Nomenclatural Issues Research Articles

<strong>Typification and nomenclatural clarifications of <em>Mesembryanthemum purpurocroceum</em> and <em>M. insititium</em> (Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae)</strong>

The typification of the names Mesembryanthemum purpurocroceum and M. insititium are discussed. A neotype (illustration by Duncanson) and a lectotype (a specimen at B in Willdenow’s Herbarium) are designated. Epitypes (deposited at BOL) are also selected for both names. Nomenclatural issues about the specific epithet “purpurocroceum” are discussed. The two names are accepted here in Malephora as heterotypic synonyms, with M. purpurocroceum having nomenclatural priority.

A review of Coptocheilus Gould, 1862 from China, with description of a new species (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Pupinidae)

ABSTRACT The terrestrial gastropod genus Coptocheilus Gould, 1862 from China is reviewed. A new species is described, namely, Coptocheilus yangi n. sp. from Yunnan, China and a new foreign species is newly recorded, namely, Coptocheilus funiculalus (Benson, 1838) n. rec. from Tibet, China. A total of five species are recognised from China. Nomenclature issues concerning Coptocheilus and Schistoloma are also discussed. Illustrations of the new species and all the other Coptocheilus known from China are provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EC10258C-E544-4F0E-9D08-569F87B93448

Cryptic species and taxonomic troubles: a rebuttal of the systematic treatment of the Asian ladies’ tresses orchids (Spiranthesspecies; Orchidaceae) by Paceet al.(2019)

AbstractIn a recent research article by Pace et al. (2019), the authors claimed to have used information from phenology, morphology and molecular phylogenetics in their nomenclatural review of the Spiranthes sinensis complex. However, there are several scientific and botanical nomenclature issues with the Pace et al. (2019) paper in addition to its many errors and misinformation, which can be severely misleading and have the potential to affect our understanding of the highly complex Asian Spiranthes group. Here, we compare and critique their study in light of our study published prior to the article in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. We suggest that the authors should have resorted to improved and new molecular data and a truly integrative analysis to support: (1) re-circumscription of the S. sinensis species complex for each of the six species they recognized, and the treatment of S. hongkongensis as a hybrid; and (2) all the new synonymies they proposed for Asian Spiranthes.

The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa.

Since the publication of the Solanaceae treatment in “Flora Argentina” in 2013 exploration in the country and resolution of outstanding nomenclatural and circumscription issues has resulted in a number of changes to the species of the Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) for Argentina. Here we describe three new species: Solanum hunzikeri Chiarini & Cantero, sp. nov., from wet high elevation areas in Argentina (Catamarca, Salta and Tucumán) and Bolivia (Chuquisaca and Tarija), S. marmoratum Barboza & S. Knapp, sp. nov., from central Argentina in Catamarca, La Pampa, La Rioja, San Juan and San Luis, and S. tiinae Barboza & S. Knapp, sp. nov., from the mountains of Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta and Tucumán. We provide descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps for all new taxa. A table of nomenclatural changes and additional taxa now known to occur in Argentina summarizes additions and changes since the “Flora Argentina”. We also provide an updated key, including all new taxa for the country, to facilitate identification and further exploration.

Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum (Bryophyta, Pottiaceae) confirmed in the moss flora of Poland, with a review of the nomenclatural issues associated with this species name


 
 
 Occurrence of Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum (Jur.) P.C.Chen in Poland is confirmed. The species is known from a single record from the Western Tatra Mountains in the Polish Western Carpathians. A description and illustrations of the Polish material of this species is provided and its distribution mapped. Taxonomic and nomenclatural comments on B. alpigenum are presented and its global geographical distribution is reviewed. This species was first recognised as a variety, Didymodon rubellus var. dentatus Schimp., in 1860 by W. P. Schimper. It was subsequently described in 1882 by J. Juratzka as Didymodon alpigenus Jur., and its name should be ascribed to Juratzka alone, not to Venturi as suggested in Index muscorum and D. alpigenus Jur. is the basionym of Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum. The epithet alpigenus appeared in the literature for the first time as Trichostomum alpigenum Venturi in Pfeffer’s work of 1869 dealing with the mosses of the Rhaetian Alps, but the name was not validly published under Art. 36.1, because Pfeffer did not accept it. Likewise, the name Didymodon alpigenus was not validly published by Venturi ten years later under Art. 38.1, because no description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis were provided. The current statistics of the moss flora of Poland is given. Since the publication of the catalogue of Polish mosses in 2003, some 17 species, one subspecies and three varieties of moss have been added to and two species were excluded from the moss flora of Poland, so currently some 715 species, nine subspecies and 90 varieties are known to occur in the country.
 
 

Do We Belittle Essential Tremor by Calling It a Syndrome Rather Than a Disease? Yes.

Essential tremor (ET) is among the most prevalent neurological diseases. Appreciation in recent years of a richer tremor phenomenology, additional motor and non-motor features, variability in the natural course of tremor, associations with a host of other neurological conditions, and etiological and pathophysiological heterogeneity have resulted in general awareness of the clinical richness of ET. Along with this evolving view of ET have surfaced several conundrums regarding nomenclature. One of these is whether ET should be labeled a “syndrome” or “disease.” Here, we revisit the classical definitions of “syndrome” and “disease” and discuss ET in this context. Considering the characteristics of “disease” and “syndrome” and evaluating the characteristics of ET, it seems to fit more into the “disease” construct. There are several reasons: There is considerable knowledge of the underlying etiologies and pathophysiology of ET, in numerous studies ET has been linked with other neurological conditions, the condition is progressive and deteriorative, and therapeutic approaches are grounded in an understanding of disease mechanisms and its associated neuroanatomy. Moreover, the etiological–pathological–clinical heterogeneity suggests that ET should be regarded as a “family of diseases” more appropriately termed “the essential tremors.” This nomenclatural issue is not a mere matter of words; public health implications are numerous. A condition with the label “syndrome” may not be recognized as a serious problem, may be plagued by diminished public awareness, and may not garner funds for research that a condition with the label “disease” or “diseases” would. ET should be regarded as a family of diseases.

Unraveling the nomenclatural puzzle of the collared and white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae).

The nomenclatural history of the collared and white-lipped peccaries, two well-recognized taxonomic entities, has been confusing. From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, several genera were created, most of them without an explicit designation of type species. Due to differing opinions as to whether the two species should be included in a single genus or, if separate genera were recognized, which generic name should be applied to each of the two taxa, the validity of generic and specific names oscillated until even recently. This paper aims to solve these nomenclatural issues by reviewing the different taxonomic arrangements of these two peccaries and applying appropriately the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature. We contend that the valid generic name for the white-lipped peccary is Tayassu Fischer, 1814 (type Sus pecari Link, 1795), while Dicotyles Cuvier, 1816 (type Dicotyles torquatus Cuvier, 1816) is the valid genus for the collared peccary, with Pecari Reichenbach, 1835 as its junior synonym.

Nomenclatural issues in Korean insects. Part 1. Hemiptera.

This work is intended to expose nomenclatural issues and provide partial solutions involving Korean insects of the order Hemiptera. The 16 species described by Cheong (2015) and Yoon et al. (2015) are insufficient in zoological nomenclature. The unavailable name Harpocera josifovi Kim Jung, sp. nov. is validated. The new replacement name Aphis rhamnus Lee, Lee Kim, nom. nov., is proposed for Aphis rhamnicola Lee, Lee Kim, 2015 nec Aphis rhamnicola Mamontova, 1953. These actions will provide fundamental information to avoid potential mistakes and guide future discussions.

<p><strong>Nomenclatural updates in <em>Dyschoriste </em>and <em>Hygrophila</em> (Acanthaceae)</strong></p>

Dyschoriste and Hygrophila (Acanthaceae: Ruellieae) comprise two complex and morphologically similar genera with numerous as yet unresolved nomenclatural issues. In this study, the names D. erythrorhiza and Homotropium erythrorhyzum var. latifolium are lectotypified and H. erythrorhyzum var. latifolium and H. angusta are reduced to synonymy under D. erythrorhiza and H. guianiensis, respectively. Hygrophila oblongifolia is shown to be an illegitimate name and synonymous with H. acutangula. A new name, H. nordestina, is proposed for H. sessilifolia.

<p><strong>Thomas Radcliffe</strong><em> </em><strong>Comber (1837–1902), his contribution to the diatoms recorded in the <em>Catalogue of African Plants Collected by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853–1861</em> (1898–1901) with notes on nomenclatural issues and biogeographical implications</strong></p>

This paper is an examination of Thomas Comber’s diatom contribution to the Catalogue of African Plants Collected by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-1861. It includes notes on the new taxa described, deals with a few nomenclatural issues and very briefly considers the biogeographical implications of museum collections.

Reclassification of Friedmanniella endophytica, Lysinimicrobium sediminis and Lechevalieria rhizosphaerae as Microlunatus kandeliicorticis nom. nov., Demequina sediminis comb. nov. and Lentzea rhizosphaerae comb. nov., respectively.

According to Rule 37a of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, the name of a taxon must be changed if the nomenclatural type of the taxon is excluded. Recently, in a transfer of actinobacterial species, three species - Friedmanniella endophytica Tuo et al. 2016, Lysinimicrobium sediminis Hamada et al. 2017 and Lechevalieria rhizosphaerae Zhao et al. 2017 - were not transferred with their type species. Therefore, to resolve these nomenclatural issues, Microlunatus kandeliicorticis nom. nov., Demequina sediminis comb. nov. and Lentzea rhizosphaerae comb. nov. are proposed, respectively.

Additions to the taxonomy of Gnamptogenys Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) with an updated key to the New World species.

This study aimed to raise and address nomenclatural issues surrounding Neotropical species in the genus Gnamptogenys, in addition to describing new species accumulated in myrmecological collections. New and reinstated names recognized here include G. pernambucana (Santschi) sp. rev., stat.n., G. lenis sp. n., G. latistriata sp. n., and G. avus sp. n. The queen and intercaste of G. lavra Lattke and the queen of G. pernambucana are described for the first time. For these five species we provide complete descriptions and diagnoses, comments on taxonomy and natural history, distribution data, and high-resolution images, including the first images of G. lavra. An updated identification key for all the Neotropical species of Gnamptogenys is also provided, including the new and revived species as well as G. aspera Morgan and G. pilosa Lattke, not present in previous keys for the genus.

Encyclia sclerocladia (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) Revisited: A New Name, its Phylogenetic Position, and an Annotated Checklist of Peruvian Encyclia.

Abstract—The identity of Epidendrum sclerocladium, currently referable to Encyclia, is clarified with the recent collection of material unambiguously referable to this entity. In addition, we provide a new name in Encyclia for this taxon, E. rhizomatosa Tamayo-Cen, Carnevali & G.A.Romero, because the current combination, E. sclerocladia (Lindl. ex Rchb.f.) Hoehne, is based upon the later homonym Epidendrum sclerocladium Lindl. ex Rchb.f. This name is predated by Epidendrum sclerocladium Lindley as we argue that Lindley validly published the name in a horticultural catalogue, a nomenclatural issue herein discussed. Furthermore, because the vegetative portions of the plants were unknown until recently, we provide an epitype to supplement the holotype for the unequivocal identification of the species. A preliminary assessment of its conservation status and phylogenetic relationships are presented. Encyclia thrombodes is discussed and it is concluded that no known plants are referable to this entity at this time. A lectotype is proposed for Epidendrum cyperifolium because the holotype was destroyed. Finally, we provide an annotated checklist of the Encyclia species known to occur in Peru.

Mendel\u2019s laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues

We respond to criticisms of Mendelian randomization (MR) by Mukamal, Stampfer and Rimm (MSR). MSR consider that MR is receiving too much attention and should be renamed. We explain how MR links to Mendel’s laws, the origin of the name and our lack of concern regarding nomenclature. We address MSR’s substantive points regarding MR of alcohol and cardiovascular disease, an issue on which they dispute the MR findings. We demonstrate that their strictures with respect to population stratification, confounding, weak instrument bias, pleiotropy and confounding have been addressed, and summarise how the field has advanced in relation to the issues they raise. We agree with MSR that “the hard problem of conducting high-quality, reproducible epidemiology” should be addressed by epidemiologists. However we see more evidence of confrontation of this issue within MR, as opposed to conventional observational epidemiology, within which the same methods that have demonstrably failed in the past are simply rolled out into new areas, leaving their previous failures unexamined.

A protocol for online documentation of spider biodiversity inventories applied to a Mexican tropical wet forest (Araneae, Araneomorphae).

Spider community inventories have relatively well-established standardized collecting protocols. Such protocols set rules for the orderly acquisition of samples to estimate community parameters and to establish comparisons between areas. These methods have been tested worldwide, providing useful data for inventory planning and optimal sampling allocation efforts. The taxonomic counterpart of biodiversity inventories has received considerably less attention. Species lists and their relative abundances are the only link between the community parameters resulting from a biotic inventory and the biology of the species that live there. However, this connection is lost or speculative at best for species only partially identified (e. g., to genus but not to species). This link is particularly important for diverse tropical regions were many taxa are undescribed or little known such as spiders. One approach to this problem has been the development of biodiversity inventory websites that document the morphology of the species with digital images organized as standard views. Their main contributions are the dissemination of phenotypic data for species difficult to identify or new with the assignment of species codes, allowing species comparisons between areas regardless of their taxonomic status. The present paper describes a protocol to produce these websites almost automatically. This protocol was successfully applied to 237 species from a tropical primary forest in Mexico. The time and infrastructure required for the documentation of these species are discussed. Taxonomic information in terms of identification challenges, possible new species, and potential nomenclatural issues is described. In addition, the conventional community parameters (e. g., inventory completeness, species richness estimations, sampling intensity) are also calculated and compared through time and between methods. An optimized version for sampling allocation effort per season is presented and compared with protocols optimized for other tropical forests.

Nomenclature survey of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). 6. Names linked to the Australian flora

In this paper, nomenclatural issues concerning nine Amaranthus taxa in the Australian flora are clarified. Lectotypes are designated for names of three currently accepted species (A. interruptus R.Br., A. rhombeus R.Br. and A. undulatus R.Br.) and two names now being considered to be taxonomic synonyms (A. lineatus R.Br. and A. macrocarpus var. pallidus Benth.). The earlier ‘holotype’ citations for the taxonomic synonym A. incurvatus Timeroy ex Gren. & Godr. and the currently accepted species A. quitensis Kunth are here considered effective lectotypifications. The holotype material for the nomenclatural synonym A. mitchellii var. grandiflorus J.M.Black is clarified. A neotype is designated for A. pallidiflorus var. viridiflorus Thell. (now considered to be a taxonomic synonym).

疾病中英文术语命名和翻译伦理问题的探讨——从“新型冠状病毒肺炎”的命名说起

疾病中英文术语命名和翻译伦理问题的探讨——从“新型冠状病毒肺炎”的命名说起

The Game of Electrons: Organocatalytic Higher-Order Cycloadditions Involving Fulvene- and Tropone-Derived Systems.

The great progress that took place in the field of higher-order cycloadditions involving fulvene- and tropone-derived systems in the last few years is astonishing. By application of organocatalytic activation modes, new higher-order reactivities have been identified and described in the literature. These approaches take advantage of the high reliability of organocatalysis, at the same time expanding its potential and paving new directions for its further evolution. In this Minireview, the progress in the field of organocatalytic higher-order cycloadditions involving fulvene- and tropone-derived systems is summarized and insights into mechanistic aspects of the developed reactivities are provided. Furthermore, the discussion on the nomenclatural issues related to cycloaddition reactions has been conducted and solutions to clarify the picture proposed.

A new genus and species of parasitic isopod (Bopyroidea: Entoniscidae) infesting pinnotherid crabs (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) on the Atlantic coast of the USA, with notes on the life cycle of entoniscids

AbstractPinnixion sexdecennia n. gen., n. sp. is described from three pinnotherid hosts: Austinixa gorei (Manning & Felder, 1989), Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson, 1860, and Zaops ostreus (Say, 1817). Females of the new species are distinguished from all other entoniscids by possessing two transverse lobes on oostegite 1 and fused oostegites 2–5; males have a pair of lateral expansions on each of the first two pleomeres. The epicaridium larvae of the new species also have a unique elongated, cylindrical terminal process on the pereopod 6 dactylus. Pinnixion sexdecennian. gen., n. sp. exhibited highest prevalence (> 40%) in North Carolina and Florida. Examination of live specimens of P. chaetopterana infested with mature female isopods showed that larvae are liberated via a pore produced in the wall of the host’s branchial chamber. Mature females of P. sexdecennian. gen., n. sp. occupied nearly all available space within the host crab’s hemocoel. Female P. chaetopterana had higher prevalence than males, and intensities of infestations were also greater in females. Evidence from all locations showed that mature parasites do not inhibit breeding or molting in the host. Our report is one of the few studies on the ecology and biology of entoniscids, a cryptic but ecologically important group of parasitic isopods. We also resolve long-standing nomenclatural issues involving Entione Kossmann, 1881 and Entioninae Codreanu, Codreanu & Pike, 1960, the subfamily to which the new genus and species belongs, by synonymizing Grapsion Giard & Bonnier, 1886 with Entione.

<p><strong>Typification and taxonomic notes on three irises names (Iridaceae) described from Central Asia</strong></p>

Nomenclature issues of three irises names described from Central Asia (Iris alberti, I. eulefeldii, and I. humilis f. foliata) are here discussed. Particularly, a second-step lectotypification for I. alberti and lectotypifications for I. eulefeldii (a taxonomic synonym of I. scariosa) and I. humilis f. foliata (a taxonomic synonym of I. longiscapa) are provided.