Noise Values Research Articles

A Combination of FPU-Net and Feature Clustering Methods for Accurate Segmentation of Femoral Neck in Radiographic Diagnosis.

In this study, we develop an innovative method that assists computer-aided diagnosis in the determination process of the exact location of the femoral neck junction in plain radiographs. Our algorithm consists of two phases, i.e., coarse prediction and fine matching, which are implemented by supervised deep learning method and unsupervised clustering, respectively. In coarse prediction, standard masks are first produced by a specialist and trained in our proposed feature propagation network (FPU-Net) with supervised learning on the femoral neck dataset. In fine matching, the standard masks are first classified into different categories using our proposed three parameters with unsupervised learning. The predicted mask from FPU-Net is matched with each category of standard masks by calculating the values of intersection of union (IOU), and finally the predicted mask is substituted by the standard mask with the largest IOU value. A total of 4320 femoral neck parts in anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis radiographs collected from China Medical University Hospital database were used to test our method. Simulation results show that, on the one hand, compared with other segmentation methods, the method proposed in this paper has a larger IOU value and better suppression of noise outside the region of interest; on the other hand, the introduction of unsupervised learning for fine matching can help in the accurate localization segmentation of femoral neck images. Accurate femoral neck segmentation can assist surgeons to diagnose and reduce the misdiagnosis rate and burden.

Based on Gaussian filter to improve the effect of the images in Gaussian noise and pepper noise

Gaussian filter is one of the important research topics. Researchers find that Gaussian filter can suppress noise, but there is still a gap in the completeness of Gaussian filter for denoising. Therefore, the author optimized the Gaussian filter to achieve better filtering effect. By collecting SNR and PSNR data and comparing and analysing different noise types of the data under the same condition, the author explored the denoising effect of Gaussian filter method on Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise, and improved the Gaussian filter method. According to the comparison of SNR and PSNR data, the author found that under the default condition, the SNR value of Gaussian noise after optimization is 57.69201, and the SNR value of Salt and pepper noise is 31.5896. The PSNR value of Gaussian noise is 31.5021, and the PSNR value of Salt and pepper noise is 19.7872. The SNR and PSNR values of Gaussian noise are much larger than those of Salt and pepper noise, indicating that the denoising effect of Gaussian filter on Gaussian noise is obviously better than that of Salt and pepper noise under the same condition. The SNR value and PSNR value of Gaussian noise in the two groups of experiments are larger than Salt and pepper noise, which indicates that under the same condition, Gaussian filter is conducive to suppressing Gaussian noise and has a more significant impact on Gaussian noise.

High-pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) with ultra-low contrast medium volume for the detection of pulmonary embolism: a comparison with standard CTPA

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and image quality of high-pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) with reduced iodine volume in normal weight patients.MethodsIn total, 81 normal weight patients undergoing CTPA for suspected pulmonary arterial embolism were retrospectively included: 41 in high-pitch mode with 20 mL of contrast medium (CM); and 40 with normal pitch and 50 mL of CM. Subjective image quality was assessed and rated on a 3-point scale. For objective image quality, attenuation and noise values were measured in all pulmonary arteries from the trunk to segmental level. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated. Radiation dose estimations were recorded.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in patient and scan demographics between high-pitch and standard CTPA. Subjective image quality was rated good to excellent in over 90% of all exams with no significant group differences (p = 0.32). Median contrast opacification was lower in high-pitch CTPA (283.18 [216.06–368.67] HU, 386.81 [320.57–526.12] HU; p = 0.0001). CNR reached a minimum of eight in all segmented arteries, but was lower in high-pitch CTPA (8.79 [5.82–12.42], 11.01 [9.19–17.90]; p = 0.005). Median effective dose of high-pitch CTPA was lower (1.04 [0.72–1.27] mSv/mGy·cm; 1.49 [1.07–2.05] mSv/mGy·cm; p < 0.0001).ConclusionHigh-pitch CTPA using ultra-low contrast volume (20 mL) rendered diagnostic images for the detection of pulmonary arterial embolism in most instances. Compared to standard CTPA, the high-pitch CTPA exams with drastically reduced contrast medium volume had also concomitantly reduced radiation exposure. However, objective image quality of high-pitch CTPA was worse, though likely still within acceptable limits for confident diagnosis.Clinical relevanceThis study provides valuable insights on the performance of a high-pitch dual-source CTPA protocol, offering potential benefits in reducing contrast medium and radiation dose while maintaining sufficient image quality for accurate diagnosis in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism.Key Points• High-pitch CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) with ultra-low volume of contrast medium and reduced radiation dose renders diagnostic examinations with comparable subjective image quality to standard CTPA in most patients.• Objective image quality of high-pitch CTPA is reduced compared to standard CTPA, but contrast opacification and contrast-to-noise ratio remain above diagnostic thresholds.• Challenges of high-pitch CTPA may potentially be encountered in patients with severe heart failure or when performing a Valsalva maneuver during the examination.

Bio-potential noise of dry printed electrodes: physiology versus the skin-electrode impedance

Objective. To explore noise characteristics and the effect physiological activity has on the link between impedance and noise. Approach. Dry-printed electrodes are emerging as a new and exciting technology for skin electro-physiology. Such electrode arrays offer many advantages including user convenience, quick placement, and high resolution. Here we analyze extensive electro-physiological data recorded from the arm and the face to study and quantify the noise of dry electrodes, and to characterize the link between noise and impedance. In particular, we studied the effect of the physiological state of the subject (e.g. rapid eye movement sleep) on noise. Main results. We show that baseline noise values extracted from dry electrodes in the arm are in agreement with the Nyquist equation. In the face, on the other hand, the measured noise values were higher than the values predicted by the Nyquist equation. In addition, we studied how different electrode properties affect performances, including electrode size, shape, and material properties. Significance. Altogether, the results presented here provide a basis for understanding dry electrode performances and substantiate their great potential in electro-physiological investigations.

Deep learning reconstruction vs standard reconstruction for abdominal CT: the influence of BMI.

This study aimed to evaluate the image quality and lesion conspicuity of the deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithm compared with standard image reconstruction algorithms on abdominal enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMIs). A total of 112 participants who underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans were divided into three groups according to BMIs: the 80-kVp group (BMI ≤ 23.9kg/m2), 100-kVp group (BMI 24-28.9kg/m2), and 120-kVp group (BMI ≥ 29kg/m2). All images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP), adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V of 50% level (IR), and DLIR at low, medium, and high levels (DL, DM, and DH, respectively). Subjective noise, artifact, overall image quality, and low- and high-contrast hepatic lesion conspicuity were all graded on a 5-point scale. The CT attenuation value (in HU), image noise, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantified and compared. DM and DH improved the qualitative and quantitative parameters compared with FBP and IR for all three BMI groups. DH had the lowest image noise and highest CNR value, while DM had the highest subjective overall image quality and low- and high-contrast lesion conspicuity scores for the three BMI groups. Based on the FBP, the improvement in image quality and lesion conspicuity of DM and DH images was greater in the 80-kVp group than in the 100-kVp and 120-kVp groups. For all BMIs, DLIR improves both image quality and hepatic lesion conspicuity, of which DM would be the best choice to balance both. The study suggests that utilizing DLIR, particularly at the medium level, can significantly enhance image quality and lesion visibility on abdominal CT scans across a wide range of BMIs. • DLIR improved the image quality and lesion conspicuity across a wide range of BMIs. • DLIR at medium level had the highest subjective parameters and lesion conspicuity scores among all reconstruction levels. • On the basis of the FBP, the 80-kVp group had improved image quality and lesion conspicuity more than the 100-kVp and 120-kVp groups.

Fully automated computational measurement of noise in positron emission tomography

ObjectivesTo introduce an automated computational algorithm that estimates the global noise level across the whole imaging volume of PET datasets.Methods[18F]FDG PET images of 38 patients were reconstructed with simulated decreasing acquisition times (15–120 s) resulting in increasing noise levels, and with block sequential regularized expectation maximization with beta values of 450 and 600 (Q.Clear 450 and 600). One reader performed manual volume-of-interest (VOI) based noise measurements in liver and lung parenchyma and two readers graded subjective image quality as sufficient or insufficient. An automated computational noise measurement algorithm was developed and deployed on the whole imaging volume of each reconstruction, delivering a single value representing the global image noise (Global Noise Index, GNI). Manual noise measurement values and subjective image quality gradings were compared with the GNI.ResultsIrrespective of the absolute noise values, there was no significant difference between the GNI and manual liver measurements in terms of the distribution of noise values (p = 0.84 for Q.Clear 450, and p = 0.51 for Q.Clear 600). The GNI showed a fair to moderately strong correlation with manual noise measurements in liver parenchyma (r = 0.6 in Q.Clear 450, r = 0.54 in Q.Clear 600, all p < 0.001), and a fair correlation with manual noise measurements in lung parenchyma (r = 0.52 in Q.Clear 450, r = 0.33 in Q.Clear 600, all p < 0.001). Classification performance of the GNI for subjective image quality was AUC 0.898 for Q.Clear 450 and 0.919 for Q.Clear 600.ConclusionAn algorithm provides an accurate and meaningful estimation of the global noise level encountered in clinical PET imaging datasets.Clinical relevance statementAn automated computational approach that measures the global noise level of PET imaging datasets may facilitate quality standardization and benchmarking of clinical PET imaging within and across institutions.Key Points• Noise is an important quantitative marker that strongly impacts image quality of PET images.• An automated computational noise measurement algorithm provides an accurate and meaningful estimation of the global noise level encountered in clinical PET imaging datasets.• An automated computational approach that measures the global noise level of PET imaging datasets may facilitate quality standardization and benchmarking as well as protocol harmonization.

A New Efficient Forgery Detection Method using Scaling, Binning, Noise Measuring Techniques and Artificial Intelligence (Ai)

In the market new updated editing tools and technologies are available to edit images and with help of these tools images are easily forged. In this research paper we proposed new forgery detection technique with estimation of noise on various scale of input image affect of noise in input image, frequency of images are also changed due to noise, noise signal correlated with original input images and in compressed images quantization level frequency also changed due to noise.We partition input image into M X N blocks, resized blocks are proceed further, image colors are also taken into consideration, each block noise value is evaluated at local level and global level. For each color channel of input image estimate local and global noise levels are estimated and compared using binning method. Also measured heat map of each block and each color channel of input image and all these values are stored in bins. Finally from all noise values calculate average mean value of noise, with these values decide whether input image is forgery or not, and performance of proposed method is compared with existing methods.

Analysis of Regional Ambient Seismic Noise in the Chukchi Sea Area in the Arctic Based on OBS Data from the Ninth Chinese National Arctic Scientific Survey

Ambient noise plays a crucial role in influencing the observation quality at seismic stations. By studying the distribution patterns of ambient noise, we can gain initial insights into the noise conditions within a specific research area. This paper investigates the properties of ambient noise in different frequency bands under environmental settings in the Chukchi Sea region, utilizing data collected from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployed during the Ninth Chinese National Arctic Scientific Survey. The probability density function (PDF) method is used to reveal the distinctive features of ambient noise. In addition, by comparing the crowed number values of ambient noise in the Chukchi Sea area with the global new low-noise model (NLNM) and new high-noise model (NHNM), a more comprehensive understanding of the patterns, distribution characteristics, and sources of ambient noise in the Arctic Chukchi Sea area is gained. The study suggests that the overlying sea ice in the Arctic Chukchi Sea area can suppress the microseismic band ambient noise, and the overall level of ambient noise in the Chukchi Sea area lies between the land seismic ambient noise level and the ambient noise level in the middle- and low-latitude sea areas. Meanwhile, an abnormal power spectrum caused by different levels of natural earthquakes is observed. This study fills the gap by using seafloor seismic instruments to investigate ambient noise in the Chukchi Sea area.

NVH Analysis and Optimization of Construction Hoist Drive System

The construction hoist drive system is a critical component of the construction hoist, and high speed and low vibration noise are essential development directions. In order to improve the NVH level of the construction hoist drive system, this paper carries out research and analysis of construction hoist drive system excitation, establishes the drive system rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model, and completes the establishment of the vibration and noise model of the drive system, simulation analysis, and optimization work. Ansys Motor CAD 2020 was used to establish the parametric model of the asynchronous motor and it was combined with the virtual work method to calculate Maxwell’s electromagnetic force to arrive at the radial electromagnetic force as the main cause of electromagnetic noise. For the mechanical excitation generated by the gearbox, the time-varying stiffness excitation, mesh shock excitation, and transmission error excitation are considered, and the transmission error of helical gears under different working conditions is calculated by combining it with Romax software 2020. The rigid-flexible coupling model of the construction hoist drive system is established. The load distribution analysis of the unit length of the tooth surface is completed for the first- and third-stage helical gears under different working conditions. The primary source of the drive system excitation is the tooth surface bias load. Based on the dynamic response analysis theory of the vibration superposition method, the maximum vibration speed of the drive system was analyzed by Romax. The maximum noise value of 78.8 dB was calculated from the acoustic power simulation of the drive system using Actran acoustic software 2022 in combination with acoustic theory, and the magnetic density amplitude of the stator teeth of the asynchronous motor was optimized based on the microscopic shaping design of the helical gear by Romax. The vibration and noise simulation of the optimized drive system shows that the vibration value is reduced to 0.75 mm/s, and the maximum noise is reduced to 70.2 dB, which is 10.9% lower than before the optimization. The overall NVH level has been improved. The optimization method to reduce the vibration noise of the drive system is explored, which can be used for vibration noise prediction and control during the development of the construction hoist drive system.

Noise Prediction Study of Traction Arc Tooth Cylindrical Gears for New Generation High-Speed Electric Multiple Units

As the speed of the new generation of high-speed electric multiple units (EMU) increases, the requirements for vibration and noise reduction in traction gear trains are becoming higher and higher. Although most researchers have focused on the vibration mechanics analysis of gears, the actual noise has the most direct impact on passenger experience and safety. To address this problem, a new type of curved cylindrical gear is proposed to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the gear pair and predict its radiated noise based on the acoustic-vibration coupling theory using the finite element-boundary element method. Parametric modeling of the gear pair using CREO and assembly motion analysis were performed. ANSYS was used to analyze the stress distribution, inherent frequency, and inherent vibration pattern of the gear pair, and harmonic response analysis was performed using the modal superposition method to solve the displacement frequency response curve and vibration characteristics. ACTRAN was used to construct the free-field model, create acoustic excitation based on the acoustic-vibration coupling equation, set the field points, and predict radiated noise. The research results show that the noise is mainly concentrated in the tooth meshing area, and the root mean square RMS range of its sound pressure level value is 91–100 dB. Its dynamic characteristics and noise values are in line with the traction requirements of high-speed EMU, providing a new idea for improving the noise prediction of traction gears for new generation high-speed EMU, which in turn strongly support the noise control of high-speed EMU stock and thus improve the passenger experience and driving environment.

Joint Probabilities Approach to Quantum Games with Noise.

A joint probability formalism for quantum games with noise is proposed, inspired by the formalism of non-factorizable probabilities that connects the joint probabilities to quantum games with noise. Using this connection, we show that the joint probabilities are non-factorizable; thus, noise does not generically destroy entanglement. This formalism was applied to the Prisoner's Dilemma, the Chicken Game, and the Battle of the Sexes, where noise is coupled through a single parameter μ. We find that for all the games except for the Battle of the Sexes, the Nash inequalities are maintained up to a threshold value of the noise. Beyond the threshold value, the inequalities no longer hold for quantum and classical strategies. For the Battle of the sexes, the Nash inequalities always hold, no matter the noise strength. This is due to the symmetry and anti-symmetry of the parameters that determine the joint probabilities for that game. Finally, we propose a new correlation measure for the games with classical and quantum strategies, where we obtain that the incorporation of noise, when we have quantum strategies, does not affect entanglement, but classical strategies result in behavior that approximates quantum games with quantum strategies without the need to saturate the system with the maximum value of noise. In this manner, these correlations can be understood as entanglement for our game approach.

An analysis of Dalaman International Airport’s (LTBS) noise prediction model and assessment of its noise impact

PurposeIn this context, this study aims to obtain information about the noise levels emitted to the environment by modeling the noise map of Dalaman Airport and correlating these noise values according to the Environmental Noise Directive (END) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits.Design/methodology/approachDalaman Airport Aeronautical Information Publication and 2022 flight data from the airport were analyzed. The noise levels exposed to schools and health institutions were determined using the Cnossos–Eu calculation method.FindingsMaximum noise levels were obtained as Lden 92.29 dB(A), Lday 85.24 dB(A), Levening 89.00 dB(A) and Lnight 85.23 dB(A) according to the noise indicators. Limit values recommended by the END and WHO according to noise indicator types and measurement results were correlated and evaluated.Originality/valueIn the noise modeling of Dalaman Airport, there has previously been no evaluation of the noise limits recommended according to END or WHO in the literature.

Analysis and Implementation of a Frequency Synthesizer Based on Dual Phase-Locked Loops in Cesium Atomic Clock

The frequency synthesizer plays a crucial role in atomic clock technology. In this study, we demonstrate a direct microwave frequency synthesizer for a cesium atomic clock, employing frequency multiplication and a dual-phase-locked loop mode. A mathematical model of the frequency synthesis chain is established to estimate its performance. The phase-settling time and system stability are analyzed and studied in detail, and the obtained results are verified by experiments. An optimized realization of the frequency synthesizer shows that the phase-settling time can be adjusted within the range of 644.5 µs to 1.5 ms. Additionally, we measure the absolute phase noise values to be −63.7 dBc/Hz, −75.7 dBc/Hz, −107.1 dBc/Hz, and −122.5 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz offset frequencies, respectively.

A study of the workers’ working conditions in areas of the manufacture castings from copper alloys

The results of the study of workers working conditions at the areas of the manufacture of castings from copper alloys are presented. It is noted that the main production factors of working conditions are noise, vibration, dustiness, gas contamination, temperature, intensity of infrared (thermal) radiation, severity and labor process intensity. The results have shown that at all workplaces there are exceedances of permissible values for noise and local vibration, the content of dust and harmful substances in the air of the working environment, the intensity of infrared (thermal) radiation and temperature. It is noted that the work performed due to the severity and labor process intensity can negatively affect the workers’ health.

The Predict and Invert Feedback Active Noise and Vibration Control Algorithm

This work proposes an algorithm for feedback ANC that does not require a prior secondary path model and usually remains stable after fast secondary path changes, as other algorithms proposed for feedforward ANC. This is achieved using a recursive least squares algorithm to model the secondary path and the primary noise with an autoregressive moving average model. The resulting model allows for predicting future values of the primary noise. Finally, the primary noise values predicted are filtered by a non-causal inverse of the secondary path model to generate the anti-noise signal. Simulation results attest to the validity of the algorithm in reducing narrowband noise.

Daughter Coloured Noises: The Legacy of Their Mother White Noises Drawn from Different Probability Distributions

White noise is fundamentally linked to many processes; it has a flat power spectral density and a delta-correlated autocorrelation. Operators acting on white noise can result in coloured noise, whether they operate in the time domain, like fractional calculus, or in the frequency domain, like spectral processing. We investigate whether any of the white noise properties remain in the coloured noises produced by the action of an operator. For a coloured noise, which drives a physical system, we provide evidence to pinpoint the mother process from which it came. We demonstrate the existence of two indices, that is, kurtosis and codifference, whose values can categorise coloured noises according to their mother process. Four different mother processes are used in this study: Gaussian, Laplace, Cauchy, and Uniform white noise distributions. The mother process determines the kurtosis value of the coloured noises that are produced. It maintains its value for Gaussian, never converges for Cauchy, and takes values for Laplace and Uniform that are within a range of its white noise value. In addition, the codifference function maintains its value for zero lag-time essentially constant around the value of the corresponding white noise.

Cumulative Impact of Wind Farm Noise

Although wind farms have an undeniable beneficial impact on the environment, certain negative environmental implications do appear as a consequence of their operation. One of them is the production of noise. The wind farm noise values decrease with distance, so that at a certain point they are within the legally prescribed limits. This is the case for individual wind farms noise impact assessments. However, with two or more wind farms in the same area, there is a superposition of noise and a consequential change in the noise value. The focus of the paper is on the results of modeling noise propagation in space in the case of the cumulative impact of two neighboring wind farms. The results are modeled during the process of strategically assessing the environment so as to determine territorial impacts and make informed decisions about future development. The paper presents the strategic answer to the model of the spatial propagation of noise in cases of cumulative impact with a view to including the preventive protection principle in the planning of several adjacent wind farms.

Assessment of Occupational Risk in the Case of the Ultrasonic Noise Exposure

Increased efficiency of production and improved quality have contributed to the development of ultrasonic technological applications, in which low frequency ultrasounds are generated to operate, accelerate as well as to facilitate technological processes. Technological ultrasonic devices (i.e. sources of ultrasonic noise in the work environment, e.g. ultrasonic washers, ultrasonic welding machines) have relatively high power and their nominal frequencies are in the range from 18 kHz to 40 kHz. In Poland, ultrasonic noise (defined as noise containing high audible and low ultrasonic frequencies from 10 kHz to 40 kHz) is included in the list of factors harmful to health in the work environment and therefore the admissible values of ultrasonic noise in the workplaces are established. The admissible values of ultrasonic noise and the new ultrasonic noise measurement method make it possible to perform the assessment of occupational risk related to ultrasonic noise. According to this method, the scope of the measurements includes the determination of the equivalent sound pressure levels in the 1/3 octave bands with the centre frequencies from 10 kHz to 40 kHz. This paper presents the description of both, i.e. the method for ultrasonic noise measurements and the method of the assessment of occupational risk related to ultrasonic noise. The examples of the results of the assessment of occupational risk related to exposure to ultrasonic noise are also discussed.

Retrieval of parameters in micromixer with obstacle by cascade‐forward‐type artificial neural network: Comparison of four training algorithms under noisy data

AbstractTwo parameters are retrieved in a passive Y‐type micromixer with circular obstacle by cascade‐forward‐type artificial neural network (CFANN). The governing equations are solved by the finite volume method, under specific boundary conditions. The numerical model is then used to compute velocity profile and mixing efficiency, for different values of the Reynolds number. Thus, the velocity profiles along with Reynolds number (Re) and mixing efficiency (η) constitute the input–output pair of data. These data are used to train CFANN, and the network is monitored through different means, like, histograms, performance curves, and so forth. For inverse analysis, the trained CFANN model is fed with a new velocity profile as input, and corresponding values of Reynolds number and mixing efficiency are obtained as output. In an attempt to construct the optimum CFANN model, various combinations were explored, like, (1) different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer, (2) different noise levels in input data, and (3) different algorithms in the training stage. Finally, the CFANN with 10 hidden layer neurons with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm was found to give retrieved values with up to 0.96% absolute error for all levels of noise in the input data. Also, the CFANN model with the LM algorithm has a very high value of regression coefficient of greater than 0.998, under all the noise values. Scaled conjugate gradient algorithm gives good results for the no‐noise case, but fails poorly with the rise of noise. Other algorithms, like, Bayesian regularization and resilient backpropagation, perform poorly even in the no‐noise case. The present approach is highly simple, accurate, and time efficient for applying inverse analysis in micromixers.

Noise and Vibration Risk Assessment for the Operators of Crawler Loaders

During work, earth-moving machines generate significant levels of noise and vibration that can be harmful for the operators; therefore the analysis of the noise and vibration conditions at the driving position is of great importance for the risk assessment. Compact loaders have become a pressing challenge as they are extremely hazardous referring to noise and vibration emissions, especially in their crawler version where further relevant noise and vibration are generated by the hard contact between track belt and ground. This paper reports the results of investigations carried out on three crawler compact loaders in different operating conditions. The main purpose was to investigate the noise and vibration values transmitted to the operators in some working conditions and use these data to obtain reliable estimates of the exposure to noise, to whole-body and to hand-arm transmitted vibrations, as well as to evaluate the related risk levels. Vibration signals transmitted to the operator were acquired on the seat and the machine control lever in accordance with the procedures specified in ISO 2631-1 and ISO 5349-1. At the same time, noise signals were acquired at the operator’s ear following the procedure reported in ISO 11201. Vibration signals were also acquired on the cabin floor with the main purpose to evaluate the effectiveness of the machine seats in reducing the vibration transmission. Finally, the noise and vibration exposure risks were evaluated on the basis of the health and safety requirements established in 2003/10/EC and 2002/44/EC Directives.