Nomadic Research Articles

The Influence of Power Structures in Modern Central Asian Steppe States on Foreign Policy — A Case Study of the Diplomatic Activities of Kalmyk Khanate and the Junior jüz of Kazakh Khanate in the 18th Century

The social structure, division of political power, and operational mechanisms of modern Central Asian steppe states, dominated by nomadic peoples, are closely related to their foreign policy concepts and the formulation of diplomatic strategies. This paper uses a comparative case study method, focusing on Kalmyk Khanate and the Junior jüz of Kazakh Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Through a comparative analysis of the power structures of these two states and their transformations, the study explores the causal relationship between the characteristics of state power structures and the formulation of foreign policy. The study finds that the internal cohesion formed by the social power structure of steppe states affects their military strength, the legitimacy of the ruler’s power, and the orientation of social demands, which represent the balance between “interest” and “independence” —important conditions for the stable operation of a nomadic society—thus exert practical influence on diplomatic concepts and policies.

Research on Teaching Practice of Mongolian Horse Saddle Making

In the life of the Mongolian people, warhorses are undoubtedly the best friends and capable assistants of nomadic tribes. Horses are indispensable in military campaigns, hunting, and daily life. They allow nomads to gallop freely across the vast northern grasslands. As an essential means of transportation, horses hold immense significance. The Mongolians are known as the "horseback nation," so what artifact can represent the pinnacle of nomadic craftsmanship in the context of arts and crafts? Naturally, one thinks of saddles. Saddles are necessities for our lives, and each period of saddle development reflects the highest level of craftsmanship and aesthetic expression at that time. The laws governing the evolution of artifacts have been gradually accumulated through long-term use, selection, discovery, and practice. This includes techniques, materials, shapes, structures, aesthetics, and expressions. These precious objects are the crystallization of national cultural wisdom.

Navigating through the diagnostic labyrinth of rare bifocal intracranial germ cell tumors: A case report

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating from germ cells within the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors are a subclass of CNS germ cell tumors (GCTs) that are typically observed in 1st to 2nd decades of life. They tend to occur in the midline, either at the pineal region or along the floor of the third ventricle/suprasellar region. Less commonly, both regions can be involved, presenting as bifocal tumors which usually carry a worse prognosis. Such bifocal lesions can be either two independent primary germinomas (GEs) (known as true bifocal GE) or it can be one primary GE with metastases (known as false bifocal GE). Bifocal presentation is mostly seen in GE, but some of the patients may have mixed GCT. Clinical features are mainly due to the mass effect and involvement of sellar and supra-sellar regions.<br /><strong>Case Presentation:</strong> A 21-year-old male presented with complaints of erectile dysfunction, lack of libido, headache, polydipsia,<br />polyuria, diplopia, and recent onset blurring of vision over the past 6 months to 1 year. Radiological investigations revealed<br />the presence of true bifocal iGCTs, which were confirmed to be β-human chorionic gonadotropin producing GEs upon<br />histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The patient showed complete resolution of the tumor following treatment.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Intracranial GEs are highly radiosensitive tumors often characterized by insidious symptoms, leading to a significant delay in diagnosis, with patients often seeking medical assistance only when their daily activities are severely impaired. However, this delay could be mitigated by obtaining a thorough patient history and maintaining a high index of suspicion for intracranial GEs, particularly in the appropriate age groups. Our case report emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach in facilitating timely and informed decision-making for optimal patient management.</p>

Exploring Perceptions and Treatment-Seeking Behaviors for Viral Hepatitis Among the Ethnic Irula Tribe in Tamil Nadu, India: A Qualitative Study on Health Disparities.

Qualitative research was undertaken to determine the perceptions and treatment-seeking behaviors of the Irula tribal populations in Tamil Nadu, India, and to explore the depth, diversity, and complexity of viral hepatitis. An in-depth interview (IDI) was conducted among the eligible respondents. A purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the study subjects. The IDI was conducted among the community leader, male and female participants, and other representatives, e.g., ward members (Panchayat). We gathered data regarding the perceptions of viral hepatitis and behavioral intentions. Thematic analysis was used to generate the results of the qualitative research. Four themes emerged from the codes of the current qualitative study: (1) the general perception, transmission, and treatment of viral hepatitis; (2) stigma and discrimination; (3) health-seeking behavior towards viral hepatitis; and (4) morbidity patterns were significant themes. Most of the nomadic tribes hold incorrect perceptions regarding viral hepatitis and liver cancer risk, and women were reported to have a higher perceived risk than men. The participants displayed high hope and confidence, which motivated them to participate actively in viral hepatitis prevention activities. Programs and policies geared towards enhancing viral hepatitis prevention in this sub-population may consider sociocultural factors observed to influence prevention behaviors.

THE CONCEPT OF “SPACE” IN THE KAZAKH WORLDVIEW

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of space in the worldview of the Kazakhs. Space, as a TILTANYM №4 (96) 2024 81 universal category of human thought characteristic of all ethnic groups and eras, is examined across various fields of scientific knowledge such as mathematics, physics, geography, philosophy, and linguistics. The concept of space in the article is analyzed within the consciousness of Turkic peoples, particularly in the mentality of the Kazakhs, over an extended historical period. The purpose of the article is to explore the peculiarities of how space is perceived and understood by the Kazakh people through the analysis of a literary work. The analysis is based on Ilyas Yesenberlin’s trilogy ”Nomads”, where attention is drawn to key lexical markers of Turkic nomadic culture, such as “steppe,” “land,” and “road” (“path”). The semantic analysis of these lexical markers reveals their polysemy, showcasing various aspects of how space is understood in the consciousness of the Kazakh people. Some of these markers contain sememes that express dynamism, movement, and the vastness of space. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in the Kazakh worldview, space represents a fundamental universal category closely associated with the traditional nomadic way of life and movement through space, which is undoubtedly shaped by the historical lifestyle of the Kazakhs and their habitation in the vast steppe.

The Nomadic Lifestyle of the Blaan Tribe: A Phenomenological Study

This research aimed to investigate the nomadic lifestyle of the Blaan tribe, focusing on the life situation of the Blaan people in Davao Occidental. It explored the lived experiences of these nomadic people, their coping mechanisms, and their insights into engaging in a nomadic way of life. The study employed a qualitative research approach, specifically a phenomenological study design. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants. The results yielded four essential themes reflecting the lived experiences of the nomadic people: Limited Access to Basic Needs, Environmental Vulnerability, Limited Economic Opportunities, and Social Marginalization. Three themes were identified regarding the coping mechanisms employed by the nomadic people: Embrace Flexibility, Practice Mindfulness in All Ways, and Set Goals. Regarding the insights of the nomadic people, three themes emerged: Cultural Awareness, Adaptability, and Goal Setting. The findings highlight the need for policymakers and organizations to address the basic needs of the Blaan tribe, including food, water, shelter, and healthcare. Environmental protection efforts are crucial to support their nomadic lifestyle, while sustainable livelihood opportunities could improve their economic situation. To combat social marginalization, initiatives should focus on raising awareness and understanding of nomadic cultures.

The origin and flow of a Bronze Age urban population in ancient China: an investigation based on the craniometric study

AbstractThe Dahekou cemetery in southern Shanxi Province is an important archaeological site dating to the Western Zhou period (1046 BC-771 BC). Based on the inscriptions on funerary artefacts, the cemetery is believed to belong to a local enfeoffed state named Ba (霸), which was not mentioned in historical records. Previous archaeological studies failed to reach any definite conclusion on the origin and flow direction of the Dahekou people, which was one of the research questions of concern, waiting to be interpreted. In this paper, we assessed the biological affinity between the Dahekou people and the populations that lived before and after them in the surrounding area by conducting a cluster analysis of their craniometric data. The results show that the earlier Youyao group, the later Shangma and Taosibei groups have the closest affinity to the Dahekou population. This paper thus argues that the Dahekou people were most likely descendants of a branch of a nomadic civilization named Di (狄) who came from north-central Shanxi. After the demise of the Ba state, the Dahekou people were incorporated into the people of the Jin (晋) state represented by two nearby cemeteries. This study also shows that craniometry could assist in the addressing of some research questions which failed to be answered by historical records, like where the people of a newly enfeoffed state of a Bronze Age dynasty came from.

Ideological Inspirations of the Movements of Denotified-Nomadic Tribes

The struggles of notified-nomadic tribes highlight issues of resistance, identity and the quest for justice within Indian society. This paper delves into the ideological motivations behind these movements, focusing on the influence of Marxism, Dalit Panther ideology, and literary expressions. It examines how these movements emerged as a response to systemic oppression, analyzed through historical, social, and cultural lenses. In Maharashtra, the De- notified nomadic tribes initiated a social movement to claim their fundamental rights, beginning with opposition to the Tribal Crime Act of 1871. This act labeled certain tribes as criminals, though they were de-notified after 1952. Despite this, these tribes faced persistent challenges in voicing their issues. The study provides an in-depth exploration of the ideas and motivations driving these movements. The Dalit movements in Maharashtra served as a catalyst for the educated youth of De- notified nomadic tribes, inspiring them to organize and mobilize. Influenced by ideologies from the Rashtriya Seva Dal, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and Marxism, these youth laid the foundation for the De- notified nomadic tribal movements, shaped by the principles and aspirations of these diverse schools of thought.

ORGANISATION OF DEFENSE AGAINST NOMADS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PREFECTURES OF THE HAN EMPIRE (BASED ON HANJIAN BAMBOO SLIPS OF ZHANGYE COMMANDERY)

Bamboo and wooden slips named hanjian dated by the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties (202 BCE - 220 CE) found in the northwestern commanderies of the empire bordering the Xiongnu territories often contain information about numerous conflicts with nomads. Unlike historical chronicles, which record only important historical events and major battles, daily reports on bamboo slips tell more about border clashes and routine tasks of soldiers in watchtowers. The wooden documents, which strictly and in detail recorded individual raids by small groups of nomads, can serve as a source for a detailed analysis of the scale and strategy of the Xiongnu or other nomadic peoples’ invasion of Han territories, the amount of damage caused, and the methods of resisting attacks. This investigation examines documents from the Juyan border outpost in Zhangye County, where the most representative collection of slips dedicated to the daily tasks of border fortresses was found. It is determined that the Xiongnu most often attacked in late spring and early winter, in the pre-dawn or evening twilight. The goals of small attacks were related to enriching food for people and animals, stealing weapons, and destroying fortifications of the Han side. The report form by Han soldiers on past conflicts, methods of preparation for repelling enemy attacks, and professional criteria for service on watchtowers are determined in the article.

The Early Holocene flora of the southern part of the Western Desert of Egypt

The article summarises archaeobotanical data and discusses the importance of plant remains for the reconstruction of ancient flora and vegetation during the development of Neolithic settlements in the southern zone of the Western Desert of Egypt. Such an attempt is possible thanks to archaeological and botanical research carried out there for many years. These studies have led to the identification of numerous plant remains that were found at different sites inhabited by nomadic tribes in various humid interphases of the Holocene. The recognised subfossil flora includes at least 52 taxa. Archaeobotanical assemblages from individual sites are neither very diverse in plant species nor abundant in plant remains. The exception is Site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, which yielded exceptionally rich plant material. The most favourable period for the development of flora, vegetation and settlement occurred during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, correlated with the El Nabta and Al Jerar settlement phases. This period was characterised by a relatively rich flora that grew in various habitats in the vicinity of the former settlements.

The Chinggisid Crisis of the mid-fourteenth century: reasons and consequences

Abstract This article analyses the collapse of the Mongol empire in the mid- to late fourteenth century (1330s to 1390s) across Eurasia, looking at three facets of the Crisis: environmental—focusing on climate change; epidemiological—exploring the Black Death's impact on the fall of the Chinggisids; and political—mainly the dilution of the Chinggisid charisma due to the halt of expansion. We argue that the main facet of the Crisis was political, and that it derived from the nomadic culture of the Mongols. This was the same political culture that enabled them to establish their huge empire. However, an integral part of this political culture was the need to secure the support of the nomadic elites who were also the backbone of the Mongol army. This proved to be much harder in a reality of excessive natural disasters on the one hand and the erosion of the Chinggisid charisma due to the renunciation of the ideal of world conquest on the other. The result was a growing number of elite groups who contested for power while nominally retaining the framework of the Chinggisid principle, among whom the imperial sons-in-law played a significant part, as well as the shrink and fragmentation of the Chinggisid polities that survived the Crisis.

Feature Selection using Improved Nomadic People Optimizer in Intrusion Detection

Intrusion Detection (ID) in network communication and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a big challenge that has grown with the rapid development of these technologies. Various types of intrusion attacks may occur to the transferred data of such networks and various ID methods and algorithms have been proposed. One powerful tool used in this field is Machine Learning (ML), which has achieved satisfied detection results. However, these results with the available ID datasets can be further improved. This paper proposes an accurate approach for ID in the network and WSN using ML methods including chaotic map, Nomadic People Optimizer (NPO), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The proposed approach has five main stages which are: data collection, pre-processing, feature selection, classification, and evaluation. An improved version of NPO based on chaotic map and Cauchy mutation called CNPO is proposed. The proposed scheme uses chaotic maps to initialize the population and Cauchy mutation for solution distribution. Besides, the proposed fitness function based on SVM is proposed. The CNPO is employed for the feature selection task. The proposed approach was evaluated in two datasets, NSL-KDD, and WSN-DS, with accuracy of 99.97% and 99.99, respectively.

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

The article presents a comparative analysis of the views and research of scientists about traditional Kazakh society. The ideological content, political and social structure, and national values of traditional Kazakh society are also analyzed. The place and role of traditional society in the formation of the basis of historical consciousness and national culture are highlighted. Since the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the radical colonization policy of Tsarist Russia in the Kazakh steppe, the destruction of the country's political independence, the strengthening of the social classification of society, adaptation from a nomadic economy to a settled economy, and the increasingly bold penetration of monetary and commodity relations have changed the socio-economic structure of society, aggravated social contradictions, and the tribalism of the Kazakh people led to a change in the tribal structure. It became possible to objectively study this topic only after our country gained independence. As a result of the methodological description of the formational and civilizational paths of social development, the features of the historical knowledge of nomads are shown. Documentary and historiographical issues of the oral tradition of storytelling and genealogical consciousness characteristic of the historical memory and social memory of nomadic peoples are formulated. In the process of describing the ethnosocial conditions of the formation and development of the political system in Kazakh society, an attempt was made to restore the social memory of the history of the Eurasian nomadic civilization. A historiographical analysis of research in this direction is carried out.

SOME OPINIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE STEPPE PEOPLES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

The emergence of Russia as a great power in Eastern Europe due to the dissolution of the Golden Horde at the end of the 15th century is one of the most important events in contemporary history. In the 16th century and the following period, Russia not only replaced the Golden Horde Khanate, but also became one of the greatest actors in European history. The position Russia has today in terms of its spread in Eurasia is the result of Russia's interaction with the Steppe peoples and the stepp World. This article discusses the history of the formation of the Golden Horde, its ethnic and political influence on such peoples as Russia, as well as its influence on the statehood of the Golden Horde and the subsequent formation and development of the Russian state. Based on historical data and modern research, some opinions about the influence of nomadic peoples on the development of Russian history, historical significance and difficulties in revival are analyzed. The article evaluates historical sources from a critical point of view and discusses their role in historical reconstruction. The historical influence of the Golden Horde in the Eurasian steppes on the rise to the stage of history of other states, such as Russia, is considered from the point of view of scientific works.

Maritime Vocabularies Learning In English For Children And Teenagers In The Geopark Area Of The Bajo-Tilamuta Ethnic Village

Boalemo Regency selected the Bajo-Tilamuta Ethnic Village as a Cultural Diversity site for the Gorontalo Geopark due to the uniqueness of this ethnic group's way of life. The Bajo-Tilamuta tribe, one of the Bajo tribes, can be found on the coast of Gorontalo Province, specifically in Boalemo Regency. Despite residing on the coast, the Bajo-Tilamuta tribe remains isolated and distant from the broader population's settlements. However, the intensity of meetings between the Bajo and Gorontalo tribes often occurs through activities as fishermen and marriages between the Bajo and Gorontalo tribes. The Bajo tribe is known as a nomadic tribe at sea. Because of its spread beyond national borders, this tribe is known as a free border crosser. The Bajo tribe's reliance on the sea for shelter has led to their spread to various parts of the world, particularly in Southeast Asia. In the past, the Bajo tribe was known for exclusively living at sea, meaning they were born, lived, and died on boats. The Bajo people's way of life has now changed. Although the Bajo people still live on the sea's edge, their lives tend to settle in one place, leading many of their children to attend school and become graduates. The potential of the Bajo village as an ethnic geopark village hinges on the availability of human resources capable of supporting the village's designation as a geopark tourism village. Therefore, children and teenagers in the Bajo-Tilamuta Village require foreign language training, such as English. We take this action to prepare for the potential arrival of foreign tourists in the future. Through community service integrated with KKN (Community Service Program), students use the English teaching method for young learners by introducing maritime English vocabulary whose objects are in the daily lives of the Bajo Community, namely the sea and its environment.

Bean Sprout Process in Mongolian Jewelry

Inner Mongolia in northern China is a multi-landform and multi-ethnic area with great regional characteristics, where various ethnic groups live here. Existing archaeological data show that as early as 5,000 years ago, the Yangshao culture of Inner Mongolia. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some nomadic people such as Xiongnu and Donghu lived a nomadic life here. The cultural treasures with a long history, such as Hongshan Culture, Liao Shangjing Site and Yuan Shangdu Site, are all models of traditional design. The essence of its design is that it properly expresses the innovative style of filament technology. Inner Mongolia belongs to the inland from the geographical location, in the case of less abundant materials, the craftsmen through ingenious design, for the road of regeneration. The birth and inheritance of these ornaments cannot be separated from the diligence and wisdom of the craftsmen. In Mongolian, "black black" is often used to describe excellent craftsmen. This paper will be divided into two paragraphs: material and process, structure and form, to analyze the design characteristics of bean sprout process, so as to further explore the aesthetic characteristics contained in its design consciousness. From the process production as the entry point, comb the internal connection between bean sprout process, cloisonne and diancui process. In order to carry forward the excellent design concept of the Chinese nation, it hopes to inspire the current students' learning, inheritance and innovative research in teaching practice.

Items for Hunting with Birds of Prey in the Culture of Nomadic Peoples

Hunting birds has a long history and is of important cultural importance for many modern countries in the Central Asian region, so the study of hunting objects will allow examining this process in detail and preserving the cultural legacy of modern countries. The purpose of the study is to examine what equipment the nomads used for hunting birds and consider the importance of this kind of activity in society. In the course of the study, a number of methods of theoretical cognition were used. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: it was determined that hunting birds was not only an element of life, but also influenced the worldview and culture of nomadic peoples. The main element of the equipment was the tomaga, which was a leather cap that was put on the bird’s head and had five types. The boo is equipment for keeping the bird at a distance and was mainly used for training, and the variety depended on its length. This study will be useful for ethnographers investigating the culture and way of life of nomadic peoples to deepen their knowledge.

The Concept of “World” in Ancient Turkic World View

Abstract The relevance of this work is that modern society shows interest in and explores the issue of traditional values, which are the result of social transformations. The development of a national, traditional worldview in the study and cognition of the surrounding world is still being investigated today. The purpose of the study is to conduct a general analysis of the establishment and origin of the worldview of the ancient Turkic peoples and to show the essential aspects of the classical worldview of modern Turkic peoples. The following methods were used in this study: historical, dialectical, comparative, historical, and descriptive methods, analysis and synthesis, as well as deductive and inductive methods. The result of the study was the coverage of not only the question of the worldview of the ancient Turks but also the relevance of this topic in the modern world and the role of a person in society. The study reveals the attitude of the Turks toward society, beliefs, worldview, and understanding of the “World” by nomadic Turkic peoples and describes the main function of the world. The practical significance of this topic lies in the motivation of a person to learn about their origin, culture, and traditions. The study of the world, life, and death of the Turkic peoples will provide a deeper understanding of the traditional culture and worldview of the ancient Turks. The paper covers the topic of the origin of culture and civilization among the Turks. The heroic epic “Oguz Kagan” is considered, and the manifestation of divine faith in the work is analyzed. The idea of the “World” in the epic was clarified by the beliefs of the ancient Turks.

Exploring the genetic implications of demographic dynamics in Jammu and Kashmir using autosomal STRs.

The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has always been a point of contention among India, Pakistan, and China for various reasons. This region has great significance historically due to its geography and ethnic diversity. However, a comprehensive genetic study providing the genetic landscape of Jammu and Kashmir was lacking until now. In this study, we analysed 21 hyper-variable autosomal STR loci of 694 individuals from Jammu and Kashmir and compared them with neighbouring populations to explore the genetic implications of demographic dynamics that have taken place in this region. Our findings suggest that the population of Jammu and Kashmir is a genetic mixture of two major clines, northern and southern, that correspond with the variation in geography, linguistics, and demography of the region. Broadly, the gene flow into the southern cline appears to be in historical times perhaps as a result of the spread of Gurjars, Dogri language and invasions of Mongols. However, the arrival of ancient nomadic tribes into this region may belong to the time depth of the arrival of pastoralist communities in this region. As a future perspective, a comprehensive study including samples from individual tribes will provide fine-scale structure of the gene pool of Jammu and Kashmir.

Nomadic Culture’s Place Names Named After the Cult of Domestic Livestock

The given research considers toponyms of the Republic of Kazakhstan related to the names of domestic livestock, their species, and products as nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of domestic livestock. The total sum of 341 toponyms named after the cult of domestic livestock from all 14 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan were taken as the data of the study. They were assembled from different geographical maps of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and they were divided into five main groups that were named after the five main species of domestic livestock. They are: 1. Nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of horses; 2. Nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of oxen; 3. Nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of camels; 4. Nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of sheep; 5. Nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of goats. The complex analysis of research data revealed the percentage of each of the five groups mentioned above; it also identified the 15 most common toponyms named after the nomadic cult of domestic livestock and assisted in classifying the mechanisms of naming nomadic culture’s toponyms named after the cult of domestic livestock. As a result, this research proposes a pioneering classification of mechanisms for naming nomadic culture’s place names, which can manifest some peculiarities of nomadic culture. It also revealed that 56 percent of the 341 toponyms, which were used as data for the study, are associated with the cult of horses. Words associated with the cult of horses in Kazakh culture are widely used in toponyms and serve various functions. These include providing information about incidents that occurred at specific locations, as well as describing the features of geographical objects using characteristics associated with horses and their breeds. The second group of place names in nomadic cultures, named after the cult of domestic livestock, is dedicated to the cult of camels. These constitute approximately 16 percent of all nomadic place names related to the cult of domestic livestock. Camels have played a role in the lives of Central Asian nomads similar to that of horses. Similarly, place names in nomadic cultures associated with the cult of camels serve functions akin to those related to the cult of horses. The Kazakh people even name their children using names that contain elements associated with the cult of camels. The third significant group of place names within the nomadic culture, which is attributed to the worship of domestic livestock, pertains to the cult of sheep. This category constitutes ten percent of all place names related to the nomadic culture's veneration of domestic animals, marginally surpassing the last two groups of such toponyms by only one percent. In Central Asia, nomadic peoples primarily raise sheep for their meat and wool. The Kazakh people have numerous traditions linked to the sheep cult. Even the bones of sheep have been and still are used as toys during national Kazakh games such as “asyk oinau.” The etymological aspects and word structure of toponyms of a given group were studied, and the results of the research contain new details about the etymology of some nomadic culture’s place names that were considered as the data of the study. The whole research process was conducted in three main phases: the phase of reviewing literature and collecting geographical names; the phase of studying etymology and word structure of research data and identifying the 15 most frequent nomadic culture’s toponyms; and the phase of identifying and classifying the main mechanisms of naming nomadic culture’s place names named after the cult of domestic livestock. Received: 14 July 2024 / Accepted: 20 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024