Nomadic Research Articles

Nomadic responses to rainfall: Nighttime light evidence from wadis in Djibouti

This study examined the association between human activities and precipitation in dry areas, focusing on nomadic people in Djibouti. Nomadic communities often lack access to essential social services, and water resource management is crucial for their survival and social welfare. Understanding how they respond to variations in water availability could contribute to effective policy implementation. Using satellite-derived information, this study found that nighttime light brightness increased in response to precipitation around wadis, with potential water spring locations, and decreased with distance from a wadi. Specifically, we observed no effect when the distance was more than 5 km. Furthermore, no effect of precipitation was found in urban areas, while a positive effect was found in remote areas. These findings suggest that the activity of nomadic people increases around wadis in response to increased water resource availability, indicating that water supply is important for settlement projects because it can reduce water-seeking costs and improve social welfare. This study provides the first empirical evidence using satellite data and statistical analysis to show that water availability is critical for nomadic communities which can inform better resource management and policy decisions in African countries.

Reorganization of Population Placement System in Northwestern Siberia as a Reflection of Socio-Economic Policies of USSR in 1930s-1950s

This study examines the changes in the population placement system within Northwestern Siberia during the 1930s-1950s. It provides an overview of the settlement network that formed the basis of population distribution in the region. Previously unpublished archival data on settlement typology, population size, resettlement to the north during industrialization and collectivization, and post-war periods are introduced into scholarly discourse. The dynamics of population size and distribution in national districts are discussed, along with an exploration of the ethnic composition of rural settlements’ inhabitants. The study notes a decrease in the proportion of indigenous peoples alongside an increase in the number of Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Germans in the ethnic composition of the population, largely due to mass forced migrations. It is concluded that compared to the 1920s, there was a reduction in the number of small settlements of nomadic peoples (yurts, reindeer camps) during the period under review. As a result of sedentarization efforts among the indigenous population of the region, a significant portion of their settlements became permanent and acquired town status. The typological structure of the settlement network changed: the number of “alien” type settlements decreased, giving rise to “special settlements,” an increase in towns, and rural nonagricultural settlements such as animal farms, forestry areas, and settlements near factories.

Social Security Program for the Bede Community: Savar Upazila Perspective

Bede, also known as Baidya (feminine: Bedeni) or Manta, are a nomadic Indo-Aryan people of Bangladesh who have been neglected and backward since ages. To bring them into the mainstream of the society and for the overall development of the country, it is very important to preserve the basic rights of these neglected and backward groups by ensuring social justice, developed socio-economic conditions, proper educational system, permanent habitation, proper health services and all the social security programs supported by the government. To improve the quality of life of the Bede community, the government of Bangladesh has introduced a unique program called “Livelihood Development Program for Bede Community”. The main objective of this study is to be informed to what extent this government supported program is effective for the Bede community. Mixed method is used in this exploratory study. Here, Survey method is conducted for quantitative data, Case study and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is used for qualitative data. Quantitative data has been collected from 100 selected Bede people through purposive sampling from the Bede community who resides in Savar Upazila of Dhaka district where the Department of Social Services is running the government program for them. Among the surveyed population, a maximum of 40% Bede are between 30-40 years of age, and 50% of them are illiterate. But 20% of Bede have educational qualifications at the primary level. Under this program, the Government provides Allowance for them. 40% Bede received their first allowance in the 2015-16 financial year, while 66% Bede people used the allowance money for medical purposes and 40% Bede expressed satisfaction with receiving the allowance. Government also introduced the Education Stipend for Bede students. 40% of Bede students have received educational opportunities through this stipend and they are very satisfied. 33% of the surveyed Bede people received training on beautification and they are satisfied. Government also provides post training grants for their self-establishment.

The Influence of Horses and Grass on the Formation and Development of Core Cities on the Silk Road

The Silk Road has long attracted researchers from various fields, sparking their interest in ancient cities and the ancient route that connected civilizations. However, the role of horses and grass in the development of the Silk Road has been relatively understudied. This essay presents a novel perspective, revealing the significance of horses and grass in shaping the growth of nomadic cultures and their profound impact on the formation and development of cities along the Silk Road. Through an examination of Persepolis and Samarkand, this paper analyzes the intricate relationship between horses, grass, and the Silk Road. As a means of transportation, horses' agility and endurance allowed merchants and travelers to traverse vast distances, connecting civilizations and promoting economic and cultural exchanges. The abundant grasslands along the Silk Road corridor shaped the way of life and livelihood of nomadic tribes, providing sustenance for their horses. Nomadic tribes acted as intermediaries, facilitating trade between settled civilizations. This facilitated the establishment of trade routes and the emergence of prosperous urban centers. Therefore, the symbiotic relationship between horses, grass, and nomadic tribes played a crucial role in the development and prosperity of the Silk Road.

A Brief History of the Development of Yurt Architecture

The yurt is one of the few classic architectural types of ancient tent-like and movable structures that have survived to this day, which accounts for its limited historical remains. As the most representative architectural type on the Mongolian Plateau, its classification, form, and evolution reflect the historical process and wisdom of the Mongolian people in adapting to unique terrain and climatic conditions. It embodies the unique cultural and ideological connotations of nomadic civilization, encompassing various cultural information, including the customs, production methods, and living habits of grassland residents. By roughly sorting out the evolutionary process of yurts in different historical periods, we can partially understand the ethnic characteristics of yurts as a type of Mongolian architecture and how historical and cultural development influenced their form, ultimately forming a typical cultural symbol of nomadic life today.

The Integration Characteristics and Cultural Connotations of Folk Songs in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

The Yellow River is known as the "mother river" of Chinese civilization, which not only nurtures the Chinese nation but also has unique cultural characteristics. Folk songs, as an important carrier of inheriting traditional Chinese culture, embodies the wisdom of the Chinese people and provide strong impetus for promoting social development. The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River connect Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Inner Mongolian Plateau, Hetao Plain, Loess Plateau and other regions, forming an overall combination, organically integrating nomadic civilization and agricultural civilization, then a unique culture of the Yellow River basin has been formed. Along this cultural belt, cultural integration among multiple ethnic groups in various regions has developed a unique musical and cultural pattern in the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, studying the integration characteristics and cultural connotations of folk songs in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is of great significance for inheriting Yellow River culture and promoting traditional Chinese culture of folk songs.

Food from Equids-Commercial Fermented Mare's Milk (Koumiss) Products: Protective Effects against Alcohol Intoxication.

Fermented mare's milk (koumiss), a traditional Central Asian dairy product derived from fermented mare's milk, is renowned for its unique sour taste and texture. It has long been consumed by nomadic tribes for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the protective effects of koumiss against alcohol-induced harm across behavioral, hematological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and reproductive dimensions using a mouse model. Optimal intoxicating doses of alcohol and koumiss doses were determined, and their effects were explored through sleep tests and blood indicator measurements. Pretreatment with koumiss delayed inebriation, accelerated sobering, and reduced mortality in mice, mitigating alcohol's impact on blood ethanol levels and various physiological parameters. Histopathological and molecular analyses further confirmed koumiss's protective role against alcohol-induced damage in the liver, stomach, small intestine, and reproductive system. Transcriptomic studies on reproductive damage indicated that koumiss exerts its benefits by influencing mitochondrial and ribosomal functions and also shows promise in mitigating alcohol's effects on the reproductive system. In summary, koumiss emerges as a potential natural agent for protection against alcohol-induced harm, opening avenues for future research in this field.

Russia as a Frontier of Europe in the British Educational Games of the Georgian Age

In the eighteenth century, an entertainment industry grew in England, including educational games such as playing cards, puzzles, and board games. The educational aspect implied that the game was not only a way of entertainment, but also a source of knowledge. The author examines the image of the Russian Empire shaped by British games of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He gives special attention to the problem of the player’s interaction with the game reality, analyses the implicit properties of geographical spaces, which manifest themselves when, depending on the characteristics of the “place”, the player is asked to perform a certain action. The author divides the games of the period under review into three types, namely card games, board games designed as geographical maps, and board games with an individual playing field and booklet. He concludes that, regardless of the game format, the traditional early modern division of Russia into Asian and European parts was reflected in its image in all the games under consideration. The European part of Russia, as a rule, was described in the same tones as other regions of Europe. Asian Russia could be endowed with a variety of qualities. In some games it could be described as inhabited by ignorant nomadic tribes of Tartaria, in others – as frosty and deserted Siberia. Sometimes these characteristics were combined, but it is clear that the fragmentation into the “European” and “Asian” worlds presented in British educational games influenced significantly the formation of identification patterns among British youth of the Georgian era.

The Ties and Contacts between Ancient Mongolian Nomads and other Asian Civilizations

Abstract History is the study of people– specifically how people existed, lived, thought, and created in the past. It is very interesting to study how our ancestors, the nomadic Mongolians, lived on this land and the origin of our great grandparents for generations. Most of the time, people have been interested in the origin of their ancestors since ancient times, and they have explained it mostly through myths and religious views. The Mongolian plateau has been a home to nomads throughout its history. Mongolia is a heartland of nomadic empires that are famous not only in the steppes of Europe and Asia but also in the world. The large river basins and steppes of Mongolia are ideal areas for nomadic livestock farming, and the nomads who conquered these areas became a dominant force in the Eurasian steppes. Therefore, the history of the ancient states of Mongolia is the history of the empires that dominated the Eurasian plains. Scientists and researchers have proved that many states established by nomads existed on Mongolian territory and left a deep and undeniable trace on the history of Mongolia as well as the history of the world. They have done research on the topic from different perspectives which based on the specific theories. This research is based on the qualitative method. In this article, I will examine how the ancient nomadic civilization of Mongolia connected with some Asian civilizations.

Six Sassanian artworks engraved with hunters: king, crown prince, aristocrat or pretender to the throne?

This article focuses on six Sassanian plates that have caused contradictory opinions about those depicted on them. Considering these works and a historical context, the authors have assessed the prevailing opinions and expressed their own views and probabilities. As such, the person engraved on the four Sassanian works is probably a prince who ruled northern and northeastern regions of Iran during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD and was in contact with nomadic tribes between Iran and China.

Research on the Development of Architectural Conditions for Civil Repairs in Afghanistan

During the formation of fidalism, the culture of urbanization, which was considered the necessary link in the slave society, decreased, but the Centers of Buddhist culture in Afghanistan continued to operate even after the Arab conquests in the 7th century AD. At the beginning of the 5th century, from the depths of Central Asia, the Gochhanda Yaftali tribes invaded the territory of Afghanistan, which eventually led to the extinction of the Kushan Empire. Coexistence and interaction with neighbors in a peaceful and sometimes non-peaceful way of agricultural units with nomadic tribes is one of the main features of the historical development of the people of Afghanistan and Asia. By settling in the lands of Afghanistan and accepting the local culture and enriching it with their tribal traditions, the nomadic tribes helped a lot in the emergence of the process of a new social and cultural nature in the country. The conquests of the Arab caliphs, which began in the seventh century, and as a result of the interaction of their culture with the cultural traditions of the local people, led to the creation of a new culture. And Islamic religion replaced Buddhism and other religious beliefs. Buildings for worship were built called mosques, Eidgah’s, schools and caravanserais. The formation of large commercial and handicraft cities, which took place in the development of literary and architectural sciences, which took place in the middle of the centuries of the feudal period. The Ghaznavid dynasties (10th-12th centuries) and the Ghurids, the "king of the mountains" in the 12th century, had a significant impact on the history of the early Middle Ages. In the engineering of the cities of the Ghaznavid period, the buildings of the city (Ghazni, Qala-e-Bast, Lashkargah) and also in the engineering of most of the buildings of the Ghurid dynasty (a minaret in the mountainous region of Jam), the ideological characteristics of that era have been expressed in the language of engineering. In the modern era, after the wars and the destruction of cities and places in the country, the migrations that took place as a result of the civil wars and the return to the country, brought different cultures to the country. Also, by mixing new cultures with local traditions, it caused cities and places to take a new shape. Thus, it influenced the development of Afghan architecture and the growth of modern architecture. This will be of particular importance with the combination of local architectural culture and traditions in Afghanistan.

Review of the slaughter wastes and the meat by-products recycling opportunities

In the ancient times, the Kazakhstan population were considered as nomadic people, where a cult of all types of cattle breeding had a leading position. However, currently the processing approaches of livestock slaughter wastes and secondary meat raw materials are weakly developed. The presented review of waste-free technologies considers the utilization processes of following: carcasses, skins, bones, meat scraps, blood, adipose tissue, horns, feet, hooves, and internal organs. These substances are an important source of animal protein, collagen, bioactive peptides, blood plasma, minerals, and fats that can be applied in various industries: food, feed, medical, and technological. When slaughtering livestock, meat on bones makes up almost half of the total weight of livestock, yet the remaining half contains offal and inedible raw materials. Blood consists of: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Animal bones have mostly proteins (30–50%) and lipids (13–20%) from bone tissues. Tendons, bones and skins contain a large amount of collagen. Animal fat and adipose tissue have 54.9% saturated acids, 40.9% unsaturated fatty acids and 4.2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive peptides from collagen derivatives contain from 2 to 20 amino acids and have various biological (antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial) activity. This review considers a world current status, modern prospects and opportunities in the slaughter wastes and the meat by-products recycling technologies. Overview of existing approaches for waste processing with the subsequent use of the final product in the food industry, the production of feed, medicines and technical products is considered. The complete processing within the slaughtering livestock and the secondary meat raw materials allows to expand the wide-range products with a low prime cost, thereby promoting to the sustainable development of agroecology by applying the waste hierarchy: Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling.

Ethnolinguistic Nuclear Roots of Ancient Civilizations in the Light of Later Sound-Developments

Indeed, within current issues and debates in the field of Onomastic or//and Geopolitical-linguistic scholarship, this paper is concerned with politics of language and the semiotic construction of present model ‘ethnonym ↔ religion name (theonyms)’ of modern global linguistics. In this article explore how different linguistic collectivities use cognates and semiotic resources in different geographical spaces to reinforce or contest existing ancient social structures, bearing strong implications for language maintenance and cultural revitalization, construction of ethnolinguistic and national identities, and geographical-linguistic mobility. And looks into how globalization and its accompanying forces and influences, such as the importance of Western languages in socioeconomic mobility, into contact with local Asian cultures and firstly of ancient languages from Proto-Altay family. Because, ethnolinguistic nuclear roots of ancient civilizations in this area now extremely important for investigation native language, culture and conceptions of worldview of the first settlers or nomadic tribes from this mountainous region. Although, Tian Shan (˂ Chong Tong phonetic adaptation form in the Sino-Tibetan) including Pamir and Hindu Kush (˂ Bologunduz ↔Julduz) mountainous chains the cradle human civilization and preserving Proto Altaic form ancient onomastic elements. Wherever, the main ethnolinguistic cognates analyzed in the light of later semantic and sound-developments including with the comparative investigation intercontinental forms.

APPLICABILITY OF CARTOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS OF 6TH YEAR STUDENTS AT ESCOLA DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL TARCILA CRUZ DE ALENCAR, IN JUAZEIRO DO NORTE, CEARÁ, 2024

Cartography has existed since the time of nomadic people, who already felt the need to orient themselves in geographic space in the search for survival and used the natural stars as guides. There is currently a consensus that cartography is an indispensable pedagogical resource linked to the teaching of Geography, since the analysis of space in its dimensions and shapes using cartographic representations makes it possible to visualize what is learned and what is taught, which is fundamental for the acquisition of knowledge and the training of students capable of analyzing geographic phenomena and relating them. Covering the science of Geography, the study of geographic space, the original nature and other knowledge from the world of Geography, this work presents the importance of cartographic literacy in basic education in schools, focusing on the 6th year of Elementary School. We sought to understand the teaching and learning processes involved in teaching Cartography in the 6th year, observing, however, the skills to be worked on raised in the National Common Curricular Base, regarding the teaching of Cartography in Elementary School. The present investigation fits into the positivist paradigm, adapting to the quantitative methodology, as well as containing bibliographical analysis, based on books and scientific articles. The research works by collecting data from a specific population to obtain their input, namely, 6th year students at E.E.F. Tarcila Cruz de Alencar in the municipality of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, which will consist of the application of a closed questionnaire of a sectional nature

Child Acrobats as a Family Labor Force: An Exploratory Study on the Involvement of Children in Traditional Economic Activities

Child labor has majorly been analyzed through the socio-economic lens, because the deterministic cultural factors have not received much attention. This study attempts to understand the cultural influences on children’s involvement in traditional economic activities. Applying a cultural sociological approach, an intrinsic case study was conducted on the nomadic Nat tribe in India that generates its livelihood through children’s involvement in acrobatics. Findings suggest that the cultural existence of the tribe significantly determines children’s involvement in socio-economic exchanges. Policy attempts toward child upliftment must consider the cultural aspects essential for the tribe’s survival.

Love, Luxury, and Live Spectacle: Narrative Paintings and Women’s Patronage under the Northern Wei

Mogao Cave 257 in Dunhuang, dating from the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534) established by the nomadic Xianbei people in North China, is renowned for its vivid illustrations of scenes from two legends of avadāna (Buddhist paragons) and a jataka story featuring a stunning, nine-colored stag. By examining the narrative paintings as an integrated whole, I demonstrate how a cohort of Xianbei noblewomen may have commissioned the cave chapel not only to express distinct aspects of their social, material, and cultural lives but also to assert their agency and power by portraying women as active viewers in the narrative scenes.

An efficient hybrid technique for energy management system with renewable energy system and energy storage system in smart grid

This manuscript proposes a hybrid technique for an energy management system (EMS) with a renewable energy system and energy storage system using the smart micro grid. This work's novelty liesin the integration of Flying Foxes Optimization (FFO) algorithm and Deep Attention Dilated Residual Convolutional Neural Network (DADRCNN). Unlike existing methods, the FFO-DADRCNN method effectively leverages both optimization and predictive modelling capabilities to enhance grid stability, efficiency, and load prediction accuracy. The main goals of the proposed approach are to increase grid stability and efficiency, decrease micro grid system costs, and increase load prediction accuracy. The micro grid system incorporates PV, an energy storage system, wind turbine and load demand. To regulate the micro grid system and estimate load utilizing the DADRCNN most effectively, the proposed FFO technique is used. The proposed method's performance is evaluated using the MATLAB platform and compared with existing approaches, including Giza Pyramids Construction, Heap-based optimizer, and Nomadic People Optimizer. The proposed technique shows better outcomes when compared to other methods. Compared to other methods currently available, our proposed approach boasts an impressive 98 % efficiency rate and comes at a low operating cost of $1840.

THE MALUKI BANJARAN: A TRUE WARRIOR QUEEN OF BANJARA SOCIETY

Banjaras have a unique culture of their own and spread all over the country. Banjara is one of the indigenous tribes of India. There are diverse opinions about the origin of Banjaras but from the language, dressing pattern, clans, and culture one comes to know that they belong to Rajasthan. The identity of the community is unique due to its culture. There seems to be an impact of modernization and globalization on the age-old culture of the tribe. It is very difficult to state the accurate history of the tribe. Its history goes back to about five hundred years. It is an ethnic nomadic tribe with rich cultural heritage. Being the richest country in the world, we used to call India the golden bird it is true that the Banjaras have contributed a lot to it. The paper focuses on the golden legend of Maluki Banjaran is a true warrior queen of banjara society. The use of history of the Malluki Das has been as a freedom fighter, a role model in different contexts and a symbol, as well as an inspirational source of women empowerment. There is also a political use of the Malluki Das.

“Indigenous peoples, Business and the state: from the experience of legal regulation in the Russian arctic”

This article examines the role of the Commission on Legal Pluralism and one of its founders, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann (1946–2022), to whose memory I dedicate this analysis of the development of legal anthropology in Russia. In the article, I focus mainly on the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation. Legal pluralism methodology is important for the rights of indigenous peoples in modern Russia from various perspectives. Introduction to the work of the Commission on Legal Pluralism has been an important step in the formation of an interdisciplinary field of legal anthropology in Russia. Keebet von Benda-Beckmann played a major role in this process, and was involved in the 11th International Congress on Customary Law and Legal Pluralism, which was held in Moscow in 1997. Interdisciplinarity has become a defining trend in the study of the legal status of indigenous peoples in legal anthropology, both for the creation of special legislation and for the protection of indigenous rights. There has also been a significant turn in academic discourse from the study of customary law as a traditional law that existed in the past to the study of it as a regulator of the contemporary life of aboriginal and other communities. Field research in recent decades in the Russian Arctic confirms the need to emphasise the role of the state and globalisation when analysing the legal situation of indigenous peoples in the context of legal pluralism. In this article, two cases are analysed. The first is the development of the Russian Federation Standard on Social Responsibility for Business in the Arctic 2020, with which I was directly involved. My task as a legal anthropologist was to prepare a document that combined international law, national legislation, business standards and regulations, and the customary law of indigenous peoples of the North. The second case is related to the analysis of the regional legislation of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) concerning nomadic peoples, and consideration of indigenous customs and traditions in the state legal system. The importance of this perspective for the protection of the rights of these peoples is recognised in the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in response to the complaint filed by Gennady Shchukin, a representative of the Dolgan community of Krasnoyarsk Region, relating to the value of customary law in the regulation of hunting. Such judicial practice is rare, but it is of great importance in determining the status of indigenous peoples in the eyes of the state. This article deals with the possibility of taking into account the customary law of small indigenous peoples of the North based on documents adopted before 2022.

Hybrid identity and the image of the native land in Kazakhstan Russian language poetry

The article is devoted to the problem of the world image in the poetry of modern Kazakhstan Russian-speaking poets. This problem is closely related to the authors’ self-identity. The Russian language is chosen by authors of various ethnicities: Russians, Kazakhs and Poles. Kazakhstan has historically developed as a multi-ethnic region; in post-Soviet times, Russian is largely preserved as a language of interethnic communication. The article identifies and analyses the following components that make up the hybrid identity of Russian-speaking authors: their memory of ethnic roots, sociocultural identity, regional identity and civic identity. It is shown that such features as transborderness and transculturation, characteristic of the “nomadic” subject of modern poetry, fully correspond to the type of nomadic culture that has long been established on the territory of the Great Steppe. Hybrid identity in the poetry of Kazakhstan Russian-speaking authors determines its polysubjectivity, interaction of voices and dialogue among speech zones of different subjects, giving rise to the effect of the lyrical poetry “romanization”, which affects the prosaization of the verse form. Of the genre varieties, the most characteristic one is the form of poetic conversation. A striking feature of this poetry is the lyrical hero’s self-irony and the active use of intertextuality. Different components found in the authors’ inner self does not as much create a conflict situation as it allows them to avoid thinking in rigid binary oppositions, without removing a critical view of both today’s Kazakhstan and Russia.