Nocturnal Behavior Research Articles

Inverted Worlds, Nocturnal States and Flying Mammals: Bats and Their Symbolic Meaning in Moche Iconography

Bats are depicted in various types of media in Central and South America. The Moche of northern Peru portrayed bats in many figurative ceramic vessels in association with themes of sacrifice, elite status and agricultural fertility. Osseous remains of bats in Moche ceremonial and domestic contexts are rare yet their various representations in visual media highlight Moche fascination with their corporeal form, behaviour and symbolic meaning. By exploring bat imagery in Moche iconography, I argue that the bat formed an important part of Moche categorical schemes of the non-human world. The bat symbolized death and renewal not only for the human body but also for agriculture, society and the cosmos. I contrast folk taxonomies and symbolic classification to interpret the relational role of various species of chiropterans to argue that the nocturnal behaviour of the bat and its symbolic association with the moon and the darkness of the underworld was not a negative sphere to be feared or rejected. Instead, like the representative priestesses of the Late Moche period, bats formed part of a visual repertoire to depict the cycles of destruction and renewal that permitted the cosmological continuation of life within North Coast Moche society.

Artificial Light at Night Increases Aedes aegypti Mosquito Biting Behavior with Implications for Arboviral Disease Transmission.

Aedes aegypti mosquito is a major vector of arboviral disease. Here, we report that the biting behavior of normally daytime active anthropophilic Ae. aegypti mosquitoes on human hosts is abnormally increased at night following exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN). Biting was examined using a human host assay where caged mosquitoes were exposed to a human arm and blood-feeding measured. Mosquitoes were tested during the daytime, nighttime, or challenged with ALAN. As predicted from the Ae. aegypti diel/circadian biting cycle, maximal biting occurred during daytime and lowest level occurred at night. Biting in the ALAN group was increased compared with time-matched nighttime controls. These data reveal that exposure to ALAN increases nocturnal blood-feeding behavior. This finding highlights the concern that globally increasing levels of light pollution could be impacting arboviral disease transmission, such as dengue fever and Zika, and has implications for application of countermeasures for mosquito vector control.

Effects of supplementary feed for game birds on activity of brown rats Rattus norvegicus on arable farms

Brown rats are widespread in agroecosystems, but our understanding of factors affecting their activity is incomplete due to cryptic, nocturnal behaviours. Indirect monitoring methods include tracking plates and camera traps. Supplementary feeding of game birds may provide resources for rats away from farm buildings, allowing them to persist in winter when there is little other food available. Developing reliable methods to monitor such populations will facilitate landscape-scale studies of rat populations in farm environments and aid ecologically based approaches for controlling rats on farms. We compared camera traps and tracking plates to monitor brown rat activity near game bird feeders at a mixed farm in Northumberland, UK. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to compare rat incidence estimated from camera traps and tracking plates. A strong positive relationship was found between the two methods, although tracking plate estimates were less reliable when rat activity was very low. Factors that affected populations of brown rats near game bird feeders were assessed via linear mixed-effect models (LMM) of monthly tracking plate data (October 2017 to September 2018). Populations were highest at the feeders (0 m) compared with further away (10 m, 20 m) and were also higher in periods of cold, wet weather and when more food was available from the feeders. Rodenticide application near feeders did not significantly affect activity, nor did land cover 100 m around each feeder. A highly significant relationship was detected with food supply, suggesting that the use of game bird feeders could potentially have major impacts on rat population dynamics.

Social and environmental impacts on sleep in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

Modern zoos strive to improve standards of animal management, husbandry and welfare of their animals as part of a continual evaluation process. Elephants (Elephantidae) have received particular attention in recent years due to the challenge of providing environments which promote natural behavior and opportunities for social interaction. A number of measures have been proposed to measure wellbeing, with sleep quality increasingly being used. Sleep is a vital aspect of life for cell replenishment as well as optimal development of young. Sleep deprivation can lead to immunosuppression and illness; therefore animal managers have a responsibility to ensure they reduce the potential for disturbance through noise, light, or other environmental factors. The social environment also plays an essential role in wellbeing, particularly for species that live in multi-generational family units. In this study the nocturnal behavior of a multi-generational captive herd was observed to determine impacts of husbandry changes on sleep duration and bout length (measured as recumbent rest). As expected, average total duration of sleep was higher in younger elephants and rates were comparable to those reported in other studies of Asian elephants. Overnight access to an outdoor paddock in warmer weather increased overall average bout length of sleep in the herd. Average total duration of sleep also increased for the herd following the movement of an unrelated adult female who had previously shown weak bonds with other herd members. This indicates that social compatibility is a vital component of elephant welfare, impacting not only behavioral interactions but sleep quality and duration.

Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals the presence of a small, quick-moving, nocturnal water shrew in a forest stream

Chimarrogale platycephala (Japanese water shrew) is an endangered, semi-aquatic mammal species in Japan, and understanding the C. platycephala habitat is vital for conservation planning. However, the species is difficult to locate using conventional methods, like visual observations and camera/video traps, due to its small size, nocturnal behavior, and low population densities in semi-aquatic environments. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has been used to survey distributions of macro-organisms, with the advantage of non-invasiveness, high sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we analyzed the eDNA in flowing water from possible C. platycephala habitats, using a metabarcoding approach that allows simultaneous multi-species detection. The eDNA of this species was detected at 2 of the 16 study sites. Based on eDNA screening data, camera trap surveys confirmed the presence of shrews at both locations. This study successfully discovered a previously unknown habitat of an endangered semi-aquatic mammal, using eDNA metabarcoding and camera traps. Wide ranging use of eDNA surveys will facilitate detection and appropriate conservation of C. platycephala, and can be applied to other critically endangered semi-aquatic mammals.

Diurnal Flying Activity of a Neotropical Bat (Saccopteryx leptura): Effect of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Canopy Cover

Nocturnal behavior is a critical life-history trait associated with the evolutionary success of bats. Avian predation, competition with birds, and hyperthermia may explain the origin of this behavior, but it is difficult to assess the validity of these hypotheses due to the rarity of diurnal activity in bats. In Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia, the population of the lesser sac-winged bat (Emballonuridae: Saccopteryx leptura) has an unusual daylight flight activity, which provides an opportunity to learn about the origin of nocturnality in bats. We described the daylight activity of S. leptura in Gorgona Island and explored the influence of environmental factors at different spatiotemporal scales, potentially involved in this particular behavior. We registered the variation of light intensity and temperature across days, months, and different vegetation canopy covers and assessed their effects on the number of daylight flights. We found that the daytime activity of this insular population increases with vegetation cover, decreases with light intensity and temperature, and varies seasonally. These responses of flying activity to environmental temperature and light intensity seem to be related to avoiding the risk of overheating. Furthermore, bats were also active at night, and daytime flights included echolocation and feeding, which suggest that daytime activity complements but does not replace night-time activity. Consequently, our results provide empirical support for the notion that the nocturnality in bats can reflect the actions of avoiding overheating during the day.

The Relevance of Francolin Vocalization in Local Time Indication in Mamfe Municipality, Southwest Region, Cameroon

Avian vocalizations can have intra-specific and inter-specific functions such as communication alarm, resource location, pair-bond maintenance, territory defense, and mate attraction. Majority of studies have focused on the diurnal vocalization of birds. Very little research has been done on nocturnal vocalization behavior of birds such as francolins in Cameroon. For this reason, this study was aimed at assessing the importance of francolin vocalization in local time indication to the inhabitants of Mamfe municipality. The data collection method of this study comprised of random spot sampling of the francolin number, recording vocalizations in the dawn and dusk, and visiting the francolin nesting sites. Surveys were conducted 5 days per week, from Monday to Friday for a period of one month. In the dawn, call recording started 7:00am and ended 5:00pm, while in the dusk it started 7:00 pm and ended 6:00am. This study revealed a significant association between francolin number and the day-period, χ 2 = 19.219 df=6 P=0.004. Vocalization time and frequency showed a significant link, χ 2 = 6.834 df=8 P<0.05. Similar results were obtained from the association of bird number and vocalization frequency, χ 2 = 21.294 df=4 P=0.000. The bird number was proportionate to call frequency and intensity, 5 birds and above generated a call frequency of 64.79%. The day-period and bird number associated significantly, χ 2 = 51.278 df=44 P<0.05. Additionally, cropland vegetation showed a significant correlation on bird number, r = 0.244 P<0.05. Furthermore, the bird group-size witnessed an influence on the call location, with more calls from cropland (70.42%) than the forest vegetation (29.58%). The consistent vocalization frequency during the early hours of the morning period is useful to the local inhabitants of the municipality. Almost all the local crop-farmers interviewed acknowledged that the francolin vocalization were time-specific, hence, reminding them upon the preparation of early morning farming engagements. Moreover, it is believed in most part of Cameroon, especially in remote communities that the francolin vocalizations help to wake up local farmers from sleep during the early of the day. However, the declining population of this bird species raises many questions on its conservation. Keywords : Francolin vocalization, Communication alarm, Bird number, Cropland vegetation DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-9-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Ecology and conservation of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii): past, present and future

The northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) is an iconic marsupial endemic to Australia, recognised globally for its status as the largest, herbivorous burrowing mammal. Owing to historical challenges, including anthropogenic conflict and environmental threats, the species was pushed to near extinction and was officially classified as Critically Endangered in 1996. Establishing an effective conservation plan is complicated by ongoing and novel threats as well as by aspects of the species’ ecology that remain unstudied due to its neophobic and nocturnal behaviour. To identify areas where additional research is needed, we conducted a comprehensive search of the literature published on the northern hairy-nosed wombat from 1980 to 2019 to identify where knowledge gaps exist and to suggest where future efforts may be focussed. We found that the breeding ecology, in particular, of the northern hairy-nosed wombat is largely unstudied but could be vital in conservation efforts. Further, there is a need to establish additional populations, and several threats – including disease, invasive species, and climate change – may require ongoing management action to ensure the species’ longevity.

Circadian Clocks: Mosquitoes Master the Dark Side of the Room

Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes exhibit diurnal and nocturnal behaviors, respectively. Baik etal. reveal the clock network architecture underlying each species' light preferences.

The genetic structure and mating system of a recovered Chinese pangolin population (Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758) as inferred by microsatellite markers

Pangolins are the most trafficked mammalian species in the world and have recently been transferred from Appendix II to Appendix I in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), due to poaching and international population decline. Given their principally solitary, elusive, and typically nocturnal behaviours, detailed ecological information is lacking. An understanding of their genetic structure and mating system is required to provide effective conservation strategies for the remaining wild populations. In this study, we assessed the discrimination power of microsatellites. We subsequently evaluated the genetic diversity and mating system of a restored Chinese pangolin population (Manis pentadactyla) inhabiting the southern Coastal Mountain Range, Taiwan. A total of 54 pangolins (29 males and 25 females) were captured between 2009 and 2013 within a 10 km2 area and genotyped using ten microsatellite markers. The cumulative probabilities of identifying unrelated individuals and siblings in these microsatellites were 1.83 × 10−7 and 1.01 × 10−3, respectively, indicating that these markers can be applied to population genetics, parentage, and forensics studies. A low level of genetic diversity and heterozygote deficiency were observed, which is likely due to over-exploitation, and harvesting for use in leather between 1950 and 1980. Bottleneck analysis also revealed that the population had experienced a demographic bottleneck. Mantel tests for isolation-by-distance, revealed a non-significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances for all individuals (R = 0.04, P = 0.24). The mating system analysis showed that Chinese pangolins are primarily polygynous and certain females exhibit a lack in mate fidelity. We also observed that female pangolins can reproduce during consecutive years. Our first-ever observations of a Chinese pangolin population have substantially contributed to the development of effective conservation strategies and restorative actions in Chinese pangolin populations.

Circadian Regulation of Light-Evoked Attraction and Avoidance Behaviors in Daytime- versus Nighttime-Biting Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes pose widespread threats to humans and other animals as disease vectors [1]. Day- versus night-biting mosquitoes occupy distinct time-of-day niches [2, 3]. Here, we explore day- versus night-biting female and male mosquitoes' innate temporal attraction/avoidance behavioral responses to light and their regulation by circadian circuit and molecular mechanisms. Day-biting mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, particularly females, are attracted to light during the day regardless of spectra. In contrast, night-biting mosquitoes, Anopheles coluzzii, specifically avoid ultraviolet (UV) and blue light during the day. Behavioral attraction to/avoidance of light in both species change with time of day and show distinct sex and circadian neural circuit differences. Males of both diurnal and nocturnal mosquito species show reduced UV light avoidance in anticipation of evening onset relative to females. The circadian neural circuits of diurnal/day- and nocturnal/night-biting mosquitoes based on PERIOD (PER) and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) expression show similar but distinct circuit organizations between species. The basis of diurnal versus nocturnal behaviors is driven by molecular clock timing, which cycles in anti-phase between day- versus night-biting mosquitoes. Observed differences at the neural circuit and protein levels provide insight into the fundamental basis underlying diurnality versus nocturnality. Molecular disruption of the circadian clock severely interferes with light-evoked attraction/avoidance behaviors in mosquitoes. In summary, attraction/avoidance behaviors show marked differences between day- versus night-biting mosquitoes, but both classes of mosquitoes are circadian and light regulated, which may be applied toward species-specific control of harmful mosquitoes.

GPS TRACKING OF THE FORAGING MOVEMENTS OF OILBIRDS (STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS) FROM THE DUNSTON CAVE AT ASA WRIGHT NATURE CENTRE, TRINIDAD

The ranging behaviors of the Oilbird (Steatornis caripensis) in Trinidad are not well defined and are required to better outline fu- ture conservation management parameters for this species. Due to the nocturnal foraging behaviors of the Oilbird, past observations were restricted to colony site observations, video recordings, and limited electronic tracking over short periods. Utilizing newly developed small- scale Global Positioning System (GPS) data loggers, we were able to determine the flight and foraging behaviors of two oilbirds that roost at the Asa Wright Nature Centre for up to 270 days. The use of backpack style GPS tracking devices provided high site resolution and accuracy of the movements and a better understanding of the annual foraging behaviors of the oilbirds in the Asa Wright Nature Centre colony. The oilbirds’ home range was determined to be 3,564.6 km2, with an average trip distance from Dunston Cave of 7.33 km, excluding an interme- diary migration point in Venezuela. 48.5% of the foraging area consisted of locations within the Northern Range, while 27.7% of these trips remained within the Arima Valley, which is only partially protected from quarrying activities. This data document the previously unknown patterns of habitat use of the Oilbird and serves as a pilot study to determine the conservation importance of those habitats for the develop- ment of long-term conservation action plans for these iconic birds.

Antihypertensives always evenings-absolutely not or sensible?

The Spanish Hygia study has led to considerable irritation due to the general recommendation to prescribe antihypertensives preferably to be taken in the evening, especially since the lay press as well as medical media made enthusiastic comments. The discussion about the optimal time to take antihypertensive drugs shows once again how dangerous the uncritical handling of study data can be. No possible risks were pointed out. The Hygia study compared 19,084 patients with morning and evening intake of antihypertensive drugs under the control of a48‑h blood pressure measurement (!). There was asignificantly better reduction in blood pressure and the rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with evening intake. The data are scientifically valuable; however, the conclusions are incomprehensible based on the data, contradict many other studies and are dangerous for certain patient groups. There are also methodological shortcomings. Therefore, ageneral evening intake is not justified and nonsensical due to the diverse, individually very different pathophysiological findings of the nocturnal blood pressure behavior. Basically, the outpatient 24‑h blood pressure measurement (ABPM) enables abetter assessment of the individual cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks and prevents an incorrect assessment of the blood pressure and thus unnecessary or sufficient treatment. Instead of ageneral recommendation, the ABPM offers the option of an individually tailored treatment. Taking antihypertensive drugs in the evening should always be preceded by an ABDM in the case of prognostically unfavorable nocturnal hypertension in order to avoid the risk of nocturnal ischemic risks due to excessive drops in blood pressure.

Development of nocturnal feeding and photosensitivity in early juveniles of the warty sea cucumber Stichopus cf. horrens

Behavioral responses to light of early life stages provide insights on the development of photosensitivity in nocturnal species such as Stichopus cf. horrens. In this study, the onset of nocturnal feeding behavior, growth, and survival during early juvenile development (0.56 ± 0.16 cm; 47 days post-settlement) of the species were investigated for 30 days, in the presence (S) or absence (W) of artificial shelters and under three light regimes: constant light (24 L), constant dark (24D), and a 12 -h light, 12 -h dark period (12 L:12D). Juveniles in all treatments fed initially during daytime hours but eventually exhibited a shift to nocturnal feeding by day 11. This behavioral shift to nocturnality was delayed among individuals under constant dark conditions. Continuous light exposure without shelter resulted in low juvenile survival and mass mortality in some replicates of the treatment. In contrast, growth and survival were highest for juveniles in constant dark. This study showed the endogenous control of feeding in this species. It also demonstrated that growth increases significantly when early juveniles are reared with shelters or in constant dark. Optimizing the light regime and type of shelter can improve food accessibility and juvenile growth without hindering the development of photosensitivity in early juveniles. Further studies are needed to enhance the nursery culture of this species.

Influence of melatonin and sexual hormones on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the adrenal cortex of a seasonal breeder (Lagostomus maximus).

The viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) is a rodent of nocturnal habits, whose physiology and behavior vary according to modifications of environmental signals. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of melatonin and sexual hormones on the viscacha adrenal cortex proliferative activity through the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) along with hormonal determinations. PCNA expression was studied in male viscachas to assess the effect of melatonin administration, castration, and the annual reproductive cycle. In female viscachas, PCNA was studied in nonpregnant and pregnant viscachas. PCNA expression was observed in adrenocortical cells (PCNA-A) and endothelial cells (PCNA-E). Melatonin-administered animals showed a significantly lower number of PCNA-A compared to the control group. No significant difference could be established in the number of PCNA-A and PCNA-E between castrated and control animals. However, the morphometric analysis showed an increase in the size of the cortex of castrated animals, along with other cytological features. Significant differences in serum testosterone levels were observed during the male viscacha reproductive cycle, with the lowest levels encountered during the regression period (winter). Male viscachas exhibited a significantly high number of PCNA-A during late autumn and a high number of PCNA-E during winter. In females, hormonal determinations showed a peak of progesterone and estrogen during mid-pregnancy, along with a notably high number of PCNA-A and an increase in the number of PCNA-E. Our results suggest that proliferation in the adrenal cortex of the viscacha varies in relation to melatonin, sexual hormones, and environmental conditions.

Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore

ObjectiveTo investigate associations of adolescents’ time spent on homework/studying with nocturnal time for sleep and depression symptoms, in a competitive academic environment. DesignCross-sectional, anonymous survey of sleep habits, school life, and health-related measures. SettingEight schools in Singapore. ParticipantsTotal 1225 adolescents aged 13–19 years. MeasurementsSelf-reported sleep behavior and time use data were collected separately for school days and weekends. Multiple regression models were used to test covariation of time spent on homework/studying with other activities, and associations of homework/studying duration with depression symptoms. ResultsTime in bed for sleep and media use were inversely related with homework/studying duration on both school days and weekends, adjusting for time spent on other activities and demographic variables. Face-to-face family time and hanging out with friends were also reciprocally related with homework/studying duration on weekends. Depression scores were higher in adolescents who spent long hours on homework/studying. On school days, this was mediated by reduced time in bed for sleep. On weekends, homework/studying duration associated with depression symptoms, adjusting for time in bed and other covariates. Adolescents who spent ≥5 hours on homework/studying per day on weekends had greater symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety. ConclusionsIn a competitive academic setting, adolescents who spent more time on homework/studying spent less time on sleep, media use, and social activities. Independent of effects on sleep, long hours on homework/studying on weekends may be a risk factor for depression. Reducing adolescents’ workload outside of class may benefit their sleep, schoolwork-life balance, and mental well-being.

Acoustic tracking of a large predatory marine gastropod, Charonia tritonis, on the Great Barrier Reef

Crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (COTS) outbreaks are a major cause of coral cover loss on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), with manual culling having only localised success. The endangered giant triton snail Charonia tritonis is a natural predator of COTS, although aquarium and field observations indicate the intensity of direct predation may be inadequate to significantly mediate outbreaks. However, their mere presence can elicit a chemically induced sensory behavioural response which may suppress COTS populations when in non-outbreak status. While there is increasing knowledge of the sensory biology of both species, little is known regarding giant triton snail numbers on the GBR or about how they move and occupy space, making it difficult to determine their true zone of influence and thus their capacity to disrupt COTS behaviour. We used passive acoustic telemetry to establish short-term activity space and movement patterns of giant triton snails on the GBR. Individuals were tracked for up to 41 d, were observed to travel 234.24 m d-1, with a mean total cumulative distance travelled at night (1923.19 m) nearly double that observed during the day (1014.84 m). These distances encompass those reported for COTS (10.3 m d-1) and align with COTS nocturnal behaviour. Space utilisation distributions (UDs) revealed a mean (±SD) home range of 1179.40 ± 659.40 m2 (95% UD) and a core area of 195.68 ± 141.31 m2 (50% UD). Revealing the short-term movement patterns of this natural COTS predator within a reef environment advances knowledge of its spatial ecology and will provide information for its future conservation and for COTS management efforts.

1219 A CASE OF A NIGHT TIME AFFAIR

Abstract Introduction Sleep associated seizures especially Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (NFLE) represents a spectrum of challenging clinical manifestations presenting as complex nocturnal movements/behaviors, making the diagnosis often difficult. Report of Case A 64 y/o male, with history of ongoing complex movements occurring during his sleep, with no history of strokes or neurological deficits. Had extensive neurologic workup (all negative) including routine electroencephalogram (EEG), prolonged inpatient EEG (12 hours), and MRI of the brain. Home sleep study showing moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) AHI 24/hour successfully treated with CPAP therapy (residual AHI 1.7/hour) with improved nighttime symptoms initially. Wife recalls events as happening only at night while sleep, as patient often confused upon waking up in the morning, at times appear to sit up and smack his lips. No nighttime hallucinations, sleep paralysis, or acting out dreams were reported. Had two episodes associated with tongue biting and loss of bladder control. Another episode happened after a daytime nap, patient went outside and was mowing his lawn, went “completely blank “, appeared confused. No daytime or nighttime seizures were ever noticed. Patient do not recall any of the above events. Repeat EEG was normal. MRI/MRA of the head /neck showed small tiny focus in left frontoparietal lobe, suggesting remote cortical ischemic injury. Polysomnography (PSG) with seizure montage showed Interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) foci recorded in the frontal/frontopolar leads without accompanying body movements. Interictal spike and wave activity seen during stage N2. Initially treated with carbamazepine (had skin reaction) switched to levetiracetam with complete resolution of his symptoms. Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of reviewing the clinical history, behavior semiology, and diagnostic ancillary testing such as polysomnography with EEG monitoring in distinguishing nocturnal epileptic seizures from other nocturnal complex behavior disorders and parasomnias.

0803 Clinical and Polysomnographic Features of Trauma Associated Sleep Disorder (TASD)

Abstract Introduction Trauma associated sleep disorder (TASD) is an emerging parasomnia that develops after trauma with clinical features of trauma related nightmares (TRN), disruptive nocturnal behaviors (DNB), and autonomic disturbances. The purpose of this study is to characterize the clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) features of TASD. Methods Clinical history and detailed video-PSG review, to include post-PSG nightmare reports, of a cohort of patients with TASD. Results Patients (n=40, 32 men, 8 women) were active duty service members with a median age of 38.9 yrs (range 24-57 yrs). Dream content typically related to combat (n=37, 92.5%), with 75% (n=30) reporting TRN and 60% (n=24) reporting dream enactment at least weekly. Self-reported DNB included vocalizations, violent limb movements, thrashing, defensive posturing, and jumping from bed. There was a high rate of comorbid insomnia (n=35, 87.5%), PTSD (n=23, 63.9%), anxiety (n=25, 62.5%), depression (n=20, 50%), OSA (n=19, 47.5%), chronic pain (n=12, 30%), and TBI (n=13, 32.5%). Most patients had REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) (n=33, 82.5%), though a minority had purposeful DNB (n=11, 27.5%). Vocalizations were present in seven (17.5%) patients. Patients with PTSD were more likely to have purposeful DNB (n=9, 100%) than those without PTSD (n=13, 50%; p=0.013), whereas patients with purposeful DNB had markedly less N3 sleep (1.0±11.4%) than those without purposeful DNB (13.8±16.2%; p=0.002). There was no significant difference in medications between DNB groups. Conclusion TASD is frequently comorbid with other sleep and behavioral health disorders. Characteristics of TASD are often captured on video-PSG during REM sleep, though DNB may be less pronounced than what patients report in their habitual sleeping environment. Clinical and video-PSG correlations are invaluable in assessing patients with TASD. This study, which is the largest cohort to date, provides a further basis for establishing TASD as a unique REM-related parasomnia. Support N/A

Nocturnal Sleep Behavior and Vigilance of Incubating Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) at Two Inland Breeding Colonies

Although sleep is necessary for maintaining physiological and cognitive function in birds, nocturnal sleep behavior has yet to be documented for terns. Nocturnal sleep behavior and vigilance of incubating Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) were explored at two colonies, Gull Island (Ontario, Canada) for six years, and Little Island (New York, USA) throughout one breeding season, using ∼1-min interval, time-lapse images from infrared trail cameras. Behavioral posture and vigilance (eye[s] open) of visible study birds were recorded from the images to determine if these differed between the two colonies. Terns utilized two sleeping postures, Back Sleep and Front Sleep, nearly identical to those used by gulls. Differences in the proportion of time spent sleeping between the two colonies were surprisingly large. Terns at Gull Island spent 75% less time in Back Sleep (deep-sleep posture, 7% of the night) than those at Little Island, and 64% of night with their eyes open (vs. <20% at Little Island). Differences between the study sites that may have caused this disparity include predation risk, colony size, vegetation cover and the presence of other nesting waterbirds. Apparent, long-term sleep deprivation at Gull Island may have physiological impacts. Further research is needed to establish causes and effects of differences in nocturnal sleep behavior in Common Terns.