Noether Point Symmetries Research Articles

Noether symmetries and duality transformations in cosmology

We discuss the relation between Noether (point) symmetries and discrete symmetries for a class of minisuperspace cosmological models. We show that when a Noether symmetry exists for the gravitational Lagrangian, then there exists a coordinate system in which a reversal symmetry exists. Moreover, as far as concerns, the scale-factor duality symmetry of the dilaton field, we show that it is related to the existence of a Noether symmetry for the field equations, and the reversal symmetry in the normal coordinates of the symmetry vector becomes scale-factor duality symmetry in the original coordinates. In particular, the same point symmetry as also the same reversal symmetry exists for the Brans–Dicke scalar field with linear potential while now the discrete symmetry in the original coordinates of the system depends on the Brans–Dicke parameter and it is a scale-factor duality when [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, in the context of the O’Hanlon theory for f(R)-gravity, it is possible to show how a duality transformation in the minisuperspace can be used to relate different gravitational models.

Pedagogical systematic derivation of Noether point symmetries in special relativistic field theories and extended gravity cosmology

A didactic and systematic derivation of Noether point symmetries and conserved currents is put forward in special relativistic field theories, without a priori assumptions about the transformation laws. Given the Lagrangian density, the invariance condition develops as a set of partial differential equations determining the symmetry transformation. The solution is provided in the case of real scalar, complex scalar, free electromagnetic, and charged electromagnetic fields. Besides the usual conservation laws, a less popular symmetry is analyzed: the symmetry associated with the linear superposition of solutions, whenever applicable. The role of gauge invariance is emphasized. The case of the charged scalar particle under external electromagnetic fields is considered, and the accompanying Noether point symmetries determined. Noether point symmetries for a dynamical system in extended gravity cosmology are also deduced.

Lie and Noether point symmetries of a class of quasilinear systems of second-order differential equations

We study the Lie and Noether point symmetries of a class of systems of second-order differential equations with $n$ independent and $m$ dependent variables ($n\times m$ systems). We solve the symmetry conditions in a geometric way and determine the general form of the symmetry vector and of the Noetherian conservation laws. We prove that the point symmetries are generated by the collineations of two (pseudo)metrics, which are defined in the spaces of independent and dependent variables. We demonstrate the general results in two special cases (a) a system of $m$ coupled Laplace equations and (b) the Klein-Gordon equation of a particle in the context of Generalized Uncertainty Principle. In the second case we determine the complete invariant group of point transformations, and we apply the Lie invariants in order to find invariant solutions of the wave function for a spin-$0$ particle in the two dimensional hyperbolic space.

On the Hojman conservation quantities in Cosmology

We discuss the application of the Hojman's Symmetry Approach for the determination of conservation laws in Cosmology, which has been recently applied by various authors in different cosmological models. We show that Hojman's method for regular Hamiltonian systems, where the Hamiltonian function is one of the involved equations of the system, is equivalent to the application of Noether's Theorem for generalized transformations. That means that for minimally-coupled scalar field cosmology or other modified theories which are conformally related with scalar-field cosmology, like $f(R)$ gravity, the application of Hojman's method provide us with the same results with that of Noether's theorem. Moreover we study the special Ansatz. $\phi\left( t\right) =\phi\left( a\left( t\right) \right) $, which has been introduced for a minimally-coupled scalar field, and we study the Lie and Noether point symmetries for the reduced equation. We show that under this Ansatz, the unknown function of the model cannot be constrained by the requirement of the existence of a conservation law and that the Hojman conservation quantity which arises for the reduced equation is nothing more than the functional form of Noetherian conservation laws for the free particle. On the other hand, for $f(T)$ teleparallel gravity, it is not the existence of Hojman's conservation laws which provide us with the special function form of $f(T)$ functions, but the requirement that the reduced second-order differential equation admits a Jacobi Last multiplier, while the new conservation law is nothing else that the Hamiltonian function of the reduced equation.

Comment on “Classification of Cosmic Scale Factor via Noether Gauge Symmetries” [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 54, 2343 (2015)

We discuss the relationship between the Noether point symmetries of the geodesic Lagrangian, in a (pseudo)Riemannian manifold, with the elements of the Homothetic algebra of the space. We observe that the classification problem of the Noether symmetries for the geodesic Lagrangian is equivalent with the classification of the Homothetic algebra of the space, which in the case of a Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker spacetime is a well-known result in the literature.

Geometrization of Lie and Noether symmetries and applications

We derive the Lie and the Noether conditions for the equations of motion of a dynamical system in an n-dimensional Riemannian space. We solve these conditions in the sense that we express the symmetry generating vectors in terms of the collineation vectors of the space. More specifically we give two theorems which contain all the necessary conditions which allow one to determine the Lie and the Noether point symmetries of a specific dynamical system evolving in a given Riemannian space in terms of the projective and the homothetic collineations of space. We apply these theorems to various interesting situations in Newtonian Physics.

Quantization of quadratic Liénard-type equations by preserving Noether symmetries

The classical quantization of a family of a quadratic Liénard-type equation (Liénard II equation) is achieved by a quantization scheme (Nucci 2011) [28] that preserves the Noether point symmetries of the underlying Lagrangian in order to construct the Schrödinger equation. This method straightforwardly yields the Schrödinger equation as given in Choudhury and Guha (2013) [6].

Symmetry analysis and conservation laws for a coupled (2 + 1)-dimensional hyperbolic system

This paper aims to perform Lie symmetry analysis and Noether symmetry classification of a coupled (2+1)-dimensional hyperbolic system. In the Lie analysis, the principal Lie algebra which is six dimensional extends in thirteen cases. It is further shown that four main cases arise in the Noether classification with respect to the standard Lagrangian. Moreover, conservation laws are established for the cases which admit Noether point symmetries.

Two scalar field cosmology: Conservation laws and exact solutions

We consider the two scalar field cosmology in a FRW spatially flat spacetime where the scalar fields interact both in the kinetic part and the potential. We apply the Noether point symmetries in order to define the interaction of the scalar fields. We use the point symmetries in order to write the field equations in the normal coordinates and we find that the Lagrangian of the field equations which admits at least three Noether point symmetries describes linear Newtonian systems. Furthermore, by using the corresponding conservation laws we find exact solutions of the field equations. Finally, we generalize our results to the case of N scalar fields interacting both in their potential and their kinematic part in a flat FRW background.

Lie and Noether symmetries of systems of complex ordinary differential equations and their split systems

The Lie and Noether point symmetry analyses of a kth-order system of m complex ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with m dependent variables are performed. The decomposition of complex symmetries of the given system of complex ODEs yields Lie- and Noether-like operators. The system of complex ODEs can be split into 2m coupled real partial differential equations (PDEs) and 2m Cauchy–Riemann (CR) equations. The classical approach is invoked to compute the symmetries of the 4m real PDEs and these are compared with the decomposed Lie- and Noether-like operators of the system of complex ODEs. It is shown that, in general, the Lie- and Noether-like operators of the system of complex ODEs and the symmetries of the decomposed system of real PDEs are not the same. A similar analysis is carried out for restricted systems of complex ODEs that split into 2m coupled real ODEs. We summarize our findings on restricted complex ODEs in two propositions.

Noether symmetries and the quantization of a Liénard-type nonlinear oscillator

The classical quantization of a Liénard-type nonlinear oscillator is achieved by a quantization scheme (M. C. Nucci. Theor. Math. Phys., 168:994–1001, 2011) that preserves the Noether point symmetries of the underlying Lagrangian in order to construct the Schrödinger equation. This method straightforwardly yields the Schrödinger equation in the momentum space as given in (V. Chithiika Ruby, M. Senthilvelan, and M. Lakshmanan. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 45:382002, 2012), and sheds light on the apparently remarkable connection with the linear harmonic oscillator.

The geometric origin of Lie point symmetries of the Schrödinger and the Klein–Gordon equations

We determine the Lie point symmetries of the Schrödinger and the Klein–Gordon equations in a general Riemannian space. It is shown that these symmetries are related with the homothetic and the conformal algebra of the metric of the space, respectively. We consider the kinematic metric defined by the classical Lagrangian and show how the Lie point symmetries of the Schrödinger equation and the Klein–Gordon equation are related with the Noether point symmetries of this Lagrangian. The general results are applied to two practical problems: (a) The classification of all two- and three-dimensional potentials in a Euclidean space for which the Schrödinger equation and the Klein–Gordon equation admit Lie point symmetries; and (b) The application of Lie point symmetries of the Klein–Gordon equation in the exterior Schwarzschild spacetime and the determination of the metric by means of conformally related Lagrangians.

Using Noether symmetries to specify f(R) gravity

A detailed study of the modified gravity, f(R) models is performed, using the fact that the Noether point symmetries of these models are geometric symmetries of the mini su-perspace of the theory. It is shown that the requirement that the field equations admit Noether point symmetries selects definite models in a self-consistent way. As an application in Cosmology we consider the Friedman -Robertson-Walker spacetime and show that the only cosmological model which is integrable via Noether point symmetries is the (Rb − 2Λ)c model, which generalizes the Lambda Cosmology. Furthermore using the corresponding Noether integrals we compute the analytic form of the main cosmological functions.

Quantizing preserving Noether symmetries

A procedure which obviates the constraint imposed by the conflict between consistent quantization and the invariance of the Hamiltonian description under nonlinear canonical transformation is proposed. This new quantization scheme preserves the Noether point symmetries of the underlying Lagrangian in order to construct the Schrödinger equation. Two examples are given, one known and one new: the quantization of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field in the plane, and that of the ‘goldfish’ many-body problem extensively studied by Calogero et al.

A variational formulation approach to a generalized coupled inhomogeneous Emden–Fowler system

We study a generalized coupled inhomogeneous Emden–Fowler system from the Lagrangian formulation standpoint. A special case of this system was considered in the literature, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive solutions were obtained. Here we perform preliminary Noether classification of the generalized system by the direct method. We obtain nine cases for which the system has Noether point symmetries. First integrals are then obtained for the cases which admit Noether point symmetries.

The symmetries and conservation laws of some Gordon-type equations in Milne space-time

In this letter, the Lie point symmetries of a class of Gordon-type wave equations that arise in the Milne space-time are presented and analysed. Using the Lie point symmetries, it is showed how to reduce Gordon-type wave equations using the method of invariants, and to obtain exact solutions corresponding to some boundary values. The Noether point symmetries and conservation laws are obtained for the Klein–Gordon equation in one case. Finally, the existence of higherorder variational symmetries of a projection of the Klein–Gordon equation is investigated using the multiplier approach.

A Variational Approach to an Inhomogeneous Second-Order Ordinary Differential System

This paper studies the coupled inhomogeneous Lane-Emden system from the Lagrangian formulation point of view. The existence of multiple positive solutions has been discussed in the literature. Here we aim to classify the system with respect to a first-order Lagrangian according to the Noether point symmetries it admits. We then obtain first integrals of the various cases which admit Noether point symmetries.

Conservation laws for a generalized coupled bidimensional Lane–Emden system

This paper aims to perform Noether symmetry classification of a generalized coupled bidimensional Lane–Emden system and computes the Noether operators corresponding to its first-order Lagrangian. In addition conservation laws of the various cases which admit Noether point symmetries are constructed for the underlying system.

Emden-Fowler type system: noether symmetries and first integrals

We classify a generalized coupled singular Emden-Fowler type system ü +a(t)vn = 0, ▪ +b(t)um = 0 with respect to the standard first-order Lagrangian according to the Noether point symmetries which it admits. First integrals of the various cases which admit Noether point symmetries are then obtained. This system was discussed in the literature from the view-point of existence and uniqueness of positive solutions.

Autonomous three-dimensional Newtonian systems which admit Lie and Noether point symmetries

We determine the autonomous three-dimensional Newtonian systems which admit Lie point symmetries and the three-dimensional autonomous Newtonian Hamiltonian systems which admit Noether point symmetries. We apply the results in order to determine the two-dimensional Hamiltonian dynamical systems which move in a space of constant non-vanishing curvature and are integrable via Noether point symmetries. The derivation of the results is geometric and can be extended naturally to higher dimensions.