Nobel Prize Winner Research Articles

40 years since the Heidelberg genetic screen that revolutionized developmental and cell biology.

Our current understanding of the molecular basis of embryonic development and the shared machinery underlying this remarkable process has its roots in three papers published 40 years ago, which summarize the results of the Nobel Prize-winning 'Heidelberg screen'. The genesis of these experiments that empowered us and the stories behind the experiments are worth revisiting.

Canon y Premio Nobel: un estado de la cuestión

This paper poses the following question: as a world institutional award, what is the influence of the Nobel Prize in Literature over the construction of the global canon? To answer it, we start from previous resea rch and analyze the studies on canon and Nobel Prize published in scientific journals indexed in the two main international databases: Web of Science, by Clarivate Analytics, and Scopus, by Elsevier, since both cover the current scientific production. After reading the articles which are relevant for the research objective, the centres of interest of this critical literature can be grouped into three large blocks: the concept of World Literature and its relationship with the Nobel Prize; the canonical characteristics of the works by Nobel Prize winners, and the influence of Nobel Prize in the process of creating the world canon. The conclusions question the monolithic and monumental character of the literary canon and advocate for a more transparent approach to its construction that considers economic and ideological aspects (beyond the formal or artistic value of the texts) as crucial for understanding its nature and evolution. For example, E. Lameborshi’s concept of ideological fluency and R. Walkowitz’s born translated novels are useful for understanding to what extent the common concepts of World Literature and canon have recently been redefined.

Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen in the Reflection of Commemorative Medals and Coins

Аnnotation In this research article, its author presents the results and analysis of his research devoted to the study of the issue of representing the memory of the famous German scientist, Nobel Prize winner, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in the reflection of such a collecting tool as numismatics - on 45 commemorative medals and coins, issued for circulation and timed to coincide with various events, by a number of countries around the world, in different years. Aim of studyThe purpose of this article is to present the results of the research conducted by the author, thematically dedicated to the issue of reflecting the memory of the German scientist, Nobel Prize (1901) winner in physics, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in such a collecting medium as numismatics, on commemorative medals and commemorative coins, accompanied by their image (obverse and reverse), with accompanying comments. Research objectives 1. Find any sources of information regarding the reflection of the memory of Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen in various collecting media. 2. Select and systematize all found numismatic materials, both commemorative medals and commemorative coins dedicated to this scientist. 3. Convert all found numismatic materials into color and black and white screenshot copies. 4. Conduct an analysis of all the results obtained as a result of the scientific research carried out by the author of the article. with their help, form the text part of this research article. 5. From all the data obtained, both textual and illustrative, form a solid body of this research and author’s article. Hypothesis of the study In the process of starting to prepare for this study, its author came up with the following working hypothesis - there is a fairly large amount of a wide variety of collection materials, not only philatelic and phaleristic, but, first of all, numismatic - on commemorative medals and coins dedicated to the memory, about the life and scientific activities of the famous German physicist and inventor, Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen, in the reflection of numismatic materials, different years of issue and many countries of the world, in the form of commemorative medals and coins dedicated to him.

Training and Developing Physician-Scientist Careers to Enhance Medical Research in Ghana

Summary A physician-scientist is a medical doctor who combines clinical practice with research. They often work in academic medical centers, research institutions, or hospitals, where they split their time between treating patients and conducting research to advance medical knowledge, develop new treatments, and improve public health. Their work is well recognized as they are reported to constitute 37% of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, and several prize winners in Chemistry. However, regardless of how inherently fulfilling this may be, in Ghana and many other regions of the world, increasingly fewer doctors aspire to become physician-scientists. Currently, there is a lack of clarity regarding the path to becoming a physician-scientist in Ghana and other African nations. So, for the young doctor of today who wishes to embark on a research career, there are more questions than answers. The authors emphasize the need for structured programs, early commitment, and resource allocation to nurture the next generation of physician-scientists. They also examine the potential of integrating research-focused training into existing medical programs and the role of various stakeholders, such as universities and the Ministry of Health, in supporting these initiatives. The authors call for innovative approaches and strategic planning to enhance the capacity of Ghanaian doctors to pursue careers in medical research, ultimately contributing to global scientific advancement and improving healthcare in low and middle-income countries. They conclude that more needs to be done to develop more physician scientists.

Diagnosing Shosha: literature as a lens to view disease and history

In recent decades, physicians have diagnosed fictional and non-fictional characters through portraits, biographies and writing. We argue that such an exercise can be beneficial for a uniquely health humanities reason—better...

Public Order, Human Dignity, and the Child’s Best Interests: The Legal Dilemma of Surrogacy in Mo Yan’s Frog

This study examines the legal dilemma of surrogacy in the novel Frog by the Nobel prize winner Mo Yan, which was written in the context of China’s past one-child policy. This study offers a tri-tier exploration of how surrogacy led to conflicts and tensions in Frog: first, it traces how the intended parents’ demand for surrogacy developed under the one-child policy in China while clarifying the application of “the principle of public order”; second, it explores the predicament of the surrogate mother Chen Mei regarding the violation of her rights and dignity, and delves into the interpretation of “the principle of human dignity”; third, it focuses on the custody dispute between the surrogate mother and the intended parents to explore the controversies over the concept of parentage in surrogacy and consider the principle of “best interest of the child.” This study concludes that despite all the legal and ethical controversies, the spirit of law demands a response to the growing practice of surrogacy and an extension of our exploration of legal principles.

Dusza człowieka we współczesnym świecie. Dwa ujęcia: Wisławy Szymborskiej oraz Olgi Tokarczuk i ich przemieszczenie w przekładzie

The article offers an analysis of the linguistic-cultural concept of dusza/soul present in two literary works by contemporary Polish Nobel-Prize winners, as well as in their translations to English: Wisława Szymborska’s poem Trochę o duszy and Olga Tokarczuk’s story Zgubiona dusza. Their English translations are, respectively: A Few Words on the Soul (trans. Stanisław Barańczak and Clare Cavanagh) and The Lost Soul (trans. Antonia Lloyd-Jones). Alternative translation attempts by BA translation students at the University of National Education Commission in Kraków are also discussed. The two texts share the idea that today’s world, with its haste, attention deficit, and consumerism, is not a friendly place for the human soul. In their search for the human soul, both authors prompt similar solutions: a person must return to a small world of their own, or their inner reality, far from fast progress and globalisation. The present analysis takes a cognitive-ethnolinguistic perspective and begins by considering the entity named dusza in Polish and soul in English as cultural-linguistic concepts, tracing the similarities and differences conventionalised in the two languages, and thus the status of those concepts in the respective linguistic worldviews. This leads to an interpretation of Szymborska’s poem and Tokarczuk’s story as non-standard, individual, literary realisations of the standard worldview shared by the community of speakers of Polish. In this context, the English translations can be viewed as records documenting the transfer of the Polish concept of dusza to a new cultural-linguistic location. This approach is grounded in the idea of culture as an iceberg, where individual texts are viewed as expressions of an underlying cultural content.

Karl Ferdinand Braun: Nobel Prize Winner and Inventor of Phased Arrays [Historically Speaking

Karl Ferdinand Braun: Nobel Prize Winner and Inventor of Phased Arrays [Historically Speaking

The Eco-Logic of Olga Tokarczuk’s Prose Worlds Tenderness and Anger as the Pillars of a New Order

In this paper, we offer a reading of selected novels by 2018 Nobel Prize winner Olga Tokarczuk in terms of their dedication to changing the world. We show that Tokarczuk’s essays and fiction defy genre limits and invite readers to exercise their imagination in conceptualising the world and redefining values. The alternative modes of viewing reality proposed by Tokarczuk may provide a starting point for change, in which the synergy of ostensibly mutually exclusive tenderness and anger kindles hope in the times of crisis and inspires courage to embrace change and, in doing so, to use the opportune moment (kairos) and institute a new order – one based on justice for the bio-community.

Tracking direct and indirect impact on technology and policy of transformative research via ego citation network

Abstract Purpose The disseminating of academic knowledge to nonacademic audiences partly relies on the transition of subsequent citing papers. This study aims to investigate direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research based on ego citation network. Design/methodology/approach Key Nobel Prize-winning publications (NPs) in fields of gene engineering and astrophysics are regarded as a proxy for transformative research. In this contribution, we introduce a network-structural indicator of citing patents to measure technological impact of a target article and use policy citations as a preliminary tool for policy impact. Findings The results show that the impact on technology and policy of NPs are higher than that of their subsequent citation generations in gene engineering but not in astrophysics. Research limitations The selection of Nobel Prizes is not balanced and the database used in this study, Dimensions, suffers from incompleteness and inaccuracy of citation links. Practical implications Our findings provide useful clues to better understand the characteristics of transformative research in technological and policy impact. Originality/value This study proposes a new framework to explore the direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research.

Gender Identity and the Myth of the “Great Patriotic War” in Svetlana Alexievich’s The Unwomanly Face of War

Abstract Nobel Prize winner Svetlana Alexievich’s first book U voiny ne zhenskoe litso (The Unwomanly Face of War), a “novel in voices” based on oral histories, challenges the heroic narratives of the late Soviet myth of the Great Patriotic War by depicting the ordinary lives of Soviet women soldiers. Alexievich contends that war is “unwomanly” and downplays the overt challenges to traditional gender roles that women soldiers posed. Nevertheless, she includes episodes that undermine her own assertions about women’s difference from men and their desire to preserve life, creating ambiguity in her message and offering glimpses of an alternative gender order lurking under the surface. These alternative possibilities of understanding gender threaten both the war myth and the norms of Soviet gender relations.

It is time to pay tribute to women in science: the women who won the Nobel prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine

In the 21st century, it is time to recognize the essential role of women in science. The study carried out by women-scientists makes it possible to combine brightness of mind, deep knowledge with humaneness and wisdom. Their approaches to the problems and the ways to solve them are largely determined by their maps of meaning and existential experience that can enrich and expand the scientific field and, as a result, can offer unexpected but most effective ways to solve the problem. However, women face obstacles in advancing their careers in science, and the situation is even more discouraging when it comes to winning science awards, the most prestigious of which is the Nobel Prize. Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes were awarded 621 times to 965 individuals and 27 organizations, but only 64 of them were women-scientists. While we recognize and praise all women – Nobel laureates, this paper pays special attention to women who have received Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine and briefly outlines their scientific achievements. A more detailed description of their life and scientific journey will be provided in subsequent articles. Keywords: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and in Physiology or Medicine, women – Nobel Prize winners, women-scientists

A railway modernity. Izmalkovo train station in Ivan Bunin’s work

The article discusses the everyday life of Izmalkovo, a train station in Imperial Russia’s Oryol governate. Among its frequent visitors and commuters was Ivan Bunin. The writer often resided in the area and used the station’s postal and passenger services. Housed in a small and inconspicuous railway station building of the fourth rank, Izmalkovo gradually became an important logistical hub for the writer. Izmalkovo’s postmark grew increasingly familiar to prominent figures of Russian modern art and literature. Following the devastating events of 1917, life in the Russian provinces becomes perilous for those living there. The political crisis forced Bunin to move from Izmalkovo to Yelets, where he had to seek a secret sanctuary at the local notary’s house. Next, the writer was forced to flee the country. Nostalgic memories of the humble station’s chronotope haunted Bunin for the rest of his life. Using an extensive body of examples, the scholar traces the changing perception of the station in the Nobel Prize winner’s writings, from the romantic impressions of his youth to the agonizing reflections on the ‘cursed days.’

Splinters of Infinity: Cosmic Rays and the Clash of Two Nobel Prize-Winning Scientists Over the Secrets of Creation, by Mark Wolverton

Splinters of Infinity: Cosmic Rays and the Clash of Two Nobel Prize-Winning Scientists Over the Secrets of Creation, by Mark Wolverton

The History of Nerve Growth Factor: From Molecule to Drug.

Nerve growth factor (NGF), the first neurotrophin to be discovered, has a long and eventful research journey with a series of turning points, setbacks, and achievements. Since the groundbreaking investigations led by Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi-Montalcini, advancements in the comprehension of NGF's functions have revolutionized the field of neuroscience, offering new insights and opportunities for therapeutic innovation. However, the clinical application of NGF has historically been hindered by challenges in determining appropriate dosing, administration strategies, and complications related to the production process. Recent advances in the production and scientific knowledge of recombinant NGF have enabled its clinical development, and in 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved cenegermin-bkbj, a recombinant human NGF, for the treatment of all stages of neurotrophic keratitis. This review traces the evolutionary path that transformed NGF from a biological molecule into a novel therapy with potential research applications beyond the eye. Special emphasis is put on the studies that advanced NGF from discovery to the first medicinal product approved to treat a human disease.

Auerbach's Hunger: Mimesis as an Anthropology of Violence

Abstract This article argues that Erich Auerbach's Mimesis depicts figural thinking as inextricable from ritual violence perpetuated against vulnerable, minority populations. To an extent that has been underappreciated, Mimesis also reflects on Auerbach's own complicity with anti-Semitic Western ethnocentrism. The article uncovers an unexpected intertext for the book's second chapter, “Fortunata,” which narrates the birth of figural thinking. It reads this chapter in conjunction with earlier versions of the ending of Mimesis preserved in Auerbach's Istanbul lectures. The unexpected intertext of “Fortunata” is a then-recent bestseller about Nero's persecution of the Christian, Quo Vadis? (1896), by the Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz, in which Peter and Petronius feature as major characters and as each other's doubles. Reading Mimesis through this lens helps one see that it constructs, around such spectacles of violence, a Viconian account of Western culture's foundational, recurrent brutality.

INDIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIRUNI AND V.S. NAIPAUL

This study is based on a comparison of two works on India, one by Biruni, who lived and wrote about India nearly a thousand years ago, and one by V.S. Naipaul, who lived in the twenty-first century. The first work, Kitâb’ut-Tahkîk ma li’l-Hind, written by Biruni, was written in Arabic in the first quarter of the eleventh century to help Muslims living among Hindus in different regions such as Sindh, Punjab, Kabul and Ghazni. The work was edited by Edward Sachau in the early 1880s and translated into German (1883-1884) and English (1887-1888) under the title Al-Beruni’s India; both the Arabic edition and the translations were published in the West in those years. An Arabic edition of the book, based on the copy in the Paris National Library, was published in Hyderabad in 1958 with the help of the Indian Ministry of Education. On September 30, 1932, Kıvameddin Burslan translated the work into Turkish, but due to various reasons, it was published only in 2015. Nobel Prize-winning author V.S. Naipaul, on the other hand, has written three travel books on India and in these works, which are based on his travels to the country in 1964, 1977 and 1990, he refers to India as a dark, wounded and rebellious civilization respectively. With the publication of his books, Naipaul, himself of Hindu descent, was severely criticized for his views on India, Indians and non-Western societies and cultures, which went far beyond criticism, and caused intense debates. The most obvious conclusion that emerges from the comparative analysis of the works of both authors is that Biruni, despite being a Muslim, is extremely tolerant and objective in his approach to India, Hindu culture, traditions, and belief system, while Naipaul's approach, on the contrary, is far from tolerance and extremely biased.

APPLICATION OF THERMAL ANEMOMETRY FOR TURBULENT FLOW ASSESSMENT

This paper is devoted to a review of the physical principle and effective methodology of thermal anemometry. Its uniqueness lies in the ability to realize a comprehensive high-frequency assessment of the dynamic and thermal state of the turbulent flow. It is worth noting that the American Nobel Prize winner in physics Richard Feynman called turbulence "the most important unsolved problem of classical physics", since there is no direct description of this phenomenon according to classical principles. Therefore, its physical interpretation is still considered one of the six most important mathematical issues of our time. Thus, despite its long history, thermal anemometry remains one of the leading techniques for studying of turbulent flow. Which has a significant impact on hydromechanical and heat-mass exchange processes, particularly in food technology. One of the most common types of thermal anemometry is the Hot-Wire anemometer, where a thin platinum wire is used as a sensor. The principle of operation of the anemometer is to maintain a constant heating of the wire while it is cooled by the surrounding flow of liquid or gas. Thus, the power required to compensate for the thermal state of the sensor wire correlates with the flow rate. The first part of the paper is devoted to the description of the physical principles of thermal anemometry, its advantages and limitations. In particular, special attention is paid to the mathematical interpretation of the heat transfer process between the incremental element of the sensor wire and the surrounding flow. After that, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the design features and practical application of various types of wire sensors. Finally, the last section discusses the calibration methodology and various approaches to the linearization procedure of the obtained calibration curves. Among them, the linearization method based on the Collis-Williams law deserves special attention, since it provides highly accurate interpolation of calibration data and takes into account the temperature compensation of the sensor.

Problems with Bekesy’s traveling wave theory

The theory of hearing under the name of traveling wave theory was announced in 1928 by Georg Bekesy, a 29-yearold engineer from Budapest. In 1961, it was awarded the Nobel Prize [1]. It has been revised and supplemented many times. The progress of science over the century has been much faster than the evolution of this theory. Many years of analysis and consideration of the logic of what is assumed to be a mechanistic theory of hearing indicate the need for a new discussion on a seemingly already closed issue. New studies and experiments not previously known have emerged [2]. Processes at the molecular and electron levels are coming to the fore [3]. Less important is the mechanics and hydrodynamics, which so far was the center stage. Some fundamental assumptions of the theory need to be verified. In effect of the analysis of countless works originating from numerous specialties and consultations with specialists in many fields of science, a picture of hearing has emerged that is significantly different from that presented in textbooks and publications related to hearing. For 20 years now, there have been voices of criticism of the current philosophical system of our hearing [4]. Today, despite the censorship of orthodox reviewers, increasingly more is heard about the frailty of the traveling wave theory. But it is still impossible to think about the possibility of making a mistake in the assumptions of the theory of hearing almost 100 years ago. Thanks to advances in science, this is becoming more and more apparent. A consequence of this is the need to introduce new information related to hearing theory into textbooks. This is met with some significant resistance from potent decision makers, accustomed to the existing state of affairs, despite contradictions with current knowledge and the logic of Nature. There have been signals about the problems of the traveling wave theory for a long time, but they are certainly too weak because they do not stimulate even the slightest discussion on this topic. It seems to be a forbidden topic; it is forbidden to challenge a Nobel Prizewinning theory. As evidence pointing to the need for discussions and analysis, I present some of the most important issues related to hearing theory:

Body Writing and Identity Construction of Clones in Ishiguro Kazuo’s Science Fiction Novel Never Let Me Go

Never Let Me Go is a science fiction novel written by Japanese-English author Kazuo Ishiguro (1954-) as a representative Nobel Prize winner in literature. This work has attracted a wide range of attention to the ethical issues related to the heated topic of cloning. The novel focuses on the body writing, through which Ishiguro portrays the clone’s physical health conditions, organ donation, existence of soul, and ultimately, the clone’s demise, in order to depict the difficulties the clones face in finding their place in human society. Such a profound exploration represents one of the major ethical issues coexisting with the anxiety caused with the cloning technology throughout human life.