Nodes In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Comparative analysis of routing protocols for wireless area networks and evaluation of the effectiveness

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a gathering of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any preplanned infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article been compared AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. I study these three MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.

A novel approach to improve network validity using various soft computing techniques

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) in modern research have many optimal energy conservation mechanisms that can be deployed easily and in a faster manner. The routing approaches associated with energy consumption play a dominant role in routing the data packets between the mobile sensor nodes within the range of optimization. However, major challenges associated with energy consumption in MANETs include reduced lifetime of sensor nodes, poor coverage, and throughput. Most methods tend to reduce the interference of data while traversing between the sensor nodes and increase the capacity of the network. This results in delays while transmitting the packets across the network, and this may result in failure of packets being transmitted. To resolve this issue, in this paper, we propose an ant colony optimization combined with a flower pollination algorithm for minimal energy consumption and throughput maximisation in MANETs. This hybrid meta-heuristic model resolves the issues, including delays, poor coverage, and reduced network lifetime. This hybrid model uses the estimation of neighbourhood distance among the nodes for optimal placement of nodes for effective location. The estimation of location is found using a flower pollination algorithm with a levy flight mechanism. The estimation is carried out in a hyper sphere model that helps in finding the coverage area of the sensor nodes. Depending upon the estimation of neighbourhood distance among the sensor nodes, the consumption of energy among the sensor nodes in MANETs is reduced. The simulation was conducted between the proposed hybrid approach and conventional soft computing heuristics, where the results show that the proposed model achieves a higher rate of energy conservation and reduces delay than other methods.

Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols under DDOS attacks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a set of communicating wireless mobile nodes or devices that could be deployed without the need for pre-established infrastructure for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. DDOS attacks are used to temporarily disable network services by overloading the target system with huge traffic, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic.
 In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols in MANETs under the DDOS attacks. These routing protocols are simulated using OPNET simulator to compare their performance using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that TORA protocol performs better than the AODV, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the DDOS attack.

EBR: Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The presence of malevolent nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) would lead to genuine security concerns. These nodes may disturb the routing process or deform the pattern of the data packets passing through the network. The MANET is extremely liable to attacks, owing to its characteristics of the network framework, such as the absence of infrastructure, moveable topology, and a centralized control unit. One of the most common attacks in MANETs is the blackhole attack. MANET nodes are susceptible to spectacular degradation of network performance in the presence of such attacks. In this regard, detecting or preventing deceitful nodes that will launch blackhole attacks is a challenge in MANETs. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Blackhole Resistance (EBR) protocol to identify and resist nodes that are responsible for blackhole attacks. EBR can avoid congested traffic by passing the data packets through a safe route with the minimum RTT. The EBR protocol uses a combination of time to live (TTL) and round trip time (RTT), which is also called a TR mechanism, to detect the blackhole attacks. Our algorithm does not require any cryptographic or authentication mechanisms. Simulation results prove that EBR behaves better than other protocols in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, energy, and routing overhead.

Detection and Isolation of Selfish Nodes in MANET Using Collaborative Contact-Based Watchdog with Chimp-AODV

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is one of the most important self-configuring and independent wireless network. Numerous intermediate nodes are used among MANET to interchange the information without the requirement of any centralized infrastructure. But some nodes act selfishly and utilize the resources only for their own purposes and do not share with the neighbors. This selfish nodes might delay or drop the packet and do not perform routing. Though watchdog is a well-known selfish node detection technique, it causes false negatives and false positives that can affect the performance in terms of precision and speed. To eliminate the drawbacks of existing approaches in selfish node detection, this paper integrates both Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol incorporated with chimp optimization algorithm and Collaborative Contact based Watchdog to propose a novel technique called Chimp-CoCoWa-AODV in order to improve the performance of MANET. The main role of chimp optimization algorithm in AODV is to undergo optimal route selection process. The performance of the proposed Chimp-CoCoWa-AODV approach is compared with existing approaches in terms of average routing load, Average Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), Average End-to-end Delay (EED), Average Throughput, Total packet drop in the application layer, and maliciously dropped packet in the routing layer. The simulation results shows that the proposed approach is effective with 82% PDF and 7.4 ms EED at 50 nodes in detection and isolation of selfish nodes in MANET even in the presence of malicious node.

A Review on Quality Assurance in Mobile Ad Hoc Network and Applications

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing is highly dynamic network & challenged by power and bandwidth constrained as well as frequent topology changes to which it must adapt to and converge quickly. As we know that it is not possible to give a continuous significant amount of power to mobile devices of MANET so that it could be active for long time. As MANET nodes are powered by batteries with limited lifetime. One of the most existing challenge for MANET is in this Energy constrained to increase the time between recharging. It is possible if and only if energy consumption in communication is less without increasing interruption or packet loss.

Investigation of Video Streaming over MANETS Routing Protocols

For industrial and academic researchers from all around the world, the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a specific focus. A MANET was created as a result of the fast growth of wireless gadgets. Mobile Ad hoc network is a self-organizing network with no framework. MANET’s device has the ability to travel in any direction in order to transmit and receive data with other devices or network nodes. An administrator node which is capable of controlling other nodes is absent in MANET. All nodes in MANET act as its own router and host and arrange its own network. The most important element of MANET is Routing protocol. For routing in MANET, various routing protocol is responsible. Providing a video streaming service using mobile ad-hoc networks is a hard task. The network topology is immensely unstable and its instability causes data to be lost. The performance of MANET routing protocols for video applications has been examined in this paper. There are many routing protocols, however the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols are explored here. In this work, a comparison of these two effective routing protocols for supporting video streaming applications is offered.

Implementasi Algoritma Pemilihan Node Tetangga Terbaik Pada Protokol Routing DSR di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless telecommunications technology that consists of a collection of dynamic nodes. Due to these properties resulted in the mobility of nodes in MANET. So that every relationship between nodes will always change and cause the process of finding a vulnerable route to take a long time. Each node also has a role as a host or router in exchanging information. In MANET delivery assurance and the ability to deal with path changes on an ad hoc basis are critical. So that in sending data packets from the source node to the destination node, a Routing protocol is needed. The routing protocol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in the route search process broadcasts RREQ to all neighboring nodes (intermediate nodes) without knowing whether the node is the best node or not. So that the possibility of the route being interrupted because it is not composed of the best nodes can occur. A modification of the DSR routing protocol is proposed by finding the best intermediate node based on parameters, namely bandwidth, RTT, packet loss ratio. Then the neighboring nodes (intermediate nodes) that have been selected will arrange the delivery route from the source node to the destination node. The performance of the modified DSR and DSR routing protocols will then be measured using test parameters, namely throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and average end to end delay. Based on the results of research trials, the application of the modified DSR method can improve the performance of the DSR protocol. Which after the application of the method, the average throughput increased by 25%, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) was 1.11% and the average end-to-end delay decreased by 17.64 %.

Cluster Head Selection and Optimal Multipath detection using Coral Reef Optimization in MANET Environment

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) data transfer between nodes in a multi-hop way offers a wide variety of applications. The dynamic feature of ad hoc network mobile nodes is primarily influenced by safety issues, which limit data forwarding rate in multipath routing. As a supplementary method to improve safe data delivery in a MANET, this paper propose and analyse the cluster head (CH) selection and optimum multipath scheme. The CHs are chosen based on the possibility values of each node in MANET, which are considered from the residual energy of each node. During the present phase, the total remaining node energy is used to calculate the mean energy of the entire network. The most likely nodes are picked as the CH, which gathers packets from the cluster members through multi-hop communication. The fundamental idea is to partition a top-secret communication into several shares and then forward the shares via numerous routes to the destination. The Coral Reef Optimization method is used in this work to perform optimum multipath routing. The thorough simulation findings validate the feasibility and efficacy of the suggested strategy in comparison to Butterfly optimization algorithm (BA), Whale Optimization algorithm (WOA) and BAT algorithm techniques.

A New Approach for DDoS attacks to discriminate the attack level and provide security for DDoS nodes in MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) enable versatile hosts to frame a correspondence arrange without a prefixed framework. In military applications portable specially appointed system assumes essential part since it is particularly planned network for on request necessity and in circumstances where set up of physical network isn't conceivable. Despite the fact that it gives high adaptability, it likewise conveys more difficulties for MANETs to battle against malicious assaults. In any case, the property of mobility and excess additionally motivates new plans to outline safeguard procedure. In this paper, we propose a procedure to relieve DDoS assaults in MANETs. Expect that a malicious attacker ordinarily targets particular victims. The attacker will surrender if the assault neglected to accomplish the coveted objectives after a specific length of assaulting time. In our assurance system, we exploit high excess and select a protection node. Once a DDoS attack has been identified, the suspicious movement will be diverted to the protection node. The victim will work typically, and it is sensible to expect that the attacker will stop the trivial endeavors. Through escalated recreation test utilizing NS-2, we have confirmed the viability of our approach and assessed the cost and overhead of the framework.

Fuzzy Logic-based Trusted and Power-aware Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have attracted much attention from researchers lately because MANETs are able to provide networks in areas with unavailable fixed network infrastructure. However, some mobile nodes may misbehave by dropping packets to conserve power usage because mobile ad-hoc networks nodes are usually battery operated. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based routing protocol that considers the battery level of nodes, hop count, and trust among the nodes is proposed. The proposed routing protocol adaptively selects routes that use minimum hop count with the highest level of trust and a sufficient battery level to enhance the reliability of route selection while maintaining the percentage of successfully delivered packets. The result of the simulation shows that the proposed protocol can achieve a high ratio of successfully delivered packets, a lower average end-to-end delay, and a normalized routing load.

A Cross-Layer Design and Fuzzy Logic based Stability Oriented Routing Protocol

Ad-hoc networks in which nodes are mobile as well as communicate via wireless links fall under the category of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Evasive mobility and the limited battery life of MANET nodes make routing a difficult problem. Most of the conventional routing protocols recommend the shortest path without considering route stability into account. A Cross-Layer Design and Fuzzy Logic based Stability Oriented (CLDFL-SO) routing protocol is proposed in this research, which offers a solution for stable route formation by eliminating unstable links and low-quality nodes. Cross-layer interaction parameter based link residual lifetime calculation is used to assess the link's stability. The fuzzy logic is being used to evaluate the node quality by providing node metrics like node speed, residual energy and node degree. The simulations illustrate the efficacy of the suggested protocol in comparison to the popular Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol.

Detect Denial of Service Attack (DoS) in MANETs Partition Scenario Using Puzzle Map Method

The usage of the Internet increases significantly especially regards COVID-19. The lifestyle relies of the networks and the Internet to do all tasks such as job, meetings, and education. The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a type of wireless network that nodes can communicate without the occurrence of an administration point. Nodes in MANET can join and leave the network frequently, so the scenario of networks merging and partitioning can occur. In this study, the detection of Denial of Service (DoS) attack which degrades the performance of the network will be illustrated in the situation of network partitioning. The detection will be based on MrDR method and puzzle map method, the puzzle concept will help to complete the network partitioning and avoid the DoS attack. The proposed method is simulated using NS2 and the results shows the effectiveness of the puzzle map method to increase the performance of network during the partitioning scenario.

SRTE: Security Resource Allocation for Trust Model in Evaluate the Strong Node

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a framework-free as well as self-designing network in which Mobile Nodes (MN) travel freely across the contact spectrum using cellular network interfaces. Through the advancement of wireless technologies, a complex network can better handle data communication protection while improving quality of service (QoS) metrics. MANET is defenceless to security breaches due to the absence of a trusted unified authority. In MANET, the SRTE approach, also known as protection allocation of resources for trust model, is introduced for evaluating strong nodes. Main contribution of the work have four parts: First, to improve secure data transmission in MANET’s environment, the H-ACO-DSR method is introduced. Second part, the HTDMA method is developed for better resource allocation. Third part, the HTCMR is introduced and produce the efficient cluster and trust worthiness in the MANET’s environment. Fourth part, the ABT is used to identify the malicious node and trusted Node in the system. To boost the Qos metric efficiency, the trusted nodes in MANET as well as data transmission are carried out with the trusted MN. Finally, as compared to current approaches, simulation results produce improved PDR and low cost Energy, Average Delay, Routing overhead, and Throughput.

A Robust Dirichlet Reputation and Trust Evaluation of Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

The distributed nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) presents security challenges and vulnerabilities which sometimes lead to several forms of attacks. To improve the security in MANETs, reputation and trust management systems (RTMS) have been developed to mitigate some attacks and threats arising from abnormal behaviours of nodes in networks. Generally, most reputation and trust systems in MANETs focus mainly on penalising uncooperative network nodes. It is a known fact that nodes in MANETs have limited energy resources and as such, the continuous collaboration of cooperative nodes will lead to energy exhaustion. This paper develops and evaluates a robust Dirichlet reputation and trust management system which measures and models the reputation and trust of nodes in the network, and it incorporates candour into the mode of operations of the RTMS without undermining network security. The proposed RTMS employs Dirichlet probability distribution in modelling the individual reputation of nodes and the trust of each node is computed based on the node’s actual network performance and the accuracy of the second-hand reputations it gives about other nodes. The paper also presents a novel candour two-dimensional trustworthiness evaluation technique that categorises the behaviours of nodes based on their evaluated total reputation and trust values. The evaluation and analyses of some of the simulated behaviours of nodes in the deployed MANETs show that the candour two-dimensional trustworthiness evaluation technique is an effective technique that encourages and caters to nodes that continuously contribute to the network despite the reduction in their energy levels.

Counteracting Selfish Nodes Using Reputation Based System in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of nodes constituting a network of mobile nodes without predefined and pre-established architecture where mobile nodes can communicate without any dedicated access points or base stations. In MANETs, a node may act as a host as well as a router. Nodes in the network can send and receive packets through intermediate nodes. However, the existence of malicious and selfish nodes in MANETs severely degrades network performance. The identification of such nodes in the network and their isolation from the network is a challenging problem. Therefore, in this paper, a simple reputation-based scheme is proposed which uses the consumption and contribution information for selfish node detection and cooperation enforcement. Nodes failing to cooperate are detached from the network to save resources of other nodes with good reputation. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the benchmark scheme in terms of NRL (normalized routing load), PDF (packet delivery fraction), and packet drop in the presence of malicious and selfish attacks. Furthermore, our scheme identifies the selfish nodes quickly and accurately as compared to the benchmark scheme.

On-demand based wireless with hybrid cryptography in MANET

The self-configuring ability of nodes in Mobile Adhoc Network (MANETs) made it popular among critical applications like military use or natural emergency recovery. Most of the proposed protocols assume that all nodes in the network are cooperative, and do not address any security issue. To adjust such trend, it is vital to address its potential security issues. The main objective of this paper is to define the path for security and to further improve delay, energy, throughput, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and at the same time to create energy enhanced way with excellent security. In this paper, performance analysis of hybrid cryptography with reactive protocol Elliptic Curve Cryptography - Ad hoc On- Demand Distance Vector Routing (ECC-AODV) designed for MANET. In this design there is a two key encryption technique based on elliptic curve based theory that can be used to create faster, smaller, and more energetic and efficient cryptography. Network Simulator (NS2) is used to implement and test the proposed system.

Zone-based hierarchical link state for detecting malicious node and black hole attack detection for mobile ad-hoc networks

One of the most common types of network attacks involves non-forwardable bandwidth nodes that pretend to be intermediate nodes on the route to certain destinations and drop every packet that subsequently passes through it. This paper proposes attacks through black holes as an analysis method for detecting malicious nodes in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). Because the mechanism and protocol are collaborative, it can confidently analyse and identify malicious hosts. To test the effectiveness of this approach, it uses a hybrid Hierarchical Link State routing protocol based on Modified-ZoneBased Hierarchical Link State Routing Protocol (M-ZHLS) in Network Simulations 2 (NS2) with mobile nodes. As the mobility rate changes and the topology size changes, it can be seen that the detection rate of black holes and malicious nodes is extremely high, the average delay is reduced, and the packet delivery rate is increased compared to the Zone-Based Hierarchical Link State Routing Protocol (ZHLS).

Secured Authentication of Node in Mobile Adhoc Network

Over the previous two decades, wireless communication has developed into an indispensable component of modern life. In recent years, wireless networks have acquired greater significance than wired networks as a result of improvements in technology as well as reductions in cost. The adaptability and portability of wireless devices make this feasible in a wide variety of real-time software applications. One kind of wireless network, known as an Adhoc network, can establish a connection in locations where conventional communication is not feasible. The Mobile Adhoc Network, also known as MANET, is a sort of ad hoc network that is established by the collection of mobile nodes that are each outfitted with a transceiver and interact with one another over duplex connections. Every node in a MANET functions as a router and figures out how to go from the source to the destination by going via the other nodes in the network. MANET has a number of properties, including changeable capacity and bandwidth, energy-restricted operation, speed of deployment, and dynamic topology. Because of MANET's inherent fluidity, the network is more prone to experiencing security breaches. In recent years, researchers have developed a number of solutions to security problems, including intrusion detection, routing, security protocol, and other techniques. These solutions have been made available. Even though there are a few different options to choose from, none of them are enough to safeguard the network nodes. When more nodes are added to the network while it is operating in a hostile environment, the overall performance of the network suffers. Secured Authentication with Node Isolation, often known as SAWNI, is an authentication method that aims to improve network safety by locating and isolating any hostile nodes that may be present in a network. The approach of isolation may be used to protect the ordinary node while isolating the malicious node either temporarily or permanently, depending on the situation. The network's legitimacy is improved as a result of this isolation mechanism, which takes into account the potential danger posed by the rogue node. The findings of the experiments reveal that using DHA, rather than DSA, may raise the PDR by 2% while using CBDS can increase it by 1% when there is a significant proportion of malicious nodes and the node mobility is less than 10 meters per second. When compared to DHA, the DHA-SHORT results in a 22% reduction in the delay. Finally, in comparison to DSA, SAWNI results in an increase of 8% in PDR, whereas CBDS sees an increase of 7% when there is a significant proportion of malicious nodes moving at less than 10 meters per second.

Fault-Tolerant Ad Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are particularly suited for scenarios that demand rapid deployment of a communication system without any existing network resources. For instance, a MANET can facilitate the intercommunication process between members of a rescue party in a natural disaster, where the underlying routing protocol is crucial to maintaining the dissemination capability of data-critical packets. However, the backbone of every MANET, i.e., their routing protocol, is limited by the communication range of nodes, their high-speed mobility, and the capacity constraints of energy. This study proposed a fault-tolerant ad hoc on-demand routing protocol (FT-AORP) that relies on these characteristics of MANET nodes to determine reliable paths for data transmission. Subsequently, two of the discovered paths were used to transmit the duplicates of an original data packet to maximize fault tolerance. Further, using the OMNeT++ network simulator, the performance of the proposed system was evaluated through extensive simulation experiments against three simulation parameters: the number of network nodes, node speed, and data packet sending rate. The simulation results demonstrated that FT-AORP greatly improved the packet delivery ratio, reduced end-to-end delay, and maintained a higher residual energy level of the transmission path, compared to other baseline routing protocols.