Node-disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol Research Articles

Ant Colony Based Node Disjoint Local Repair in Multipath Routing in MANET Network

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Link failure frequently occurs in ad-hoc networks due to nodes' mobile nature, which is not static to their position. The dynamic characteristic of the mobile ad hoc network facilitates multi-path routing protocols as a novel research area. This paper comprises an approach based on ACO acknowledge as NDLR-MP, an ACO-based node-disjoint multi-path routing protocol using AODV protocol. The proposed protocol intends to find all node-disjoint paths from source to destination in a single route discovery process that will conclusively minimize the routing control overhead. In this approach (NDLR-MP), the data packet transportation is initialized just after the first path is determined, wherein all the other secondary routes are also concurrently discovered. Additionally, we have also suggested an efficient local route repair method that redirects the current traffic to an available route if a broken link to the next hop is positioned towards the destination. The proposed route detection and maintenance methods can be considered as performance evaluation metrics. Moreover, results obtained on the Network Simulator (EXata 2.0) have shown the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach of NDLR-MP in contrast to the AODV protocol, which has significantly amplified the performance of the provided protocol. The parameters like route availability, control overhead, average E-2-E, and PDR are comparing with the existing protocol.

End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Among the many multipath routing protocols, the AOMDV is widely used in highly dynamic ad hoc networks because of its generic feature. Since the communicating nodes in AOMDV are prone to link failures and route breaks due to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count which does not ensure end-to-end reliable data transmission. To overcome such problems, we propose a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (E2E-LREEMR) protocol by extending AOMDV. The E2E-LREEMR finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using two metrics such as Path-Link Quality Estimator and Path-Node Energy Estimator. We evaluate the performance of E2E-LREEMR protocol using NS 2.34 with varying network flows under random way-point mobility model and compare it with AOMDV routing protocol in terms of Quality of Service metrics. When there is a hike in network flows, the E2E-LREEMR reduces 30.43 % of average end-to-end delay, 29.44 % of routing overhead, 32.65 % of packet loss ratio, 18.79 % of normalized routing overhead and 12.87 % of energy consumption. It also increases rather 10.26 % of packet delivery ratio and 6.96 % of throughput than AOMDV routing protocol.

An optimized node-disjoint multipath routing scheme in mobile ad hoc

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), link failures are caused frequently because of node’s mobility and use of unreliable wireless channels for data transmission. Multipath routing strategy can cope with the problem of the traffic overloads while balancing the network resource consumption. In the paper, an optimized node-disjoint multipath routing (ONMR) protocol based on ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV) is proposed to establish effective multipath to enhance the network reliability and robustness. The scheme combines the characteristics of reverse AODV (R-AODV) strategy and on-demand node-disjoint multipath routing protocol to determine available node-disjoint routes with minimum routing control overhead. Meanwhile, it adds the backup routing strategy to make the process of data salvation more efficient in case of link failure. The results obtained through various simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of route availability, control overhead and packet delivery ratio.

Power Aware QoS Management in Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol FOR Mobile Adhoc Network

Multipath routing protocols are gradually increasing the network duration by share out the traffic between several paths. To widen the load between dissimilar nodes, node disjoint multiple paths are implemented for data communication. In such networks achieving Quality of Service (QoS) routing is a challenging task due to the network breakage by node mobility or high power consumption of mobile nodes. This paper presents a novel adaptation of Power Aware QoS Management in Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol (PAQM-NDMRP) to permit the sharp selection of node-disjoint routes from the environment condition of the network to satisfy the QoS requirements. The performance of our protocol is contrasted with NDMRP. From simulation results obtained from NS2 simulator by implementing the proposed protocol, show improved result in terms of power consumption, end-to-end delay, node mobility and throughput as compared to NDMRP.

Link Reliable Energy Efficient AOMDV routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Reliable data transmission has been an emerging issue in ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing since the nodes are prone to link failures and route breaks in highly dynamic ad hoc networks owing to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count. For eliminating such problems, a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called link reliable energy efficient AOMDV (LR-EE-AOMDV) routing protocol, the extension of AOMDV is proposed. The LR-EE-AOMDV finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using three metrics such as path length, path-link quality estimator (P-LQE) and a novel path-node energy estimator (P-NEE). The performance of LR-EE-AOMDV is evaluated using NS2.34 with varying network flows and number of nodes under random waypoint mobility model in terms of quality-of-service (QoS) metrics. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of LR-EE-AOMDV routing protocol.

Bandwidth-aware routing and admission control for efficient video streaming over MANETs

In this paper, we develop and evaluate an adaptive self-configurable routing framework that can deal with dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks and provides quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for efficient video streaming. Proposed framework mainly consists of two major components. Firstly, it is a reactive bandwidth-aware node-disjoint multipath routing protocol which determines routes based on the specified bandwidth requirements of the requesting application. The second component of the framework is a session admission control (SAC) process that permits or denies a session to enter into the network based on the current availability of network bandwidth. We also propose methods to handle QoS violations caused by network mobility and congestion by keeping backup routes, performing local route recovery, avoiding routing through short-lived low quality links and periodic monitoring of the active transmission routes. To verify our proposed algorithms, the network with H.264/SVC encoded video traces which are generated from real-time video traffic is used for modeling the behaviour of the source nodes. It has been observed that reactively discovered and maintained routes on the basis of the most recent information about network topology and available resources can significantly improve the admission decision accuracy of SAC process, in turn improving the quality of received video traffic significantly.

Fault-tolerant and QoS based Network Layer for Security Management

Wireless sensor networks have profound effects on many application fields like security management which need an immediate, fast and energy efficient route. In this paper, we define a fault-tolerant and QoS based network layer for security management of chemical products warehouse which can be classified as real-time and mission critical application. This application generate routine data packets and alert packets caused by unusual events which need a high reliability, short end to end delay and low packet loss rate constraints. After each node compute his hop count and build his neighbors table in the initialization phase, packets can be routed to the sink. We use FELGossiping protocol for routine data packets and node-disjoint multipath routing protocol for alert packets. Furthermore, we utilize the information gathering phase of FELGossiping to update the neighbors table and detect the failed nodes, and we adapt the network topology changes by rerun the initialization phase when chemical units were added or removed from the warehouse. Analysis shows that the network layer is energy efficient and can meet the QoS constraints of unusual events packets.

Node-Disjoint On-demand Multipath Routing with Route Utilization in Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless network without any pre-existing infrastructure and each node therefore operate in a self-organized and decentralized manner, acting as a router. Multipath routing in MANETis a challenging problem. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the accomplishment of conspicuous ondemand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. There are many routing protocols such as ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV), ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector protocol (AOMDV) that have been used. The constant change in network topology and the inherently unreliable available paths make the multipath routing difficult.The paper presents the nodedisjoint multipath routing protocol that allows the establishment of multiple paths between the unique source and destination and thus improving end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet delivery ratio. The path selection algorithm for MANET embraces the entropy metric in order to find the stability of route and obtain an optimum path.

GC_NDMR：A Stable and Low Latency Multipath Routing Protocol in Connectivity of MANET and Internet

Using multipath routing technology in MANET can improve network stability and reduce end-to-end latency. This paper proposes a Gateway-Centric, Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol called GC_NDMR to provide efficient data transmission scheme in the connectivity of MANET and Internet. The main idea of GC_NDMR is setting up multipath routing from source nodes to the gateway in MANET, and assigning data flows on multipath based on hops and latency algorithm. Simulation shows that, compared with single path routing protocol AODV interconnect scheme, GC_NDMR has more stable and low end-to-end latency performance. GC_NDMR meets the need of data transmission in the connectivity of MANET and Internet.

Digital Signature-Based Secure Node Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing.

A node-disjoint multi-path routing protocol based on location prediction for mobile ad hoc networks

We propose a node-disjoint multi-path version to the location prediction-based routing protocol (LPBR-M) for mobile ad hoc networks to simultaneously reduce the number of global broadcast multi-path route discoveries and the average hop count per path from the source to the destination. During a global broadcast route discovery, the intermediate forwarding nodes include their location and mobility information in the Route-Request (MP-RREQ) messages. The destination node selects a set of nodedisjoint paths from the MP-RREQ messages received and sends a sequence of Route-Reply (MP-RREP) messages on each of the node-disjoint paths extracted. Upon failure of all the node-disjoint paths, the destination attempts to locally construct a global topology (using the location and mobility information collected during the global broadcast route discovery) and sends a sequence of MP-LPBR-RREP messages on each of the node-disjoint paths on the predicted global topology. If the source receives at least one MP-LPBR-RREP message within a certain time, it continues to send the data packets along the newly learnt node-disjoint paths. Otherwise, the source initiates another global broadcast route discovery. Simulation results indicate that LPBR-M incurs the longest time between successive route discoveries, lowest energy consumed per data packet and the lowest control message overhead. Keywords: Multi-path Routing Protocol, Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Location Prediction, Node Disjoint, Simulation

Interference-Minimized Multipath Routing with Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Network for High-Rate Streaming

High-rate streaming in WSN is required for future applications to provide high-quality information of battlefield hot spots. Although recent advances have enabled large-scale WSN to be deployed supported by high-bandwidth backbone network for high-rate streaming, the WSN remains the bottleneck due to the low-rate radios used and the effects of wireless interferences. First, we propose a technique to evaluate the quality of a pathset for multipath load balancing, taking into consideration the effects of wireless interferences and that nodes may interfere beyond communication ranges. Second, we propose an interference- minimized multipath routing (I2MR) protocol that increases throughput by discovering zone-disjoint paths for load balancing, requiring minimal localization support. Third, we propose a congestion control scheme that further increases throughput by loading the paths for load balancing at the highest possible rate supportable. Finally, we validate thepath-set evaluation technique and also evaluate the I2MR protocol and congestion control scheme by comparing with AODV protocol and node-disjoint multipath routing (NDMR) protocol. Simulation results show that I2MR with congestion control achieves on average 230% and 150% gains in throughput over AODV and NDMR respectively, and consumes comparable or at most 24% more energy than AODV but up to 60% less energy than NDMR.

QoS in Node-Disjoint Routing for Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can communicate with each other without using any fixed infrastructure. To support multimedia applications such as video and voice MANETs require an efficient routing protocol and quality of service (QoS) mechanism. Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol (NDMR) is a practical protocol in MANETs: it reduces routing overhead dramatically and achieves multiple node-disjoint routing paths. QoS support in MANETs is an important issue as best-effort routing is not efficient for supporting multimedia applications. This paper presents a novel adaptation of NDMR, QoS enabled NDMR, which introduces agent-based SLA management. This enhancement allows for the intelligent selection of node-disjoint routes based on network conditions, thus fulfilling the QoS requirements of Service Level Agreements (SLAs).