Nobel Prize In Physics Research Articles

Photonics and the Nobel Prize in Physics

Photonics and the Nobel Prize in Physics

Gabor’s holography: seven decades influencing optics [Invited

Dennis Gabor's seminal idea of a simple all-optical setup aimed at reconstructing the object wavefront stored on a photographic plate gave birth a little over seven decades ago to the field of holography. In 1971 Gabor obtained the Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention. Still, the road in the early days after his two first papers on the subject was one full of obstacles, so his scientific and engineering contemporaries put his idea to rest for more than 10 years, until the invention of the laser. This fact made his holographic concept take off to new and unsuspected applications. This invited review paper is a homage to Dennis Gabor's 50th anniversary of his Nobel Prize accolade. For this purpose, the review departs from the typical common route, i.e., those written following a timeline fashion, and instead is written with the intent to cover only a few of the holography applications in optics while scanning the electromagnetic spectrum. In doing this, the authors are aware that other invited papers for this special issue will tackle other subjects not dealt with in this review non-timeline paper.

Preface

The 16th SIAM PHYSICS CONGRESS (SPC2021) B Chatthong1,a, C Buranachai1,b, P Kalasuwan1,c, S Rakkapao1,d, C Putson1,e, B Soonthornthum2,3,f,g and S Aukkaravittayapun2,3,f,h 1Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University,Songkhla, Thailand 2Thai Physics Society, Chiang Mai, Thailand 3National Astronomical Research Institute, Chiang Mai, ThailandEmail: aboonyarit.ch@psu.ac.th, bchittanon.b@psu.ac.th, cpruet.k@psu.ac.th, dsuttida.r@psu.ac.th, echatchai.p@psu.ac.th, fthaiphysoc@gmail.com, gboonrucksar@narit.or.th, hsuparerk.a@narit.or.thThe 16th Siam Physics Congress (SPC2021) was successfully held 100% online during May 24-25, 2021. Initially, the Thai Physics Society and Prince of Songkla University had planned to co-host the SPC2021 in Songkhla province in Southern part of Thailand via hybrid form. Unfortunately, due to the rise of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic cases in Thailand, the organizing committee had considered that physical conference would no longer be possible, and made 100% online decision. This is to keep up to the highest standard of health regulation and self-practice (from WHO) in avoiding the extremely serious pandemic. Consequently, the Thai Physics Society and Prince of Songkla University had facilitated and hosted the SPC2021 as national teleconference during May 24-25, 2021.This year, we had 185 research abstracts and papers submitted for both oral and poster online presentations. There were 1 plenary speaker, 25 invited speakers, 76 oral presentations, 83 poster presentations, and 99 full papers submitted for possible publication in all 21 tracks(topics). The scientific program was announced on the SPC2021 website (https://spc2021.sci.psu.ac.th/) and also distributed via email to all participants. The SPC2021 oral sessions were held via Zoom video conference. Participants can join online sessions either by using their individual Zoom account. The Zoom’s chat channel as well as professional management such as co-hosting the Zoom room from the host-side were employed to alleviate some glitches (e.g. delayed or unclear signals due to slow internet connection from the client-side). In addition, the chat channel was also used for exchanging contact details for further detailed discussion about the presentation.The online opening ceremony and plenary talk was live-broadcasted via Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University official Facebook page and YouTube account. After the online opening ceremony, a plenary talk entitled “Exploring the Universe with neutrinos and gravitational waves” by Professor Takaaki Kajita, 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physics from Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, was given to the audience of approximately 200 participants. The oral presentations were arranged into 3 parallel Zoom rooms in total of 16 sessions. Each invited speaker was allowed 30-minute presentation while regular presenter had 15 minutes including questions and answers. The online audience-size of each room varied between 30 and 60 people. The poster presentations were uploaded onto the SPC2021 Indico website (https://indico.cern.ch/event/973315/), where only registered participants could access. In addition, all participants can login, access all abstracts as well as presentation materials, and submit the full paper.List of Editorial Materials, Logos are available in this pdf.

Graphene's Correlation of Electrical and Magnetic Properties Manages the Modification and Increasing the Energy of Li Batteries

Importance of lithium power sources is confirmed by the fact that on October 10, 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 was awarded for the development of lithium-ion batteries. 10 years earlier, in 2010,physicists Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "For groundbreaking experiments regarding the two dimensional material graphene". A synergistic effect of theory and practicality in the area of lithium batteries, and the theory and practicality in the field of graphene materials creates the unique possibility generate the innovative high-energy Li batteries based on the graphene materials.

Wilsonian Renormalization in the 1970s

This paper examines the history of the renormalization group, a cornerstone of contemporary theoretical physics, focusing on the work of Kenneth Wilson (winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in physics) and affiliated scholars in the 1970s. In particular, it reconstructs how studies of the renormalization group led to formative interactions between two distinct branches of physics, namely particle physics and condensed matter theory. Instead of explaining such intellectual coordination as the result of material and conceptual exchanges, as in Peter Galison’s widely influential discussion of the “trading zone,” my analysis emphasizes the pedagogical labor, social institutions, and political economic conditions that gave the renormalization group its mediating power. To that end, I show how early lectures and fast circulating pre-prints on the renormalization group created a population of physicists in the United States conversant in the rudiments of both condensed matter and particle theory. I then root the formation of a transatlantic network of renormalization group enthusiasts in the geopolitics of the Cold War, showing that the spread of Wilsonian ideas was made possible by a liberal internationalist program of academic exchanges and summer schools sponsored by the US state department and NATO. Finally, I argue that sharp cuts to basic science funding in the United States pushed young physicists seeking jobs in the 1970s to work across specializations, which visibly impacted how renormalization group ideas were interpreted and used—often against the objections of their original progenitors.

Computational physics modelers (including climate modelers) win 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics

First Page

Antony Hewish (1924–2021)

Hewish was a pioneering radio astronomer. His research student Jocelyn Bell detected a strange scintillating radio source that they subsequently showed was the first identified pulsar. Hewish was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics for his “decisive role” in the discovery.

2021 Nobel Prize in Physics recognizes scientists who modeled Earth’s climate and other complex systems

2021 Nobel Prize in Physics recognizes scientists who modeled Earth’s climate and other complex systems

Giorgio Parisi wins the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics

Giorgio Parisi wins the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics

Joseph John Thomson investigates the paranormal.

Joseph John Thomson is best known for detecting two isotopes of neon within cathode ray tubes that lay the foundation of the field of mass spectrometry. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases in the same devices. He is less known for his strong religious beliefs and his interest in psychical research and the paranormal. Thomson served as a member of the Society for Psychical Research for over 50 years and even became its Vice President. During this time, he attended a number of séances and demonstrations by professed psychics and mediums. This article traces those who influenced his interest in the paranormal, from Balfour Stewart to Lord Rayleigh and William Crookes. It reports and illustrates his beliefs and experiences investigating the paranormal in his own words.

Prospects in x-ray science emerging from quantum optics and nanomaterials

The science of x-rays is by now over 125 years old, starting with Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895, for which Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics. X-rays have fundamentally changed the world in areas, including medical imaging, security scanners, industrial inspection, materials development, and drugs spectroscopy. X-ray science has been so far responsible for over 25 Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine/Physiology. With x-ray generation being a highly commercialized, widely adopted technology, it may appear that there is little left to discover regarding the fundamentals of x-ray science. Contrary to this notion, recent years have shown renewed interest in the research and development of innovative x-ray concepts. We highlight, in this Perspective, promising directions for future research in x-ray science that result from advances in quantum science and in nanomaterials. Specifically, we describe three key opportunities for advancing x-ray science in the near future: (1) emerging material platforms for x-ray generation, especially 2D materials and their heterostructures; (2) free-electron-driven emission of entangled photon–photon and electron–photon pairs for x-ray quantum optics; and (3) shaping free-electron wavepackets for controllable x-ray emission. These research directions could lead to improvements in x-ray resonance fluoroscopy, high-contrast x-ray imaging, stimulated coherent x rays, x-ray superradiance, and other prospects for x-ray quantum optics.

What actually happens when you approach a gravitational singularity?

Roger Penrose’s 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics recognizes that his identification of the concepts of “gravitational singularity” and an “incomplete, inextendible, null geodesic” is physically very important. The existence of an incomplete, inextendible, null geodesic does not say much, however, if anything, about curvature divergence, nor is it a helpful definition for performing actual calculations. Physicists have long sought for a coordinate independent method of defining where a singularity is located, given an incomplete, inextendible, null geodesic, that also allows for standard analytic techniques to be implemented. In this essay, we present a solution to this issue. It is now possible to give a concrete relationship between an incomplete, inextendible, null geodesic and a gravitational singularity, and to study any possible curvature divergence using standard techniques.

Tensions between measurements of the Hubble constant from the early and late Universe

Hubble constant (H0) is one of the most important parameters in cosmology. There are mainly two ways to determine the value of Hubble constant, which measure the properties of early universe and the late universe, namely cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) and Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Those who had used these two methods to measure the Hubble constant won the Nobel Prize in Physics respectively, in 1978 and 2011. This article introduces the principle of accelerating universe and the methods to measure the Hubble constant. We analyze each method and discuss the uncertainties of them. In addition, we investigate possible reasons for Hubble constant discrepancy based on previous studies. We discuss about the conclusion and prospects of Hubble constant measurement.

Marie Curie: How to break the glass ceiling in science and in radiology

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw in1867. She graduated first in her class in her undergraduate programs in physics and mathematics at Sorbonne University, and she was one of the first women to earn a PhD. She was the first woman to win a Nobel prize (in physics, together with her husband, Pierre Curie), and she was also the first person to win a second Nobel prize in another category (chemistry).Her life is an example of dedication to science based on altruism, personal growth, and tenacity. Being the first woman to break through so many barriers in a totally male-dominated science makes her an emblematic figure in the fight for equal opportunities and human rights.This article reviews her most important contributions to science in general and to diagnostic radiology in particular through her participation in the French military’s radiological plan during the First World War.

Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018)

Giacconi shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering contributions to astrophysics. His work established the discipline of x-ray astronomy, revolutionized optical astronomy and was pivotal in establishing the world’s foremost millimeter-wave observatory.

In Memoriam: Steven Weinberg

Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Lee Glashow knew each other for seventy-four of their eighty-eight years. Their relationship began as a high-school friendship and continued through college and their professional academic careers, eventually leading to their sharing a Nobel Prize in Physics. Glashow pays tribute to his colleague, now passed on.

Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie

On July 26, 1895, Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska were married. On June 23, 1903, Maria presented her doctoral dissertation “Investigation of radioactive substances” at the Sorbonne, which described the results of hard work in previous years, including the isolation of new elements - polonium and radium. In the same 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “in recognition of the exceptional services they rendered to science through the joint research of radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”. She became the first female - laureate and remained the only one until 1935, when her daughter Irene was awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1911, Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for outstanding achievements in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”. Marie Curie became the first and to date the only woman in the world -twice the Nobel Prize winner. After many years, the proposal of Marie and Pierre Curie on the use of radium in medicine has been implemented at the present time. Studied and proved its effectiveness in the treatment of bone metastases of prostate cancer. The merits of these scientists before the whole world can hardly be overestimated. Humanity gratefully keeps a good memory for great discoveries for the benefit of people.

Errors Related to General Relativity, Repulsive Gravitation and the Question of Black Holes

Galileo and Newton considered gravity to be independent of temperature, while Einstein claimed that the weight of metal will increase as temperature increases. Further, Maxwell maintained that charge is unrelated to gravity. Experiments show, however, that the weight of a metal piece is reduced as its temperature increases. Thus, charge-initiated repulsive gravitation exists. In fact, repulsive gravity has been demonstrated by the use of a charged capacitor hovering over Earth. Further, it is expected that a piece of heated metal would fall more slowly than a feather in a vacuum. Einstein developed an invalid notion of gravitational mass, and failed to establish the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism since he overlooked repulsive gravitation. Moreover, photons are a combination of the gravitational wave and the electromagnetic wave. For electromagnetic energy is invalid, and is in conflict with the Einstein equation. The non-linear Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solution, Space-time singularity theorems are based on an invalid implicit assumption that all the couplings have a unique sign. Since gravity is no longer always attractive, the existence of black holes is questionable. The fact that Penrose was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for the derivation of black holes is due to that the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics did not sufficiently understand the physics of general relativity. A distinct characteristic of Penrose's work, as usual, is that it is not verifiable.

Finite dimension unravels the structural features at the glass transition

Physics Nobel Prize winner P.W. Anderson famously wrote in 1995: "The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of the glass and the glass transition". Despite much effort in the intervening years, the problem is still unsolved. We contribute a novel mathematical approach to this problem. The main new ingredient is finite dimension, a recently introduced "fractal" dimension defined only for finite sets. Our methods sharply distinguish the glass transition temperature and give hints as to the structural changes that occur in the transition.

Some Measures for COVID-19 Including Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode (DUV-LED), Gc protein-derived Macrophage-Activating Factor (Gcmaf), and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA)

Several trials for the COVID-19 pandemic are found. Prof. Shunji Nakamura, Tokushima University was awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in Physics for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Deep ultraviolet LED (DUV-LED) causes SARS-CoV-2 inactivation as 99.9% by 265 nm. Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF)-based immunotherapy has a wider application for serious infection, chronic fatigue syndrome, and cancers. Covid center in Naples submitted a phase II report concerning GcMAF and COVID-19 in Feb 2021. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and its metabolite protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) show anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects for Zika, Dengue, influenza A viruses, and SARS-CoV-2. These results hopefully contribute to the research development for COVID-19.