before 1959, is also discussed. Limited specimen data currently prevents validation of an additional six specimens identified here as suspected syntypes of four further names: the macropodoids Halmaturus mastersii Krefft, Halmaturus crassipes Ramsay and Hypsiprymnodon moschatus Ramsay, and the bandicoot Perameles moresbyensis Ramsay. Individual accounts are given for a total of 21 proposed names. Type material of four of these remain unlocated in world collections and it is not known if they were ever in the Macleay Collections: the bandicoot Brachymelis garagassi Miklouho-Maclay, 1884; the wallaby Macropus tibol Miklouho-Maclay, 1885; the cuscus Cuscus chrysorrhous var. goldiei Ramsay and the giant rat Hapalotis papuanus Ramsay. The nomenclatural status of the possum Phalangista pinnata Ramsay, 1877, a possible nomen nudum, is also discussed. No nomenclatural actions are taken in this paper.

The Trichoptera of Panama. Six new species and four new country records of microcaddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve

There have been 179 species of microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) recorded from the Republic of Panama. Herein we describe 6 new species from Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and biological reserve, in the Rio Colorado watershed ( Leucotrichia cultrata, Metrichia akidion, M. plax, Ochrotrichia alma, O. paxilla, and O. petersoni ). In addition, we describe 1 species under an informal designation and report 4 new country records for Panama from this location ( Metrichia angulosa Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, M. mechuda Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, M. meta Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, and M. truncata Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal), which were known previously only from Costa Rica. These results are part of an ongoing effort to characterize the aquatic insect fauna of Panama, and to evaluate that country’s major watersheds. There are now 449 species of Trichoptera known from Panama distributed in 15 families and 52 genera, including 189 species of microcaddisflies.

Linnaean names in the tribe Malveae for North and Central American Floras1

The Linnaean names Malva abutiloides, Sida alba, Sida americana, and Sida triquetra are investigated. Sida alba is a nomen nudum and not validly published according to the Art. 38.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Sida triquetra is a superfluous and illegitimate name, replacement of the legitimate Sida trisulcata by Jacquin. The name S. americana is lectotypified by a specimen kept at LINN (No. 866.25). For nomenclatural purposes, the names Abutilon dentatum (= A. abutiloides), Albutilon ramosissimum (= S. trisulcata), Sida tricuspidata (= A. abutiloides), and Sida lignosa (= A. abutiloides) were also studied. These four names are lectotypified by specimens preserved at US (A. dentatum), PR (A. ramosissimum), and MA (S. tricuspidata and S. lignosa).

(97) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with Aethionema kopetdaghi (Cruciferae)

(97) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with <i>Aethionema kopetdaghi</i> (<i>Cruciferae</i>)

South African Acrothoracica (Crustacea: Cirripedia).

Prior to this review, only three publications, all species descriptions published over 50 years ago, had focussed on South African acrothoracicans. We collected samples from three of South Africa's major marine ecoregions (Benguela, Agulhas and Natal) and used these to produce a revised account of the known regional fauna. This includes a key to known South African acrothoracicans and a systematic account of the species, each description being accompanied by scanning electron and light microscopy images. The number of known South African acrothoracicans is increased from four to eight species, with three new distribution records and two new species added to the fauna, while one existing record is determined to be a nomen nudum. Although this represents a doubling of the known regional acrothoracican fauna, much more remains to be explored, and further research in deeper waters and examination of other potential hosts (such as corals and hermit crabs) are likely to reveal many additional taxa.

Catalogue and Typifications of New Taxa of Vascular Plants Described by Mårten Magnus Wilhelm Brenner (1843–1930)

Mårten Magnus Wilhelm Brenner (1843–1930) was a non-professional Finnish botanist who published 220 articles or notes. Brenner worked on East Fennoscandian vascular plants (the territory of present-day Finland and adjacent Russia). He validly published ca. 833 new taxa, especially in genus Hieracium (including Pilosella), and introduced 56 names as nomina nuda. Brenner had no concept of type specimens and therefore all his plant taxa need typification, and 151 of those are lectotypified here. In this paper, nomina nuda and the taxa whose type material was not found are also listed, except those of the apomictic genera Hieracium and Taraxacum. Many of Brenner's new taxa are forms and varieties, generally not recognised nowadays. Many of his taxa were based on single or few specimens and therefore were characterised by local distributions, whereas some include ample original material. Finnish botanists generally ignored Brenner's contributions to taxonomy. However, 11 species of Hieracium, 20 of Taraxacum and Euphrasia stricta var. tenuis (Brenner) Jalas are currently recognised, and recently also E. wettsteinii var. botniensium (Brenner) Piirainen. Together Brenner's type collection treated here consists of 254 sheets (Hieracium and Taraxacum excluded), deposited at the Botanical Museum (H), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Why we love heart failure: an introduction to the universal definition of heart failure

“Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus” “The rose of old remains only through its name and we hold only bare names.” Umberto Eco. Il nome della rosa We both started to think about, and to research on, HF about 40 years ago, right with the publication of the first edition of Braunwald's textbook in 1980. That textbook was so clear. It was the first time for us that we found all essentials of pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of heart disease so clearly shown in one place.3 It was also the first time that we found a definition of HF usable in everyday clinical work and this was the time that we both fell in love with this syndrome. A name, a definition, may not be all, but it comes close. We define a syndrome. We have something to defeat. As more as we contemplate medicine, as more it seems that it is done by names and clear definitions. One of the most recent and devastating diseases we had, coronavirus disease 2019, was soon very clearly defined by a name, COVID-19, and while we still did not know anything of this disease, we could start searching in PubMed or Google for COVID-19 plus whatever is of interest and everything started coming out in increased clarity. HF was also not clear before we started having a definition. It was already clearly important but we did not have a clear enemy behind the name of HF. Dr Braunwald clearly defined HF and it was the first time we had something clear to fight against. Then, the methodology of randomized controlled trials was applied to HF and we had further definitions. The Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) enrolled patients with a diagnosis of HF ‘… based on clinical criteria: a history of heart disease with symptoms of dyspnea or fatigue or both, together with signs of fluid retention and no evidence of primary pulmonary disease. The patients were symptomatic at rest (NYHA functional class IV). (…) Measurements of myocardial function were not required.’4 Better patients' characterization started in the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing hydralazine–isosorbide dinitrate combination with prazosin and placebo.5 Eligibility for this trial ‘was based on evidence of cardiac dilatation at (…) chest x-ray film or (..) echocardiography or left ventricular (…) radionuclide ejection fraction <45% in association with reduced exercise tolerance, as assessed by a progressive maximal bicycle-ergometer exercise test’.5 Then, measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) became widely available through echocardiography and the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) introduced the criterion of a low LVEF, ‘of 0.35 or less’ as an integral component of the definition of HF.6 However, it was only in 1995 that the task force of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published guidelines for the diagnosis of HF which, as nicely stated by Braunwald, ‘went beyond symptoms’ and ‘also required objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction in the definition’.7 The figure in the Braunwald and Antman editorial outlines this: major discoveries and step forward in HF treatment went along with milestones in the definition of HF.2 Thus, nothing closer to truth than the quotation by Albert Einstein that Gregg Fonarow used in another enlightening recent editorial comment: ‘Many of the things you can count, don't count. Many of the things you can't count, really count.’8 There is no number in a definition, nothing that can be measured, but a definition can change our life and, hopefully, that of our patients, too.

Mexican Upper Cretaceous rudists (Hippuritida, Bivalvia): Taxonomic, stratigraphic, and geologic data

Analysis of seventy published papers dealing with Mexican Upper Cretaceous rudists, together with consultation of the newest geological maps covering the areas with mentioned rudist fossil localities, evidenced that: a) several among the Turonian-Maastrichtian species mentioned are junior synonymies, nomen nudum, insufficiently described, or have untraceable types. According to modern standards, around sixty species seem acceptable, Antillocaprinidae (12), Hippuritidae (11), Plagioptychidae (9), and Radiolitidae (27). Only three species (Turonian) are common with Eurasia. All the Santonian-Maastrichtian rudists (54) are exclusively American species, either ascribed to Eurasian (9) or to American (21) genera. b) Research on rudists helped to improve the stratigraphy in some areas, and to point out or clear up some geological issues in others. c) The restudy of the geology in some areas, of some rudist collections in museums, and of some rudist groups, are much necessary and must be undertaken.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A review of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) described from Mesozoic deposits&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Twenty-four fossil gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) described from 1917–2020 from Mesozoic deposits, mostly ambers, are reviewed. Information from the original publications is used as the basis for reinterpretation, when such is regarded as appropriate here. As a result, the fossil record of cecidomyiids from the Mesozoic comprises representatives of the following subfamilies and tribes, all mycophagous (numbers in parentheses refer to species described): Catotrichinae (1); Micromyinae: Catochini (2), Amediini (1), Campylomyzini (1), Micromyini (2) and Aprionini (1); Winnertziinae: Heteropezini (2), Diallactiini (4) and Winnertziini (1); Porricondylinae: Dicerurini (1). Other Winnertziinae (3) and Micromyinae (5) cannot be classified to tribe because information on critical morphological structures is unavailable; they are thus considered incertae sedis. Members of the Lestremiinae sensu stricto are unrecorded from the Mesozoic, as are any Cecidomyiinae (the only subfamily containing phytophages and predators). Commonly occurring reasons for misinterpretation of amber fossils are the non-recognition of artefacts and the unfamiliarity with group-specific literature regarding prevailing taxonomic concepts and the morphological diversity found in Cecidomyiidae. These causes as well as obvious differences between neontological and paleontological taxonomic practices are discussed. Amediini trib. nov. Jaschhof, 2021 is introduced as a new tribe of the Micromyinae, to absorb the genera Amedia Jaschhof, 1997 (extant, North America, type genus), Amediella Jaschhof, 2003 (extant, New Zealand) and Eltxo Arillo &amp; Nel, 2000 (extinct, Alava amber). A diagnosis of the new tribe is given. Krassiloviolini Fedotova &amp; Perkovsky, 2017 is a new junior synonym of Heteropezini Schiner, 1868. Amediini Plakidas, 2017 and Zarqacecidomyius singularis Kaddumi, 2007 are nomina nuda.

(2801) Proposal to conserve the name Coprosma grandifolia (Rubiaceae) with a conserved type

(2801) Coprosma grandifolia Hook. f., Bot. Antarct. Voy. 2(1) (Fl. Nov.-Zel. 1): 104. 6 Sep 1852 [Angiosp.: Rub.], nom. cons. prop. Typus: [New Zealand], “Pelaphia grandifolia Mscr”, Banks & Solander (WELT Nos. SP063859/A! & SP063859/B!), typ. cons. prop. The largest-leaved Coprosma (Rubiaceae) in New Zealand was known as C. grandifolia Hook. f. (Bot. Antarct. Voy. 2(1) (Fl. Nov.-Zel. 1): 104: 1852) in the early part of the 20th century (e.g., Cheeseman, Man. New Zealand Fl.: 246. 1906; ed. 2: 858. 1925). Subsequently (e.g., Oliver in Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.: 107. 1935; Allan, Fl. New Zealand: 582. 1961; Moore & Irwin, Oxford Book New Zealand Pl.: 122. 1978), it was referred to C. australis (A. Rich.) B.L. Rob. (in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: 408. 1910) because of that name's earlier basionym (Ronabea australis A. Rich. in Dumont d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 1: 265. 1832). However, Connor & Edgar (in New Zealand J. Bot. 25: 142. 1987) quoted A.P. Druce as pointing out that the syntypes (P barcodes P03819108!, P04023398!) of Ronabea australis were the species known as Coprosma lucida J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2: 138. 1776). Druce also stated, “The next available name for the plants known here as C. australis is C. grandifolia Hook. f.” It was, however, not noticed until recently (Gooding & al., Joseph Banks' Florilegium: 150. 2017; Large & al. in Kew Bull. 75(37): 1–5. 2020) that Hooker's Coprosma grandifolia is an illegitimate superfluous name because he cited R. australis in its synonymy (Art. 52.1 and 52.2 of the ICN: Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). After Connor & Edgar (l.c.), the name Coprosma grandifolia was widely adopted once again (e.g., Poole & Adams, Trees Shrubs New Zealand: 174. 1994; Eagle, Eagle's Complete Trees Shrubs New Zealand 2: 676. 2006; Dawson & Lucas, New Zealand Native Trees: 198. 2011; Schönberger & al., Checkl. New Zealand Fl. Seed Plants: 87. 2019). Until Gooding & al. (l.c.), usage of Coprosma grandifolia had become universal. By comparison, Coprosma autumnalis Colenso (in Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 19: 263. 1887), which is the next available name for the largest-leaved New Zealand Coprosma (Large & al., l.c.), had never been previously used in modern times as an accepted name (searching www.googlescholar.com with “Coprosma autumnalis”, 23 Oct 2020). Furthermore, this largest-leaved Coprosma is one of the most common of New Zealand's indigenous plants. In the citizen science website www.iNaturalist.org, for instance, it was the 18th-most recorded indigenous plant within the five years to 23 October 2020, with 1133 research grade observations. It is hence among the top 1% of observed species within an indigenous vascular flora of some 2500 species. Attitudes to nomenclatural change have shifted markedly in recent decades. McNeill & al. (in Taxon 64: 165. 2015) wrote that “Successive Nomenclature Sections have made it quite clear that indulging in name changes for purely nomenclatural reasons is now reprehensible unless new conservation/rejection avenues have been explored […].” The particularly apt name Coprosma grandifolia is here proposed for conservation to retain prevailing usage. If this is not accepted, then one of the most commonly encountered plants in New Zealand will have its name changed again because of the nomenclatural oversight made by Druce, Connor, and Edgar over three decades ago. This would entail significant disruption for the users of botanical names in New Zealand, fuelling disquiet about the practice of taxonomists. The proposed conserved type accords with Hooker's protologue for Coprosma grandifolia, where he cited “Banks and Solander, etc.” Hooker also cited in synonymy their nomina nuda “Pelaphia laeta” and “P. grandifolia”, with the latter annotated by Solander on the label of the proposed conserved type. The plant material on the A and B sheets was originally stored together unmounted, along with Solander's label now on sheet A (Patrick Brownsey, pers. comm.) and so represents a single specimen (cf. Art. 8.3 of the ICN; Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). LP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-3534 I thank Patrick Brownsey and Lara Shepherd for their review of an initial draft.

Taxonomic reassessment of four larger benthic Foraminifera (soritoids and orbitolinids) described from the Lower to mid-Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Iraq

Four Cretaceous foraminifers belonging to the subfamilies Pseudorhapydionininae, Orbitolininae and Dictyoconinae are here taxonomically revised: Pseudorhipidionina tubaensis, Bicyclina rifaiensis, Orbitolina arcuala, and Simplorbitolina nakhali. It is revealed that they should be considered junior synonyms of several existing species or inaccurately defined for specific identification. The new nominal names introduced to indicate such synonyms are invalidated, thus they are to be considered as nomen nudum.