Standard Nomenclature Research Articles

SURG-15. THE INCONSISTENT TERMINOLOGY FOR EXTENT OF RESECTION IN GLIOBLASTOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON SIX DECADES OF NEURO-ONCOLOGICAL STUDIES

Abstract BACKGROUND More extensive resection leads to improved outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Insufficient recognition of extent of resection may introduce significant bias in clinical trials. This study aimed to systematically characterize the terminology used to describe resection in neuro-oncological studies. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of the PubMed database to identify neuro-oncological trials between January 1966 and January 2024. We selected studies providing information on extent of resection for newly diagnosed glioblastoma in adults. A standardized set of semantic and clinical variables was extracted for each study. RESULTS We screened a total of 1862 neuro-oncological studies, and 117 studies comprising 44 prospective interventional trials and 73 retrospective studies met our inclusion criteria. While a positive association between outcome and more extensive resection was almost universally reported, a broad range of 15 different semantic terms were used to describe extent of resection (e.g., “complete/incomplete”, “gross-total/subtotal”, or “total/partial” resection). Reflecting this inconsistent terminology, only 60 studies (60/117, 51%) provided explicit definitions for categorizing extent of resection. Of these 60 studies, 17 (17/60, 28%) used subjective measurements including intraoperative estimations for extent of resection, while 43 studies (43/60, 72%) relied on objective measurements of volumetrics on pre- and post-operative imaging. There was no difference in the number of objective definitions between prospective and retrospective studies. However, the number of studies with objective definitions was significantly higher in surgical studies compared to medical neuro-oncological studies and increased over recent years (before 2010: 21%; after 2010: 41%). CONCLUSION The terminology used to describe the extent of resection varies greatly across neuro-oncological studies. To minimize imbalances between study arms and enable comparisons across different institutions, adopting a standardized surgical nomenclature appears essential. The recent RANO resect classification for extent of resection might form the basis for such a standardized terminology.

Tiling Robotics: A New Paradigm of Shape‐Morphing Reconfigurable Robots

The ability of reconfigurable robots to adapt to varying tasks and environments furnishes versatility and efficiency in their operations. In this article, tiling robots are introduced as a novel paradigm of shape‐morphing reconfigurable robots, defining them as polyform‐inspired machines capable of transforming between at least two polymorphic shapes. In the study, the existing and future designs of tiling robots by varying base shapes and polygon selections are explored, identifying a significant gap for further exploration of polyforms in their design. The various reconfiguration‐enabling mechanisms and locomotion mechanisms of tiling robots are comparatively analyzed. Summarized electromechanical developments, along with a proposed generalized kinematic model and control scheme, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of tiling robots. A comparison of tiling robots with other established reconfigurable robots is conducted to position tiling robotics within the broader landscape of reconfigurable robotics. The introduction of a new naming convention addresses the absence of a standardized nomenclature for tiling robots. In this article, highlighting the current focus on area coverage in autonomy algorithms of tiling robots, future developments in diverse application domains like logistics, entertainment, and education are anticipated, emphasizing the adaptability of tiling robots as a critical feature for their proliferation across various domains.

Impact of HIV infection on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia detection in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Germany: a cross-sectional study.

Women living with HIV (WLWH) are frequently affected by cervical dysplasia caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and invasive cervical cancer (CxCa). CxCa screening programs can include colposcopy, cytology, and HPV testing. These methods, however, have limitations in effectively stratifying cervical dysplasia. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of an innovative mRNA-based multiplexed expression-quantifying assay in the detection and assessment of cervical dysplasia in WLWH. The QuantiGene-Molecular-Profiling-Histology Assay (QG-MPH) was used to detect and quantify HPV oncogene and cellular biomarker mRNA expression. These results were included in the Risk Score (QG-MPH RS) calculations that inform about the presence and severity of dysplasia. QG-MPH RS results were compared to the highly sensitive Multiplexed Papillomavirus Genotyping (MPG) Assay and clinical results obtained by cytology, colposcopy and histology. For a standardized nomenclature of clinical results, the clinical ASSIST Score was used. Of 241 WLWH, including 96 pregnant women, a concordance between the QG-MPH RS and the ASSIST Score was found to 36.3% (49/135) in non-pregnant WLWH and 67.1% (57/85) in pregnant WLWH. The QG-MPH method demonstrated high specificity for detecting high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes and high-grade cervical dysplasia, achieving 89.6% and 82.4%, respectively, including pregnant and non-pregnant WLWH. The QG-MPH assay shows potential for improving the detection and management of HPV-related cervical dysplasia in WLWH, including pregnant women. Its high specificity, however, is tempered by its tendency to overestimate dysplasia severity in certain cases, indicating that further research is needed to refine its use as a reliable diagnostic tool for this high-risk population.

Cardiotoxicity following thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer.

Radiotherapy is the standard of care treatment for unresectable NSCLC, combined with concurrent chemotherapy and adjuvant immunotherapy. Despite technological advances in radiotherapy planning and delivery, the risk of damage to surrounding thoracic tissues remains high. Cardiac problems, including arrhythmia, heart failure and ischaemic events, occur in 20% of patients with lung cancer who undergo radiotherapy. As survival rates improve incrementally for this cohort, minimising the cardiovascular morbidity of RT is increasingly important. Problematically, the reporting of cardiac endpoints has been poor in thoracic radiotherapy clinical trials, and retrospective studies have been limited by the lack of standardisation of nomenclature and endpoints. How baseline cardiovascular profile and cardiac substructure radiation dose distribution impact the risk of cardiotoxicity is incompletely understood. As Thoracic Oncology departments seek to expand the indications for radiotherapy, and as the patient cohort becomes older and more comorbid, there is a pressing need for cardiotoxicity to be comprehensively characterised with sophisticated oncology, physics and cardio-oncology evaluations. This review synthesises the evidence base for cardiotoxicity in conventional radiotherapy, focusing on lung cancer, including current data, unmet clinical needs, and future scientific directions.

Sci-ModoM: a quantitative database of transcriptome-wide high-throughput RNA modification sites.

We present Sci-ModoM, the first next-generation RNome database offering a holistic view of the epitranscriptomic landscape. Sci-ModoM has a simple yet powerful interface, underpinned by FAIR data principles, a standardized nomenclature, and interoperable formats, fostering the use of common standards within the epitranscriptomics community. Sci-ModoM provides quantitative measurements per site and dataset, enabling users to assess confidence levels based on score, coverage, and stoichiometry. Data in Sci-ModoM is directly traceable to its sources. Users can Search and Compare over six million modifications across 156 datasets, Browse or download datasets, and retrieve metadata. A comparison tool offers a novel and unique opportunity to compare modifications site-wise across datasets, with the ability to securely upload and compare user data against latest published research. Sci-ModoM empowers researchers, including non-experts, to access a broad spectrum of recent quantitative RNA modification data, thereby enhancing the utility and impact of latest discoveries, and opening new avenues in biological and medical research.

A Proposed Standard Seismic Frequency Nomenclature for Geophysical Site Investigation Surveys in the Offshore Energy Sector

A Proposed Standard Seismic Frequency Nomenclature for Geophysical Site Investigation Surveys in the Offshore Energy Sector

Prognostic value of the CRM-status in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - data from a regional cancer registry

BackgroundDuctal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still has a dismal prognosis even when deemed resectable. A cancer free resection margin (R0) is associated with a more favourable prognosis than the presence of tumour cells at resection margin (R1). However, the precise definition of the R0 status is still a matter of debate in PDAC. For a more accurate determination of R0 in PDAC the concept of circumferential resection margins (CRM) has been established and has been incorporated into the German national S3 guideline on exocrine pancreatic cancer. However, an international standardized nomenclature of CRM is still missing, and the clinical value of the CRM concept is not yet fully established. Here we evaluate whether the CRM status as defined in the national German S3 guideline corresponds with overall and progression free survival in PDAC using data from the regional cancer registry of the State of Baden Württemberg in Germany.MethodsData from the cancer registry of the State of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, were used to assess the relationship between CRM-status and progression free survival (PFS) as well as 3-year overall survival (OS) using documented patients diagnosed with resectable ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas between 2015 and 2020. Patients were residents of the State of Baden-Württemberg and underwent surgery for PDAC. The R-status was assessed according to the national German S3 guideline with R0 wide/CRM- when CRM is > 1 mm from the tumour, R0 narrow/CRM + when CRM is ≤ 1 mm from the tumour and R1 when tumour cells are found at the resection margin.ResultsIn total we identified 1098 cases surgically treated for pancreatic cancer and fulfilling the inclusion criteria. 340 patients had an R0 wide/CRM- resection, 410 patients an R0 narrow/CRM + resection, and 348 patients an R1 resection. The R0 wide/CRM- status was associated with a significantly increased median OS rate compared to the other two groups (51,5%, 37,4% and 26,7% for R0 wide/CRM-, R0 narrow/CRM + and R1, respectively). mPFS was also longer in the R0 wide/CRM- group. These findings were robust with regards to grading and tumour location.ConclusionsCRM is prognostic for patients with resectable PDAC making the pathological assessment of the R-status according to the CRM concept worthwhile.

Plastic debris exposure and effects in rivers: Boundaries for efficient ecological risk assessment.

Until recently, plastic pollution research was focused on the marine environments, and attention was given to terrestrial and freshwater environments latter. This discussion paper aims to put forward crucial questions on issues that limit our ability to conduct reliable plastic ecological risk assessments in rivers. Previous studies highlighted the widespread presence of plastics in rivers, but the sources and levels of exposure remained matters of debate. Field measurements have been carried out on the concentration and composition of plastics in rivers, but greater homogeneity in the choice of plastic sizes, particularly for microplastics by following the recent ISO international standard nomenclature, is needed for better comparison between studies. The development of additional relevant sampling strategies that are suited to the specific characteristics of riverine environments is also needed. Similarly, we encourage the systematic real-time monitoring of environmental conditions (e.g., topology of the sampling section of the river, hydrology, volumetric flux and velocity, suspended matters concentration) to better understand the origin of variability in plastic concentrations in rivers. Furthermore, ingestion of microplastics by freshwater organisms has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, but the long-term effects of continuous microplastic exposure in organisms are less well understood. This discussion paper encourages an integrative view of the issues involved in assessing plastic exposure and its effects on biota, in order to improve our ability to carry out relevant ecological risk assessments in river environments.

Substrate Specificity of a Methyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Lantibiotic Cacaoidin.

Modification of the N- and C-termini of peptides enhances their stability against degradation by exopeptidases. The biosynthetic pathways of many peptidic natural products feature enzymatic modification of their termini, and these enzymes may represent a valuable pool of biocatalysts. The lantibiotic cacaoidin carries an N,N-dimethylated N-terminal amine group. Its biosynthetic gene cluster encodes the putative methyltransferase Cao4. In this work, we present reconstitution of the activity of the enzyme, which we termed CaoSC following standardized lanthipeptide nomenclature, using a heterologously produced peptide as the model substrate. In vitro methylation of diverse lanthipeptides revealed the substrate requirements of CaoSC. The enzyme accepts peptides of varying lengths and C-terminal sequences but requires dehydroalanine or dehydrobutyrine at the second position. CaoSC-mediated dimethylation of natural lantibiotics resulted in modestly enhanced antimicrobial activity of the lantibiotic haloduracin compared to that of the native compound. Improved activity and/or metabolic stability as a result of methylation illustrates the potential future application of CaoSC in the bioengineering of therapeutic peptides.

Evaluating and identifying changes in the rate of unplanned discharge among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities providing substance use disorder residential care

IntroductionQuality improvement (QI) methods play a critical role in ensuring that patients receive high-quality and timely care. Healthcare systems should use valid and reliable measures to inform QI efforts. Mental health settings including substance use disorder (SUD) residential programs have been slow to develop and incorporate quality measurement into routine practice. Unplanned discharge is of particular concern because this event is associated with harm including suicide. Healthcare systems require criteria that they can use to operationalize unplanned discharge as a quality measure in SUD residential programs. MethodsThe study included all discharges from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential SUD programs between 2018 and 2022. The study calculated crude and adjusted rates of irregular discharge. The study used the first two years of observation (2018–2019) in a logistic regression model to determine the parameter estimates for three important covariates, age, risk for homelessness, and principal diagnosis. The study tested permutations of bin size (N) and days (D) per bin to identify a single set of parameters to enable small and large facilities to have sufficient power to detect out-of-control processes (i.e., significant worsening or improvement in rates). Aligned with standard nomenclature, the study calculated the control limits based on three standard deviations (SD). Values that fell above or below three SD were statistically significant. ResultsThe cohort included 56 facilities (26,361 discharges). Irregular discharge was associated with younger age (18–40 years) and a principal diagnosis of a drug use disorder. Testing parameter values of 100 discharges (N) over 120 days (D) would yield enough power to detect modest relative changes to the irregular discharge rate for small and large facilities while testing frequently enough to make the evaluations temporally relevant. Because secular trends such as staff changes over time will impact results, the quality control method should allow for real-time feedback to those most proximal to the event. ConclusionsThe study created a set of parameters and a methodology that residential SUD programs can use to operationalize unplanned discharge locally. These data could assist programs in conducting QI work to address unplanned discharge and related harms.

Errors associated with co-names of medicines: The nomenclature of combination medicinal products.

In comparison to the efforts required to bring a new drug or formulation to the clinic, bestowing a name on a medicine is relatively simple. However, if the name we choose causes confusion-by making its contents ambiguous or if it is too alike another drug-it can precipitate clinical errors. This prompted the World Health Organization to set up the International Nonproprietary Naming Committee in the 1970s to select unambiguous names for drugs. Unfortunately, multidrug products-which are becoming increasingly popular-do not fall under the remit of conventional International Non-proprietary Nomenclature. We have identified 26 combination formulations that have been historically named with the co-drug format in the United Kingdom. Most of them have also been prescribed in the United Kingdom in the past year, and although several of them are not prescribed very often, 11 were prescribed more than 2000 times. In this paper, we have explored the literature to identify prescribing errors with co-drug products and found several idiosyncrasies that have caused drug errors in the past. We advocate for a standard nomenclature (state the international nonproprietary name [INN] of each component followed by dose information in the x + y format) for these products on the box and in prescribing resources. We hope that this will enhance clarity and safety during prescribing and administration, particularly for high-volume drugs like paracetamol + codeine (co-codamol), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole).

2024 HRS perspective on advancing workflows for CIED remote monitoring

Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) generate substantial data, often stored in image or PDF formats. Remote monitoring, now an integral component of patient care, places considerable administrative burdens on clinicians and staff, in large part due to the challenge of integrating these data seamlessly into electronic health records (EHRs). Since 2006, the Heart Rhythm Society, in collaboration with the CIED industry, has led an initiative to establish a unified standard nomenclature. This effort has harmonized terminology, aligning diverse terms with single terms approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. With this foundational work complete, attention now turns to developing technical standards for interoperability, which would enable the smooth communication of CIED data between information technology systems used in clinical practice. In this manuscript, by leveraging Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources, we present a roadmap for the technical committee to guide this endeavor. We identify critical data exchange points between remote transceivers, EHRs, and third-party platforms commonly used for CIED patient data management. Our objective is to establish bidirectional communication among these resources, ensuring the accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility of clinical data for clinicians. We also anticipate substantial benefits for both clinical research and administrative efficiency through the implementation of this interoperability framework.

Towards novel classification of infants’ movement patterns supported by computerized video analysis

BackgroundPositional preferences, asymmetry of body position and movements potentially indicate abnormal clinical conditions in infants. However, a lack of standardized nomenclature hinders accurate assessment and documentation of these preferences over time. Video tools offer a safe and reproducible method to analyze and describe infant movement patterns, aiding in physiotherapy management and goal planning. The study aimed to develop an objective classification system for infant movement patterns with particular emphasis on the specific distribution of muscle tension, using methods of computer analysis of video recordings to enhance accuracy and reproducibility in assessments.MethodsThe study involved the recording of videos of 51 infants between 6 and 15 weeks of age, born at term, with an Apgar score of at least 8 points. Based on observations of a recording of infant spontaneous movements in the supine position, experts identified postural-motor patterns: symmetry and typical asymmetry linked to the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. Deviations from the typical postural-motor system were indicated, and subcategories of atypical patterns were distinguished. A computer-based inference system was developed to automatically classify individual patterns.ResultsThe following division of motor patterns was used: (1) normal patterns, including (a) typical (symmetrical, asymmetrical: variants 1 and 2); and (b) atypical (variants: 1 to 4), (2) positional preference, and (3) abnormal patterns. The proposed automatic classification method achieved an expert decision mapping accuracy of 84%. For atypical patterns, the high reproducibility of the system’s results was confirmed. Lower reproducibility, not exceeding 70%, was achieved with typical patterns.ConclusionsBased on the observation of infant spontaneous movements, it is possible to identify movement patterns divided into typical and atypical patterns. Computer-based analysis of infant movement patterns makes it possible to objectify and satisfactorily reproduce diagnostic decisions.

EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES OF DISTINGUISHING PUNCTATE INNER CHOROIDOPATHY FROM MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS.

This retrospective case series aimed to assess the concordance between clinical diagnoses of punctate inner choroidopathy and multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP) using the 2021 Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group criteria. Using the medical records of the patients, the authors reevaluated 100 eyes of 75 patients with idiopathic multifocal chorioretinal inflammatory lesions based on Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature criteria and compared the result with the clinical diagnosis. Of 100 eyes, 29 eyes (29%) were diagnosed as punctate inner choroidopathy and 15 eyes (15%) were diagnosed as MCP using Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature criteria, and 56 (56%) eyes could not be diagnosed as either. Clinically diagnosed punctate inner choroidopathy eyes were significantly more myopic than the clinically diagnosed MCP eyes (mean spherical equivalent -6.65 ± 4.63 vs. -3.85 ± 2.31, P = 0.01). Sixteen eyes with vitreous inflammation were all clinically diagnosed as MCP, but four (25%) could not be diagnosed as MCP using Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature criteria. The existing diagnostic criteria showed limitations in capturing all clinical cases of punctate inner choroidopathy or MCP, and adding or revising criteria on features such as vitreous inflammation or myopia could be considered to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Differentiating rhythmic high-amplitude delta with superimposed (poly) spikes from extreme delta brushes: limitations of standardized nomenclature and implications for patient management.

Following the standardized nomenclature proposed by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS), rhythmic high-amplitude delta activity with superimposed spikes (RHADS) can be reported as an extreme delta brush (EDB). The clinical implications of similar electrographic patterns being reported as RHADS versus EDB are important to highlight. We aim to review the electrographic characteristics of RHADS, evaluate whether RHADS is seen in other neurological disorders, and identify the similar and unique characteristics between RHADS and EDB to ultimately determine the most accurate way to differentiate and report these patterns. We believe that the differentiation of RHADS and EDB is important as there is a vast difference in the diagnostic approach and the medical management of associated underlying etiologies. We conducted an extensive search on MEDLINE and Pubmed utilizing various combinations of keywords. Searching for "gamma polymerase and EEG", or "RHADS" or "Alpers syndrome and EEG" or "EEG" AND "Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome". Three articles were found to be focused on the description of "RHADS" pattern in Alpers Syndrome. No publication to date were found when searching for the terms "EDB" AND "children", AND "infant" AND "adolescent" excluding "encephalitis" and "neonate". Although RHADS and EDB appear as similar EEG patterns, meticulous analysis can differentiate them. RHADS is not exclusive to patients with Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome and may manifest in regions beyond the posterior head region. Reactivity to eye-opening and response to anesthesia can be two other elements that help in the differentiation of these patterns. RHADS is not exclusive to patients with AHS and may manifest in regions beyond the posterior head region. Reactivity to eye-opening and response to anesthesia are features that help in the differentiation of these patterns.

Urologic prosthetics: an imaging review of short- and long-term complications.

Urologic prosthetics offer significant quality of life enhancements for patients with stress urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Artificial urinary sphincter and penile prosthesis are the most commonly used prosthetics for these patients. Radiographic imaging offers important insight, guiding treatment when patients present with complications. Herein, we pictorialize normal radiographic findings and complications alike. We reviewed our IRB-approved prosthetics database, highlighting patients with prosthetic complications with available imaging. We collected imaging from patients without complications for baseline reference. The radiographic appearance of orthotopic genitourinary prosthetics and a review of short- and long-term complications including hematoma, infection, malpositioning, leak and erosion are pictorialized. Radiologic imaging serves as a vital complement to history and physical examination, aiding in the identification of complications and potentially streamlining surgical preparations. It is important for radiologists to familiarize themselves with standard prosthetic nomenclature, normal positioning and appearance, along with imaging findings of common complications.

Imaging-based detection of anterior chamber inflammation: a comparative diagnostic accuracy study

PurposeWe investigated the impact of operator parameters on the diagnostic performance of danterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in anterior uveitis. DesignProspective comparative diagnostic analysis. MethodsSetting: Single site.Study Population: Children aged under 18 years with anterior uveitis, recruited consecutively.Observation Procedures: Index testing: Optovue RTVue80 AS-OCT using ‘low-volume’ (LV, horizontal and vertical cross-sections) and ‘high-volume’ (HV, 68 horizontal cross-sections) protocols. Reference testing: slit lamp examination with anterior chamber inflammation graded using standardisation of uveitis nomenclature (SUN).Main Outcome Measure: Index test performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios), utility for ‘ruling-in’ and ‘ruling-out’ disease (positive / negative predictive values, PPV/NPV), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to explore the impact of different imaging derived metrics, multivariable multilevel regression analyses to quantify correlation of index to reference testing, and repeatability indices across protocols. Results40 children (77 eyes: 51 eyes at SUN grade 0, 10 at SUN0.5+, 8 at SUN1+, 8 SUN≥2+ or higher) were included. There was high repeatability across protocols (0.98, p<0.001, 95% CI 0.75-1.0). OCT resulted in strong predictive values for ‘ruling-out’ (LV-scan NPV 82.9%, 95% CI 71.5 - 90.4%; HV-scan NPV 100%, 95% CI 3% to 100%), and but less predictive value for ‘ruling-in’ SUN≥0.5+ (LV-scan PPV 52.8% 95% CI 41.5 - 63.7%; HV-scan PPV 34.2%, 95% CI 33.3 to 35.1%). Detection of more than 1 cell within a cross sectional scan was strongly suggestive of clinical activity, with area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI 0.62 - 0.89) for SUN≥0.5+, and 0.85 (95% CI 0.73- 0.98), for the detection of SUN≥1+. Cell count correlated with SUN grades at higher levels of inflammation (SUN≥2+ both protocols, SUN≥1+ HV-scans). There was an independent positive association between age and AS-OCT cell (adjusted correlation coefficient 0.2 cells for each additional year of age). ConclusionsOperator dependent factors impact the diagnostic and quantification performance of AS-OCT for anterior chamber inflammation. However, the strong, ‘dose-respondent’ correlation of low-volume protocols with SUN grading promises clinical utility without the storage and analysis burden of high-volume approaches. Further work will involve exploration of the need for age-specific image metric interpretation.

IsolateR: an R package for generating microbial libraries from Sanger sequencing data.

Sanger sequencing of taxonomic marker genes (e.g. 16S/18S/ITS/rpoB/cpn60) represents the leading method for identifying a wide range of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, and fungi. However, the manual processing of sequence data and limitations associated with conventional BLAST searches impede the efficient generation of strain libraries essential for cataloging microbial diversity and discovering novel species. isolateR addresses these challenges by implementing a standardized and scalable three-step pipeline that includes: (1) automated batch processing of Sanger sequence files, (2) taxonomic classification via global alignment to type strain databases in accordance with the latest international nomenclature standards, and (3) straightforward creation of strain libraries and handling of clonal isolates, with the ability to set customizable sequence dereplication thresholds and combine data from multiple sequencing runs into a single library. The tool's user-friendly design also features interactive HTML outputs that simplify data exploration and analysis. Additionally, in silico benchmarking done on two comprehensive human gut genome catalogues (IMGG and Hadza hunter-gather populations) showcase the proficiency of isolateR in uncovering and cataloging the nuanced spectrum of microbial diversity, advocating for a more targeted and granular exploration within individual hosts to achieve the highest strain-level resolution possible when generating culture collections. isolateR is available at: https://github.com/bdaisley/isolateR.

Effective Strategies for Increasing Public Health Awareness in the Digital Era

A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article

Yearly Update of the List of Plant Diseases in Korea (6.2 Edition, 2024)

Since 2009, the Korean Society of Plant Pathology has established the Committee on Common Names of Plant Disease to systematically review and determine plant disease names and related terminologies. The committee published the 6th edition of the List of Plant Diseases in Korea (LPDK) in 2022, and the list has been made publicly accessible online. The online database has significantly enhanced user accessibility, expedited update processes, and improved interoperability with other databases. As a result, the 6.1 edition of the list was released by online LPDK in 2023, detailing new disease names added over the preceding year and revisions to existing names. Subsequently, in 2024, the 6.2 edition was published, encompassing 6,765 diseases caused by 2,503 pathogen taxa across 1,432 host species. The public release of the online database has, however, introduced several challenges and tasks. Addressing these issues necessitates the development of modern, standardized nomenclature guidelines and a robust system for the registration of new disease names. Open communication and collaboration among the diverse members of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology are required to ensure the reliability of the LPDK.