Nomenclature Of Territorial Units For Statistics Research Articles

Analysing incompliant attitudes towards antibiotic prescription completion in the UK.

ObjectivesTo analyse demographic, social and geographic predictors of incompliant attitudes towards prescription completion in the UK.MethodsTwo waves of the Eurobarometer survey (85.1 and 90.1) were analysed, with a final sample size of 2016. Using logistic regression, the best-fitting combination of a set of identified variables was specified. The regression output and the model-averaged importance of each variable were analysed.ResultsCompared with a median prevalence region, respondents in the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 1 London (OR = 2.358, 95% CI = 1.100–5.398) and Scotland (OR = 2.418, 95% CI = 1.083–5.693) regions were most likely to report an incompliant attitude. Respondents who correctly answered questions about whether unnecessary use of antibiotics could make them ineffective in future (OR = 0.353, 95% CI = 0.230–0.544), whether antibiotics kill viruses (OR = 0.644, 95% CI = 0.450–0.919) and whether antibiotics treat colds (OR = 0.412, 95% CI = 0.287–0.591) were less likely to report incompliant attitudes. Conversely, respondents who correctly responded that antibiotics can cause side effects (OR = 1.419, 95% CI = 1.014–1.999) were more likely to report incompliant attitudes. There was some evidence of associations between political orientation and level of compliance. Uncooperative survey respondents (OR = 2.001, 95% CI = 1.108–3.526) were more likely to report incompliant attitudes.ConclusionsIncompliant attitudes towards antibiotic prescription compliance in the UK are associated with a variety of factors, including regional geographic variation in attitudes. Knowledge about antibiotics can relate to good stewardship attitudes, but concerns over side effects are associated with poor attitudes. Further research should examine the underlying attitudes and beliefs that political orientation may be a marker for in the context of antibiotic stewardship. Survey samples reliant on self-selection are likely to be biased towards good stewardship.

The Dynamics of Changes and Spatial Differences in the Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating Environmental Performance in Poland: Current State.

Socioeconomic development and consumption are among the key drivers of environmental degradation. Legal measures and the appropriate funding are required to effectively protect the natural environment. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of changes and spatial differences in the measures undertaken to protect and improve the quality of the environment. A set of indicators for evaluating environmental performance was developed and tested on Poland as an example. The relevant data are publicly available in statistical databases. Proposed indicators can be modified for use in other countries by incorporating country-specific characteristics. The environmental protection activities implemented in Polish voivodeships at the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 4 level (counties) in three financial frameworks (2004–2006, 2007–2013 and 2014–2017) were analyzed against the base year (2003). A total of 27 variables divided into four categories were analyzed: (1) water and wastewater management and water conservation, (2) waste management and protection of the Earth’s surface, (3) air pollution and climate control, (4) nature conservation and promotion of pro-environmental behaviors. A Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating Environmental Performance (SIEEP) was developed based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Based on the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, the analyzed counties were divided into four typological classes reflecting the values of the SIEEP. The research showed that the implementation of environmental protection measures financed from public funds minimizes the negative impact of human activities on the environment. Positive changes in the values of the analyzed variables and a steady increase in the number of counties with high values of the SIEEP testify to the above.

Assessment of development regions for financial support allocation with fuzzy decision making: A case of Turkey

European Union is a project focused on the balanced distribution of the prosperity, established by the common market, to all regions. For this purpose, in order to collect comparable statistics, socio-economic zones have been established within the framework of certain criteria using the classification of Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). These regions are formed in 3 levels, based on the countries that are members and candidates for membership. Supports provided within the framework of the EU in order to reduce regional socio-economic disparities and to ensure regional development are being made and measured on the basis of regions (development zones) established with Level 2 NUTS. As a candidate country to the EU, Turkey also tries to achieve harmonization and regional development through Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). In this study, the extent to which the development regions identified in the Turkish scale should benefit from such supports is assessed on the basis of specific criteria. How to distribute IPA support, which is a limited resource, to the regions according to framework agreements and regional development goals is a complex issue. In order to solve this problem, development zones are evaluated using two different Multi Criteria Decision Making methods: Fuzzy-PROMETHEE and Fuzzy-MULTIMOORA. As a result, a framework to provide specific distribution of funds to support regional development and to show the weaknesses of these regions is presented.

Disparités et discontinuités territoriales dans la France des nouvelles régions : une lecture multiscalaire et multidimensionnelle

Since 1 January 2016, the 22 French metropolitan regions have merged to form 13 new regions. The deployment of public policies in these regions with enhanced areas of jurisdiction leads us to wonder about the way in which the merger leads to the reduction of territorial disparities or not. We analyse these disparities using five sociodemographic indicators. Several geographical levels are mobilised : the European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) and the French employment zones. The main characteristics of the new regions in a national and European context are highlighted using statistical and spatial data analysis methods. Inter-regional contrasts are relatively low in France, in comparison with those prevailing in other European States. The main discontinuities are found between countries rather than between regions within a country. At the national level, some merged regions appear relatively homogeneous (Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte and Normandie) compared to others more contrasted (Hauts-de-France, Occitanie, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes and Grand Est). The main territorial discontinuities are observed within the same regions and not between them.

Vývojové tendencie v rastlinnej výrobe na Slovensku po roku 2004 – regionálne diferenciácie

One of the key milestones of joining European Union was to decrease disparities within economical and social environment in Slovakia. On the contrary, disparities are still growing, also in agriculture. Structural changes in agriculture between 2004 and 2014 are explained based on several stages of development, leading to regional differentiations. Based on indicators of crop production such as – gross crop production, crop production (cereals, oil plants, potatoes, sugar beet and perennial fodder crops), production per one hectare of selected crops, per capita production of selected crops and per 1 hectare of agricultural land this paper shows trends in crop production in Slovakia between 2004 and 2014. Individual regions and their ranking in Slovakia are analysed based on the level NUTS (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) III (regions). The classification of development of indicators of crop production in regions of Slovakia in relation to the calculated average value of Slovak Republic from 2004 to 2014 is based on calculated average values for the monitored period. Selected stasticial methods (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, the ratio of the data set and the relative size of the data file) are applied to analyse, study and interpret development of regional disparities in crop production in Slovakia.

An Alternative for Indicators that Characterize the Structure of Economic Systems

Studies on the structure of economic systems are, most frequently, carried out by the methods of informational statistics. These methods, often accompanied by a broad range of indicators (Shannon entropy, Balassa coefficient, Herfindahl specialty index, Gini coefficient, Theil index, etc.) around which a wide literature has been created over time, have a major disadvantage. Their weakness is related to the imposition of the system condition, which indicates the need to know all of the components of the system (as absolute values or as weights). This restriction is difficult to accomplish in some situations, while in others this knowledge may be irrelevant, especially when there is an interest in structural changes only in some of the components of the economic system (either we refer to the typology of economic activities—NACE, or of territorial units—Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)). This article presents a procedure for characterizing the structure of a system and for comparing its evolution over time, in the case of incomplete information, thus eliminating the restriction existent in the classical methods. The proposed methodological alternative uses a parametric distribution, with sub-unit values for the variable. The application refers to Gross Domestic Product values for five of the 28 European Union countries, with annual values of over 1000 billion Euros (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and United Kingdom) for the years 2003 and 2015. A form of the Wald sequential test is applied to measure changes in the structure of this group of countries, between the years compared. The results of this application validate the proposed method.

Decomposition of regional convergence in population aging across Europe

In the face of rapidly aging population, decreasing regional inequalities in population composition is one of the regional cohesion goals of the European Union. To our knowledge, no explicit quantification of the changes in regional population aging differentiation exist. We investigate how regional differences in population aging developed over the last decade and how they are likely to evolve in the coming three decades, and we examine how demographic components of population growth contribute to the process. We use the beta-convergence approach to test whether regions are moving towards a common level of population aging. The change in population composition is decomposed into the separate effects of changes in the size of the non-working-age population and of the working-age population. The latter changes are further decomposed into the effects of cohort turnover, migration at working ages, and mortality at working ages. European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)-2 regions experienced notable convergence in population aging during the period 2003–2012 and are expected to experience further convergence in the coming three decades. Convergence in aging mainly depends on changes in the population structure of East-European regions. Cohort turnover plays the major role in promoting convergence. Differences in mortality at working ages, though quite moderate themselves, have a significant cumulative effect. The projections show that when it is assumed that net migration flows at working ages are converging across European regions, this will not contribute to convergence of population aging. The beta-convergence approach proves useful to examine regional variations in population aging across Europe.

The effectiveness of a population-based skin cancer screening program: evidence from Germany

In this paper, we analyze how a nationwide population-based skin cancer screening program (SCS) implemented in Germany in 2008 has impacted the number of hospital discharges following malignant skin neoplasm diagnosis and the malignant melanoma mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants. Our panel data, drawn from the Eurostat database, cover subregions in 22 European countries, measured at the lowest nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level for 2000-2013. Applying fixed effects methods, we find a significantly positive and robust effect of the German SCS on the number of patients diagnosed with malignant skin neoplasm. However, the program does not significantly influence the melanoma mortality rate. This finding conflicts with the decreased melanoma mortality rate found for the pilot SCS program in northern Germany. Our results indicate that Germany's nationwide SCS program is effective in terms of a higher diagnosis rate for malignant skin neoplasms and thus may contribute to an improvement in the early detection of skin cancer.

Spatial analysis of the electrical energy demand in Greece

The Electrical Energy Demand (EED) of the agricultural, commercial and industrial sector in Greece, as well as its use for domestic activities, public and municipal authorities and street lighting are analysed spatially using Geographical Information System and spatial statistical methods. The analysis is performed on data which span from 2008 to 2012 and have annual temporal resolution and spatial resolution down to the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) level 3. The aim is to identify spatial patterns of the EED and its transformations such as the ratios of the EED to socioeconomic variables, i.e. the population, the total area, the population density and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Based on the analysis, Greece is divided in five regions, each one with a different development model, i.e. Attica and Thessaloniki which are two heavily populated major poles, Thessaly and Central Greece which form a connected geographical region with important agricultural and industrial sector, the islands and some coastal areas which are characterized by an important commercial sector and the rest Greek areas. The spatial patterns can provide additional information for policy decision about the electrical energy management and better representation of the regional socioeconomic conditions.

THE CONCENTRATION ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TURKEY: ARE THERE ANY CHANGES IN THE PERIOD 2010 - 2015?

Despite the regional policies taken into agenda in all development plans inTurkey, inter-regional imbalances could not be resolved. Dynamics of the regionmust be examined in detail to resolve the inter-regional imbalance problems andin the light of these data differing policies should be developed in each specificregion. Thus, detailed studies are needed on basis of regions and provinces. It iscritically important to establish the priorities in agro-food production for utilizingthe resources effectively and for competing against others like in Turkey whoseagro-food sector is relatively dominant both in terms of population andemployment. Therefore, it is aimed to determine the sectorial priorities inagriculture for using geographic concentration coefficient analysis in agriculturalsub-sectors in Turkey.Inthiscontext, considering the Nomenclature of TerritorialUnits for Statistics (NUTS) - Level 2 (26 regions), the weight of employmentstructure of rural areas in Turkey will be analyzed for each region. Locationcoefficients will be calculated for each sector by comparing the population that isliving in rural areas and working in agricultural, industrial and service sectors,withsector values of Turkey’s rural areas. Later,agricultural sector will be analyzed onthe basis of sub-sector for Level 2 regions. These analyses will be done for both2010 and 2015 to compare the differences during this period. The reason of thesediversities between mentioned time periods will be clarified by utilizing theagricultural policy applications in Turkey.

The Effectiveness of a Population-Based Skin Cancer Screening Program: Evidence from Germany

In this paper, we analyze how a nationwide population-based skin cancer screening program (SCS) implemented in Germany in 2008 has impacted the number of hospital discharges following malignant skin neoplasm diagnosis (ICD–10 code C43_C44) and the malignant melanoma mortality rate (ICD–10 code C43) per 100,000 inhabitants. Our panel data, drawn from the Eurostat database, cover subregions in 22 European countries, measured at the lowest nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level for 2000–2013. To assess the causal relation between SCS program implementation and our outcome variables of diagnosis and mortality, we apply a fixed effects model using different covariates, including physician density and socioeconomic factors. Although we find a significantly positive and robust effect of the German SCS on the number of patients diagnosed with malignant skin neoplasm, the program does not significantly influence the melanoma mortality rate. This finding conflicts with the decreased melanoma mortality rate found for the 2003–2004 pilot screening in Northern Germany. Our results indicate that Germany’s nationwide SCS program contributes to an improvement in the early detection of skin cancer. They also point to the possibility of skin cancer overdiagnosis, although the effect on the melanoma mortality rate should be interpreted cautiously because of the relatively short time period since program implementation. Future research might thus extend our analysis using longer time periods.

The Climatological Environmental Justice Index—Brazil, Canada, and Germany

The perception of climate change impacts is strongly influenced by the underlying social realities. In order to develop a model for climate change adaptation policies, the CC-VISAGES project (Climate Change Inferred through Social Analysis, Geography, and Environmental Systems) developed a Climatological Environmental Justice Index (CEJI) based on a developed Human Stress Index (HSI) and the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). Through a geographical information system (GIS) representation of HSI, THI, and CEJI, a vulnerability ranking of all communities in Germany, Canada, and Brazil could be revealed. The variables have been selected and measured in a country comparable manner allowing to proportion communities between the different countries. The data have been gathered from the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level 3 (community level). This article will show how HSI has been developed and combined with the THI in order to develop the CEJI. A list of the vulnerable areas in each country according to HIS, THI, and ECJI will be presented as the findings and discussed.

The Quality of Government EU Regional Dataset, Version Sep16

The QoG EU Regional dataset is a dataset consisting of more than 300 variables covering three levels of European regions - Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS): NUTS0 (country), NUTS1(major socio-economic regions) and NUTS2 (basic regions for the application of regional policies). The unit of analysis in the QoG EU Regional Data is regions of Europe. The NUTS is used as a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of European countries. A hierarchy of three sub-national NUTS levels is established by Eurostat for European countries. The subdivisions in some levels do not necessarily correspond to administrative divisions within the country. The QoG Regional Data is presented in three different forms available in separate datasets. All datasets are available in time-series format. First one (The QoG Regional Data - Long Form) is a dataset where data is presented in the long form. The list of units of analysis contains regions of all NUTS levels. Two other datasets are presented in the wide form. In the second dataset (The QoG Regional Data - Wide Form NUTS1) includes NUTS1 level as the unit of analysis and variables represent the values for this level and corresponding lower level – NUTS0. As an example, in this dataset the data is presented only for East Sweden (Ostra Sverige SE1), as a unit of analysis and have values for lower level of this region - Sweden (SE). The third dataset (The QoG Regional Data - Wide Form NUTS2) the unit of analysis is NUTS2 level regions and variables provide values as for every unit of analysis, as well as for corresponding lower NUTS levels: NUTS1 and NUTS0. One example of unit of analysis in this dataset is Stockholm (SE11) and data for every variable will be for Stockholm, as well as for lower levels region – East Sweden (Ostra Sverige SE1) and Sweden (SE). In the Codebook, you can find a description of all data sources and variables. Detailed descriptions of all variables are sorted by original data sources. We hope that this will facilitate your search for variables.

Indirect and feedback effects as measure of knowledge spillovers in French regions

The aim of this article is to provide a precise measure of the role of geographical proximity in the innovation process on the French metropolitan NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) 3 regions over the period 1995 to 2008. We study the relationship between patents applications and internal R&D, and we propose a spatial decomposition coefficient of the independent variables to measure more explicitly the spatial extent of knowledge spillovers (LeSage and Pace, 2009). Our estimation result shows that the internal R&D expenditures have a positive direct and indirect effect on the patents applications, but only for the regions with a strong innovation activity. For these regions, the spillover effect is observed in the first-order neighbourhood, but the spatial lag coefficient is not significant enough to get a positive feedback effect.

Role of smoking in regional variation in mortality in Poland.

We assess the effect of smoking on regional disparities in mortality in Poland and its contribution to the change in regional disparities during the last two decades. We used population-level mortality data from the population registry for 379 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)-4 Polish regions for 1991-93 and 2008-10. The importance of smoking was assessed by smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) derived using a simplified indirect Peto-Lopez method. Regional differences in age-standardized all-cause, smoking- and non-smoking-attributable mortality (NSAM) rates at ages 35 years and over were mapped, and spatial clustering (Moran's I) and coefficients of variation (CV) were estimated. The contribution of SAM to variation in all-cause mortality was assessed by variance decomposition and compared over time. In 2008-10, all-cause and SAM rates were characterized by a similar pattern of spatial clustering (Moran's I > 0.44, P < 0.0001). For NSAM, a more random pattern with less regional clustering showed (Moran's I = 0.34, P < 0.0001). The contribution of smoking to regional variation was substantial [54%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 44.9, 62.5 among men; 24.9%, 95% CI = 20.9, 29.1 among women], and compared with 1991-93, 27.5 percentage points lower for men and 6.3 percentage points higher for women. Smoking contributed to the divergence between the regions in all-cause mortality between 1991-93 and 2008-10 for men [increase in CV of SAM by 2% (0, 4%)], but not for women [decrease in CV of SAM by 15% (22, 10%)]. Differences in past smoking behaviour may largely explain the regional differences in all-cause mortality existing in 2008-10 in Poland, and its trends since 1991-1993.

Winter wheat yield forecasting in Ukraine based on Earth observation, meteorological data and biophysical models

Ukraine is one of the most developed agriculture countries and one of the biggest crop producers in the world. Timely and accurate crop yield forecasts for Ukraine at regional level become a key element in providing support to policy makers in food security. In this paper, feasibility and relative efficiency of using moderate resolution satellite data to winter wheat forecasting in Ukraine at oblast level is assessed. Oblast is a sub-national administrative unit that corresponds to the NUTS2 level of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) of the European Union. NDVI values were derived from the MODIS sensor at the 250m spatial resolution. For each oblast NDVI values were averaged for a cropland map (Rainfed croplands class) derived from the ESA GlobCover map, and were used as predictors in the regression models. Using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure, the best time for making reliable yield forecasts in terms of root mean square error was identified. For most oblasts, NDVI values taken in April–May provided the minimum RMSE value when comparing to the official statistics, thus enabling forecasts 2–3 months prior to harvest. The NDVI-based approach was compared to the following approaches: empirical model based on meteorological observations (with forecasts in April–May that provide minimum RMSE value) and WOFOST crop growth simulation model implemented in the CGMS system (with forecasts in June that provide minimum RMSE value). All three approaches were run to produce winter wheat yield forecasts for independent datasets for 2010 and 2011, i.e. on data that were not used within model calibration process. The most accurate predictions for 2010 were achieved using the CGMS system with the RMSE value of 0.3tha−1 in June and 0.4tha−1 in April, while performance of three approaches for 2011 was almost the same (0.5–0.6tha−1 in April). Both NDVI-based approach and CGMS system overestimated winter wheat yield comparing to official statistics in 2010, and underestimated it in 2011. Therefore, we can conclude that performance of empirical NDVI-based regression model was similar to meteorological and CGMS models when producing winter wheat yield forecasts at oblast level in Ukraine 2–3 months prior to harvest, while providing minimum requirements to input datasets.

Strukturyzacja województwa wielkopolskiego jako obszaru badań prasy lokalnej

The author presents the analysis of the current territorial structure of Wielkopolska as a potential research field for studies into the local press market and its trends. The contents of the paper comprise a demographic and territorial description of Wielkopolska, including an analysis of the six sub-regions distinguished on the basis of the European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). The purpose of the paper is to collect information to support the analysis, generalization and comparative examination of the development of the local press in specific areas, and the general presentation of demographic, territorial, socio-economic and cultural conditions. The composition of local press markets depends on such factors as the size and structure of populations, including the proportions of non-productive population (both pre-, and post-production age groups), population density, the rate of urbanization, economic status and levels of unemployment, income, development of educational, cultural, sporting and recreational facilities, historical transformations, including changes in territorial and administrative affiliation, and local press traditions.

Characteristics of Surface Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balances in the Seven Regions of Hungary from 1989 to 2005

As a result of Hungary's membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), surface nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances on a country level are calculated and reported to the OECD annually. The Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is responsible for the calculations. Surface nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 2 regions of Hungary were calculated for the period of 1989 (the starting year of political and economic transitions in the country) to 2005. For the environmental risk assessment of NP balances, it is also essential to take the soil NP status of the investigated area into consideration. Correlations between NP balances and soil NP status should be investigated on EU, country, or regional levels. The relevant agricultural databases of the Central Statistical Office of Hungary (CSOH) were used to ensure the accurate estimations of coefficients. Significant differences were found among the regions both in the input and output sides of the NP balances and, as a consequence, in the regional NP balances. Utilization of the agricultural area also differs among the regions, as a consequence of their geographical location, terrain features, soil and climate conditions, and different traditions. In general, the annual N balances of the studied period in the Hungarian regions were positive, whereas P balances were negative. Surface gross nutrient NP balances of each of the seven Hungarian regions decreased in the studied period, but characteristic differences between Hungarian regions still remained.

International Real Estate Review

We apply the stock flow model for the German residential rental market using a data set that includes the overwhelming majority of nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) 3 regions for the 2004-2007 period. Aside from proving conditional rental price convergence, we have detected a turnaround in vacancy stocks between the short and the long term. While East German counties and West German independent cities currently exhibit the highest and lowest vacancy rates, respectively, the opposite holds true at equilibrium. Leaning on theoretical suggestions, landlords in well-developed areas have incentives to hold onto vacancies in view of future rent increases. Our results support this idea, which demonstrates the significantly positive impact of household income and net birth rate on the natural vacancy rate.

Proposal for territorial distribution of the EU 2020 political renewable energy goal

This article first analyses the situation of indicators related to renewable energies in the reference year (2005) used by the European Union (EU) for its goal of a 20% share of energy from renewable sources in the gross final consumption of energy in 2020. Nonlinear distribution of dynamic targets is suggested for increasing the energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy. This methodology is then applied to European Union member countries, the NUTS0 territorial aggregation level according to the EUROSTAT Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), in the year 2020. Weighting was done based on share of energy from non-renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, energy from non-renewable sources per capita, energy from non-renewable sources per GDP and GDP per capita in the EU-27 scenario. Finally, a multicriteria formula was applied to weight the variables used in this study.