Nomadic Research Articles

Whole-Genome Sequencing and Genomic Variant Analysis of Kazakh Individuals.

Kazakhstan, the ninth-largest country in the world, is located along the Great Silk Road and connects Europe with Asia. Historically, its territory has been inhabited by nomadic tribes, and modern-day Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country with a dominant Kazakh population. We sequenced and analyzed the genomes of five ethnic Kazakhs at high coverage using the Illumina HiSeq2000 next-generation sequencing platform. The five Kazakhs yielded a total number of base pairs ranging from 87,308,581,400 to 107,526,741,301. On average, 99.06% were properly mapped. Based on the Het/Hom and Ti/Tv ratios, the quality of the genomic data ranged from 1.35 to 1.49 and from 2.07 to 2.08, respectively. Genetic variants were identified and annotated. Functional analysis of the genetic variants identified several variants that were associated with higher risks of metabolic and neurogenerative diseases. The present study showed high levels of genetic admixture of Kazakhs that were comparable to those of other Central Asians. These whole-genome sequence data of healthy Kazakhs could contribute significantly to biomedical studies of common diseases as their findings could allow better insight into the genotype–phenotype relations at the population level.

The dramatization of the shepherd warrior in Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine and the Jordanian drama Bedouin series Rās Ghlaiṣ (‘The head of Ghlaiṣ’)

Parts 1 and 2 of the Arab Jordanian series Rās Ghlaiṣ (‘The head of Ghlaiṣ’) (2006–08), written by Jordanian screenwriter Muṣṭafā Ṣāliḥ and directed by Aḥmad D‘aibis and Sha‘lān al-Dabbās, share three ‘common denominators’, in Haun Saussy’s terminology, with Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great, Parts 1 and 2 (1587): (1) the shepherd character as a monstrous despot, (2) pastoral love of the shepherds and (3) the mobilization of nations/tribes to take revenge against Tamburlaine/Ghlaiṣ. Ṣāliḥ’s delineation of the nomadic hero Ghlaiṣ is similar to the Marlovian model of Tamburlaine in a time of war and love. Ghlaiṣ, as an Arab Jordanian Tamburlaine, seeks in a Machiavellian manner an ultimate rule and control over all nomadic tribes in the Jordanian desert and behaves as a monstrous lover. This article takes two pieces of literature from two different cultures as an example of the adaptability of screen narrative to the scope of comparative literature and appropriation studies, showing simultaneously the experience of Jordanian screenwriters as one example of what Craig Batty calls the ‘screenwriting turn’ (2014: 1). Both Marlowe and Ṣāliḥ dramatize the shepherd despots to warn against the threat of colonial and imperial ambitions and models.

Aligning Trends in Climatic Parameters and Nomads’ Indigenous Knowledge about Climate Change in Central Iran (Case Study: Semirom Town)

Abstract Nomadic pastoral communities are considered some of the most vulnerable to climate change. While Indigenous knowledge can play an effective role in mitigating or responding to some impacts of climate change, the extent of their capacity to adapt their livestock and rangeland management is under question. This research aims to assess the scope and applicability of climate change–related knowledge acquired in the management of summer rangeland, with a case study in Semirom, Isfahan Province, Iran. To do so, objective weather conditions (precipitation, minimum temperatures, and maximum temperatures) were evaluated using the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test and compared with subjective evaluations by nomad community members. Specifically, the study targeted a community of 7700 members of the Qashqai, a conglomeration of nomadic tribes in Iran. Their understanding of the weather was evaluated using focus groups and self-administered questionnaires, with a descriptive approach to data analysis. The findings of the climatic investigation revealed a possible shift in the climate in the study area, particularly in winter and autumn. The findings of subjective evaluation showed similar changes in wind, precipitation, and temperature to be the main characteristics of climate change in the region, with about 90% of informants directly citing decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature and wind speeds. The community evaluation also highlighted some adaptations to climate change, such as delays in beginning the seasonal migration, increased reliance on concrete homes, reservoir construction, decreasing livestock yields, and increasing diversification of resources to feed livestock. Understanding the perceptions of nomadic pastoralists, their meteorological basis, and ongoing climate adaptations can facilitate governmental planning.

Examination of the Diversity in Rural Architecture in Kırklareli Through Factors

The study aims to document the settlement, spatial, constructional, and cultural characteristics of Kırklareli rural area to reveal the variations of the region. In addition, the region is a hybrid location with elements from both the Black Sea and inner Anatolia. So, the characteristics of the region are compared with the Black Sea and inner Anatolia. The method of the study is composed of two phases, first, the effect of environmental features such as natural environment, topography, climate, and the economic situation on settlement and plan and constructional characteristics and material usage of the houses in Kırklareli were documented. Second, the Thrace region's rural characteristics were compared to those of the Black Sea and inner Anatolia. As a result, the natural environment, geography, climate, and culture all had a role in the formation of rural settlements and houses. (1) Topographical features influenced daily living and agricultural productivity, resulting in changes in settlement structures. (2) The differences in plan characteristics of rural dwellings were mostly influenced by regional climate conditions. The presence, form, and size of common places and open spaces varied based on climate conditions. (3) Local materials used in house construction were influenced by landforms and the natural environment. It has been observed that house construction strategies have altered as a result of the most widely accessible material from the surroundings. (4) Even though there were physical variances between houses due to topographical changes in the area, Turkish people's nomadic culture and Islamic beliefs provided certain similar elements in the houses, such as introversion and privacy. Thrace Rural area contains different settlement, spatial and constructional characteristics due to the differences in its geography. Many rural homes have been abandoned, and there is a risk of becoming lost. Therefore, documentation of authentic characteristics of the rural houses and sites considering environmental features will provide a base for the sustainability of original rural houses and areas.

BURIAL RITE OF THE OSTRIV GRAVEYARD (BY THE RESULTS OF RESCUE EXCAVATION 2017—2018). PART 2

In the continuation of the paper on a funeral rites of the Ostriv graveyard the features of burials without grave goods, burials in coffins fastened with nails, burials with buckets and the accompanying items of male burials are considered. Burials without grave goods, as well as burials in dominiums fastened with nails and burials in which buckets were placed, can be interpreted with great care as an indicator of the worldview of a community that was at a certain stage of Christianization. Regardless of Christian ideas about the equality of everyone in the afterlife, there was no imperative prohibition on burial with objects. After Christianization, individual objects took on new functions and became a part of the so-called Arma Cristi (instrument of the Lord’s Passion — tools for fight against Satan) and already in this capacity are used in the funeral rite.
 Male burial assemblages in general have much less ethnic indicators than female ones. Rather, their grave goods point not to a specific ethnic group but to a specific macro region of the origin of tradition — Scando-Baltic and Northern Rus as well as to a social focus on military subculture. This is evidenced by the presence of weapons, certain types of fibulae, details of the belt set, which have a lot of parallels just in the North of Europe and sharply dissonant with the antiquities of Southern Rus. The presence of weapons was typical for male burial assemblages of the Ostriv graveyard. The main type of weapon the battle axes can be considered of so-called IV type according to A. Kirpichnikov, most of which were placed near the right knee with the handle up but other weapons were also discovered — axes of type III according to A Kirpichnikov and type M according to Y. Peterson and lancet-shaped spear-heads. In the burials the elements of a belt set — buckles and portupey rings — were found. At the same time the absence of other details of the men’s belt set, first of all, the applique plates for status belts which have been worn according to the Orient tradition and became widespread in the Eastern and Northern Europe during the Viking Age draws attention. It is notable that living on the border with the steppe led to the appearance in the burial practice of certain objects inherent in the material culture of nomads, first of all, primarily the single mouth-piece bit.

SUSTAINING SEASONAL MIGRATION: STRUGGLES OF BAKARWALS AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The novel coronavirus has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of many people around the world. This muddle has been experienced in India by people in line with existing vulnerabilities. ‘Bakarwal’, a pastoral nomadic tribe residing in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India undergoes this equivalent dilemma. For them, the year 2020 becomes convoluted owing to the adversaries of the pandemic. COVID-19 induced lockdown becomes an obstruction for their seasonal migration and further experiences numerous uncertainties. Keeping into view these observations, the present study explores their socio-cultural and economic struggles before, during, and after their seasonal migration. A qualitative approach was employed. Telephone Interviews using an Interview schedule were conducted. Results indicated that ‘Bakarwal’ tribe have undergone unfamiliar conditions with the onset of the pandemic. Movement barriers, seasonal animal diseases, the stigma of being carriers of the virus, psychological pressure, inadequate basic amenities, and loss of annual trade were the major repercussions encountered by them.&nbsp

유목문화가 카자흐스탄과 투르크메니스탄 독재체제 형성에 미친 영향 분석

On January 2, 2022, protests took place in Zhanaozen, a small town in western Kazakhstan, against the sharp increase in the price of LPG from 38 Tenge to 120 Tenge. After these protests, the first president, Nazarbayev, who had been in power for virtually 31 years, was forced to resign. On the other hand, in the Turkmenistan presidential election on March 12, 2022, Deputy Prime Minister Serdar, son of former President Berdimuhammedov, who had maintained power for 15 years, was elected with 73% of the votes.<BR> Based on the above facts, this study assumes that the nomadic traditions and cultures of both countries influenced the formation, maintenance, and succession of the dictatorship system. This study has the following main contents.<BR> First, the characteristics of power and politics in the nomadic traditions and culture of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan will be analyzed. To do this, it is necessary to understand the nomadic production method. And through this, the power structure and the political relationship between rulers and members will be analyzed.<BR> Second, it will be analyzed how Nazarbaev, Niyazov, and Berdimuhamedov used their nomadic traditions and culture to form their own dictatorship. Here, the policy of settlement and Soviet citizenship promoted under the Soviet system and the change in the political structure between tribes, nationalism and nepotism in both countries after independence, and process and content of application of nomadic culture and tradition to Stalin’s personality cult policy will be analyzed in detail.<BR> Third, the characteristics of the dictatorships of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan will be compared and analyzed. The characteristics of each country

Архетипы традиционной культуры в XXI веке

The article deals with the archetypes of traditional nomadic culture in Kazakhstan that were abolished in the Soviet period as remnants of the tribal system. However, polygamy and abduction of women in order to force them into marriage occur quite often nowadays. The author examined the transformation of the legal status of women in Kazakhstan in the XX – early XXI centuries. The research focused on the Soviet transformations of traditional family and marriage institutions in Kazakhstan, which were caused by the radical change in social relations, state power, and nomadic lifestyle. The author analyzed criminal statistics on offenses against the rights and freedoms of women and compared the current situation with abductions of women and polygamy in neighboring post-Soviet states. The research objective was to find out the motives behind the revival of the archetypes of traditional culture, as well as the latency of committed offenses related to the use of Kazakh customary law and Sharia. The methodology was based on legal comparative studies, i.e., diachronization and synchronization of legal phenomena and processes. The diachronic method made it possible to compare the traditions of bride kidnapping and polygamy in Kazakhstan in different historical periods. The legal-dogmatic method was used to analyze the customs, norms of Islam, pre-revolutionary imperial law, Soviet and post-Soviet legislation, etc.

KAŞKAY TÜRKÇESİ SÖZ VARLIĞINDA HAYVANCILIKLA İLGİLİ KELİMELER

Linguistic data are the most source to make inferences about the culture, history, lifestyle and national identity of a society. Based on these linguistic data, it is known that the Old Turks had a nomadic lifestyle and thus a nomadic culture. Animals carry great importance for nomadic cultures. Albeit the Old Turks’ adaptation of a settled life in the following centuries, animals continued to have an important place in their lives, similar to those in nomadic cultures. The Qashqai people part of the Oghuz Turkish branch, either led a semi-nomadic life in the South of Iran, around the Zagros Mountains, or settled down following some reforms in Iran. The main occupations of the Qashqais are animal husbandry and agriculture. Therefore, a close look at their vocabulary established that there are many words related to animals and husbandry. Based on field work, we compiled a database of these words. This paper provides information about the Qashqai Turk and then examines the nomenclature of words related to animals and husbandry used by the nomadic Qashqai Turks.

Kazak Türklerinin Kültüründe Alaşa Han Evliyalığı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

&nbsp;In the culture of Kazakh Turks, Alasha Khan is known as a legendary saint who tried to integrate the nomadic tribes living in the steppes of Kazakhstan and also founded a khanate. In the folklore sources of the old period, it is told that Alaşa Han broke away from the society with the birth of us leprosy child and established a state with 300 hundred soldiers. In the folklore documents collected by Russian researchers who came to occupy the region during the Tsarist period, the name Alasha Khan is associated with the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate. In the folklore sources evaluated by Kazakh researcher Chokan Velikhanov, the examination of Alasha Khan Tomb is known as a legendary saint, Alasha Khan is described as the hero who brought Kazakh Turks together. As a result of other evaluations, it shows that the name Alasha Khan is connected with the emergence of the Kazakh people and the merger of the Three Juz (three necks). We made a table of 34 folklore sources about Alasha Khan and these sources were classified by comparative method. Several versions of the legendary narratives about Alasha Khan, which are preserved among the people and found in scientific studies, were examined. Alaşa Khan is also known in folklore sources as a saintly person who tried to unite Kazakh, Bashkir, Nogai, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz and Tatar tribes under his "Six Alaş". In this study, it was aimed to compare the folklore sources about Alasha Han, which circulated in the Kazakh dialect literature, and the results of archaeological excavations. Thus, folklore sources and archaeological data were compared and presented with an interdisciplinary method. 14-20. Historical interpretations were made on the basis of the copies of the legends and the ideas compiled by the researchers from the people's mouth about the Alasha Khan character between the 19th century. Based on the legends and historical researches, efforts were made to explain the cultural layers of Alasha Khan sainthood and its meaning and importance as a cult. The emergence of the Kazakh people in the legends and the state formation process were reviewed. New views on the relationship between Alasha Han sainthood and the mausoleum, the architectural features of the mausoleum, the date of its construction and its meaning were presented.&nbsp

Kazakh ballet in the retrospective of the search for national identity

Abstract. Scientific understanding of the process of formation and development of the national ballet genre is relevant for the study of modern choreographic art. In the era of globalization, it is important to take steps to preserve the individuality of the national culture and support its iconic phenomena. The study of Kazakh ballet will reveal the peculiarities of the formation of choreographic art in the interaction of national tradition and classical ballet. The Ballet Theater of Kazakhstan of the twentieth century, although formed on the basis of the Russian ballet school, but it managed to preserve its national identity. Kazakhstan ballet has gone through difficult periods of development. The analysis of this phenomenon on the example of its history of formation will provide answers to many questions of the development of national choreographic art. Cultural-historical, comparative, biographical methods were used in the work on the study.Folk dance in Kazakhstan, due to the development of nomadic culture, has not preserved the established traditions and ancient samples of dance culture. This is seen as one of the reasons for the lack of a world-class national production in the repertoire of ballet theaters. Characterizing the main features of the development of the genre, it is concluded that the Kazakh ballet does not yet have a long history on stage: the success of the premieres is further replaced by the loss of the performance from the repertoire. To date, an exemplary ballet performance, unconditionally recognized as national, has not been created.Creative processes in the national ballet theater are active, starting from the first experiments of combining the movements of Kazakh games and rituals with classical dance to the creation of choreographic miniatures and ballets. Interest in ballet has not faded to this day, which confirms the appearance of new premieres.

The Influence of the Grassland Silk Road on the Porcelain Styles of the Yuan Dynasty during the Mongol-Yuan Period

Mongol-Yuan period was a special time in Chinese history, with a vast territory and prosperous trade and culture. On the basis of inheriting the nomadic culture of all dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty created a larger range of cultural exchange and dissemination. Among China's Silk Roads, the Grassland Silk Road started the earliest, has the longest history, spans the longest and covers the widest area. The Grassland Silk Road has not only spread Chinese culture to the world, but also an important way to introduced foreign culture, especially the Islamic civilization through this way introduced into China The multi-cultural and multi-ethnic integration and unprecedented prosperity of trade during the Mongol-Yuan period brought the development of the Grassland Silk Road into its heyday. The culture, technology, materials, and craftsmen of the Western Regions spread along this trade route had more influence on the decorative modeling of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty. The egg-white glaze, blue glaze, and blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty have all become typical representatives of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, and have become great treasures that have been passed down to future generations. The porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty was inclusive and open, and innovative, not only absorbing the culture of the Western Regions, grassland culture, and the culture of the Central Plains but also integrating and developing multiple cultures, forming unique decorative modeling characteristics, which contributed to the vigorous development of the porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty.

Early Medieval coarse wares from northern Bactria-Tokharistan. Archaeological and archaeometric characterization

The paper focuses on the archaeological contextualization and archaeometric characterization of Early Medieval coarse wares from the town of Khosijat Tepe and the castle of Balalyk Tepe (southern Uzbekistan), located in ancient northern Bactria-Tokharistan. From the 5th to the 8th centuries CE, this territory was marked by the successive arrival of nomadic tribes (Chionites/Kidarites and Hephthalites) which interacted with the Kushano-Sasanian population and contributed to the development of regional traditions and specific cultural characteristics. The study of ceramic artifacts is fundamental to ascertaining these processes, but the research conducted to date on this issue is very limited. Thus, we aim, first, to examine the morphological and technological features of some cooking wares, storage jars, and common wares, proposing a functional and morphological classification. Second, we want to detect the changes introduced by the nomadic tribes and evaluate the extent of these changes through a comparison with coeval ceramics from nearby sites. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence were performed on 16 specimens to evaluate the provenance and to determine the manufacturing processes (choice and working of raw materials, shaping methods, surface treatments, and firing regime). The results of the investigation revealed that all the vessels analyzed are local/regional products; however, the procurement and processing of the raw materials vary considerably depending on provenance and function. The appearance of new shapes and decorations, which have parallels in several settlements of northern Bactria, bears witness to the spread of nomadic traditions at the regional level.

A tribal confederation at the intersection of the Ottoman, Russian and Qajar empires: the Zilan Confederation and the empires (1810–1860)

Focusing on the pastoral nomadic tribe of Zilan, located at the intersection of the Ottoman, the Qajar and the Russian imperial borders, this article discusses the political and military relations between imperial states and nomadic tribes during the nineteenth century. It analyzes how the war-making, boundary-making and state-making attempts of these three rival empires on a tribal and frontier space shaped the social, political and economic organization of a nomadic tribe, its loyalties, alliances and allegiances. It argues that imperial states and tribes in this military frontier, rather than acting as two hostile camps, depended and needed each other in military, political and economic spheres. Such a long-lasting mutual interdependence not only transformed political and administrative structure of the tribal groups, but also forced empires to redraw their plans and projects according to tribal and frontier settings.

UNDERSTANDING THE STATE BUILDING OF MOUNTED PASTORAL NOMADS ON SEDENTATION AND MERCANTILE ACTIVITY OF KHAZAR KHANATE AND VOLGA BULGARS

The mounted pastoral nomadism was the dominant socio-economical system in Desht-i Kipchak steppes for thousands of years. However, the state building methods and effectiveness of state building apparatus of mounted pastoral nomadic people were subject of debate for researchers. The commerce and sedentation were two important factors in understanding the debatable subjects of this sedantation processes of mounted pastoral nomads. Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgars were taken as foundations of this study for analyzing and these two factors; sedentation and commerce. After giving very brief historical background about mounted pastoral nomads, Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgars, this study focuses on describing mercantile activity of these two states as well as their roles transcontinental trade roads. The Islamic sources and material findings are taken into consideration while describing the relation between commercial activity and state building process of Khazar Khanates and Volga Bulgars. Finally, the study concludes the research on the efficiency of commercial activity, and how this efficiency determined the state building as well as sedentation of mounted pastoral nomads. Key words: Mounted Pastoral Nomads, Sedentation, State building, Commerce

Pottery of the steppe piedmonts of the Bactro-Sogdian Borderlands: The case of Iskandar Tepa (mid-2nd–1st c. BC)

Iskandar Tepa is a recently excavated rural settlement site in the steppe piedmonts of the Kugitang, the westernmost foothills of the Pamir-Alay Mountain range in south Uzbekistan. Archaeological and numismatic investigation suggests that the site might have belonged to the system of outposts or watch-posts serving the strategic needs of the last Greco-Bactrian rulers to control the Sogdian-Bactrian borderlands and especially to control the communication routes leading through this region. This phase was followed by the occupation of the site by newly arrived (semi)nomadic people who took control of northern Bactria's territory during the second half of the 2nd century BCE. A quantitative and typological examination was performed on the pottery recovered at the site aiming to provide a preliminary overview of the ceramic repertoire and complementary chronological data for accurate dating. Different wares of all functional categories were identified with a predominance of closed shapes of the table and common wares, and the pithoi or large storage jars. We established typological analogies with the ceramic prototypes found in other coeval and nearby settlements and also recognized variations among the sites. Complementary to the previous archaeometric studies on ceramics from northern Bactria, we also present the characterization of a small ceramic assemblage to investigate their provenance and technology using a combination of analytical methods (WD-XRF, XRD, and OM). Archaeometric results reveal various paste recipes associated with specific chronologies and functional purposes, whose provenance can be located in several pottery workshops within the Amu/Sherabad/Surkhan rivers floodplain. The study demonstrates that ceramic prototypes and exchanges evolved during the period of occupation of the site, which has been preliminarily fixed between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE.

Summer Temperature Reconstruction for the Source Area of the Northern Asian Great River Basins, Northern Mongolian Plateau Since 1190 CE and its Linkage With Inner Asian Historical Societal Changes

Mid-to-high latitudes of Asia and its adjacent Arctic area are some of the most sensitive regions to climate warming in Eurasia, but spatio-temporal temperature variation over this region is still limited by a lack of long-term temperature records. Here, June-July temperature reconstructions are developed from a Larix sibirica composite chronology that presents a stable positive linkage with large-scale recorded temperatures and spans 1190–2019 CE for the source area of the Northern Asian great river Basins, northern Mongolian Plateau, Inner Asia. The warmest reconstructed period and low summer sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean over the past 830 years was estimated to occur in the late twentieth century (1990s–present), with a mean temperature (15.2°C) higher than the long-term mean (13.9°C) of 1190–2019 CE, which is linked with the rapid increase in global temperature. A relationship also exists between the reconstructed temperature and the AMO index, suggesting that the atmospheric patterns over the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans influence the temperature variations of northern Mongolian Plateau. In addition, we also propose that the warm climate promoted high vegetation productivity and favored the formation of power of the nomadic tribes in the Mongolian Plateau, such as the warm periods 1210s–1250s and 1400s–1430s. Our temperature reconstruction provides us with an opportunity to understand the regional effects of climate warming from multiple perspectives.

The Study on the Aesthetic Style of Inner Mongolia Films from the Perspective of Geo-cultural

In a history spanning more than 70 years, Inner Mongolian films have long formed a unique aesthetic style and artistic form compared to other regional films. Therefore, it is particularly important to refer to Inner Mongolian films as "locality". The naming of Inner Mongolia films should highlight the "locality", that is, the concept must be distinguished from the perspective of nationality and geography. Natural space, social imagination space, and time space have jointly constructed the spatial landscape of Inner Mongolia films, while the northern nomadic culture and the multicultural complex of the local area outside the Great Wall construct the regional cultural mirror image of Inner Mongolia films. It can be said that the image system and narrative mechanism of spatial landscape and cultural mirroring image should become the basic principle and aesthetic standpoint of the semantic naming of "Inner Mongolia Films".

STRATEGY WITH EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEFORESTATION OF BHILALA TRIBES IN MELGHAT REGION OF VIDARBHA

Tribal society is a primitive society of man. Most of the states are having the various types of tribal communities in India.According to George Peter Murdock, tribe is a social group in which there are many clans, nomadic bands, villages or other sub-groups which usually have a definite geographical area, a separate language, a singular and distinct culture and either a common political organization or at least a feeling of common determination against the strangers. As defined in the Imperial Gazette of India, ‘A tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is usually not endogamous, though originally it might have been so.” According to Bogardus, “The tribal group is based on the need for protection on ties of blood relationship and on the strength of a common religion.” The tribe is a group of persons having a common definite territory, common dialect, common name, common religion and a common culture. They are united by blood relationship and have a peculiar political organization.

SCIENTIFIC BASES OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTROL OF COMPETITIONS AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES IN THE BELT STRUGGLE

Belt Wrestling is considered one of the ancient sports. Historical handcuffs, monuments testify to the historical past of wrestling sports. Archaeologists have found many places in the world of petroglyphs with pictures of wrestlers on the rocks, in Central America, Africa, Europe and Asia. Evidence of the millennial history of the struggle can be seen from the historical monuments of nomadic tribes that lived in the 3-1 centuries BC. With the struggle with the belt, not only the peoples of Turkey, but also many nationalities and nationalities of Europe were engaged. In these peoples, the belt had its own unique forms and features as well as its own nomenclature of the method of struggle. In this article, opinions and comments are made on the scientific basis of pedagogical control of competitions and training activities in the belt fight.