Nobel Prize In Physics Research Articles

“Three Quarks for Muster Mark!” A Slavic gloss to Joyce’s 'Finnegans Wake'

The unclear verse “Three Quarks for Muster Mark!”, introduced by James Joyce (1882–1941) to his novel entitled Finnegans Wake (first published in 1939), was a literary source for the English word quark denoting ‘an elementary particle with a fractional electric charge that is part of a proton, neutron or other interacting elementary particle’. The American physicist Murray Gell-Mann, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969, was the first researcher to introduce the English word quark into scientific terminology as early as in 1964. After accepting his hypothesis of quarks in the world science, most physicists adopted the English term quark as standard in the physical terminology of most international languages (e.g. French quark, German Quark, Italian quark, Polish kwark, Portugal quark, Russian кварк, Spanish cuark, Turkish kuark, Ukrainian кварк ‘an elementary particle’) and it quickly became a widely recognized internationalism. It is not commonly known that Joyce’s verse facetiously imitated loud cries of German dairy women: Drei Mark für muster Quark! (literally “Three Marks for an excellent curd!”). In other words, E. quark ‘an elementary particle’ is motivated by the German term Quark m. ‘weiser Käse / curd, white cheese’, metaphorically ‘trifle, nonsense, trash, worthless thing’, which – according to most German and Slavic etymologists – represents an obvious Slavic borrowing (especially a Polish or Lower Sorbian loanword), cf. Pol. twaróg, dial. kwaruk m. ‘curd, white cheese’ (< Proto-Slavic *tvarogъ m. ‘id.’). It is suggested that the specialized term kwark represents the so called back-borrowing in the Polish language.

Attosecond pulses of light: Shining the way to the world of electrons in matter——Commentary on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

Attosecond pulses of light: Shining the way to the world of electrons in matter——Commentary on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

A brief history of attosecond optics—The story behind the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

A brief history of attosecond optics—The story behind the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

Principle and state-of-art applications of quantum information

Al. Last year, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger for their experimental verification of the violation of Bell's inequality by quantum mechanics using entangled photons, which pioneered the science of quantum information; in the same year, the 28th Solvay Conference on Physics, with the theme "Quantum Information In the same year, the 28th Solvay Conference on Physics, with the theme of "Quantum Information Physics", reviewed the development of quantum information in the last decade and the future direction. It is clear that the world of physics is now focused on the subsequent progress of quantum mechanics. In this paper, I will introduce the background of quantum information and explain in detail, clearly and thoroughly, the basic theory of quantum information and its specific applications. By describing the two fundamental and most important properties of quantum information, quantum entanglement and quantum unclonable, quantum information will give the reader a comprehensive understanding of the significance and usefulness of quantum information. This paper aims to help physics students to build up their basic knowledge of quantum information by explaining the basic theory of quantum information and helping them to expand their knowledge of quantum information.

Timescales—the 2023 Physics Nobel Prize through the eyes of a chemist

Timescales—the 2023 Physics Nobel Prize through the eyes of a chemist

How an emergent cosmology of a nonlocally unified, meaningfully in-formed and holographically manifested Universe can underpin and frame the biological embodiment of quantum entanglement

With a Nobel Prize for Physics widely viewed as only given for ‘settled’ science, the award then essentially accepts the validity of universal nonlocality. Other key discoveries and insights in recent years are also progressively pointing to the appearance of our Universe, its energy-matter and space-time, as not being foundational but emerging from deeper, discarnate realms of causation. as digitized and meaningful, in-formation, its manifestation pixelated at the so-named Planck scale of existence. Extending from studies of black holes to the entire Universe, a growing number of cosmologists have also developed the so-named holographic principle, to model the four-dimensional appearance of our Universe (three dimensions of space and one of time) as a holographic projection of its two- dimensional boundary. In framing the emergent cosmology of a nonlocally unified, meaningfully in-formed and holographically manifested Universe, an expansion of the three universal Laws of Thermodynamics to three Laws of Information, or Infodynamics also points the way to reconciling Quantum Theory that describes energy-matter and Relativity Theory that describes space-time and offers too an understanding of how the lifecycle of our Universe flows from its first moment until its last. Treating gravity as an emergent consequence of the in-formational and holographic structure of space- time and describing it as the consequence of the intropy associated with the positions in space-time of massive bodies, also points to the findings of the loss of phenotype identity in zero gravity and the role between gravity and cellular identity and the emergence of symbiogenesis.

The scientists behind this year’s physics Nobel prize

The scientists behind this year’s physics Nobel prize

Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to 3 for achievements in attosecond science

Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to 3 for achievements in attosecond science

Single Elementary Charge Fluctuations on Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution.

100 years ago, in 1923, the Nobel prize in physics was awarded for measurement of the unit charge. In addition to a profound impact on contemporary physics, this discovery has reshaped our understanding of charge-based interactions in chemistry and biology, ranging from oxidation and ionization to protein folding and metabolism. In a liquid, the discrete nature of the electric charge becomes prominent at the nanoscale when a charge carrier is exchanged between a molecule or a nanoparticle and the surrounding medium. However, our ability to observe the dynamics of such interactions at the level of a single elementary charge is limited due to the abundance of ions in water. Here, we report on the observation of single binding-unbinding events with elementary charge resolution at the surface of a nanoparticle suspended in water. Discrete steps in the electrical charge are revealed by analyzing the motion of optically trapped nanoparticles under the influence of an applied sinusoidal electric field. The measurements are sufficiently fast and long to observe individual (dis)charging events that occur on average every 3 s. Our results offer prospective routes for studying the dynamics of diverse chemical and biological phenomena on the nanoscale with elementary charge resolution.

Electron-illuminating laser pulses honored with 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics

Electron-illuminating laser pulses honored with 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics

Transfer-free and catalyst-free graphene thin films produced by plasma electron annealing at low temperatures

Research into graphene, an innovative material, has increased remarkably since Geim and Novoselov won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for forming single layers of graphene using Scotch tape. Indeed, despite being a remarkable material with excellent properties, graphene is not yet commercialized, owing to a lack of suitable direct-growth preparation methods. To address this issue, in this study we introduce a new method for growing graphene thin films directly on substrates by using a simple and clean plasma electron annealing (PEA) process involving a low processing temperature in a single chamber, which is advantageous. Specifically, we transform the carbon layer deposited on a silicon dioxide wafer into graphene at low temperature by using the electrons in inductively coupled plasma to transfer kinetic energy to the substrate. We expect that the method developed herein will provide new possibilities for future graphene research.

Research and Discussion of Quantum Theory

Quantum information technology mainly includes quantum communication, quantum radar, quantum computer these three aspects, in recent years, rapid development, many countries invested heavily in development. The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2022 to three scientists for their work in quantum informatics has further stimulated people's interest in quantum theory, which has been studied and discussed. This paper not only reviews the historical situation, but also thinks and innovates in theory. The main contents of this paper are as follows: It is pointed out that there are fundamental contradictions between relativity and quantum mechanics; The wave function, quantum statistics and uncertainty principle are discussed in detail. The hidden variable theory is reviewed and the Bell inequality is discussed. The Aspect two-photon experiment was analyzed. The rationality of Bohm experiment scheme is discussed. The development of Bell type experiment is discussed. It is pointed out that the entangled state is not acting at a distance but propagating faster than the speed of light. Reviews the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics; Quantum communication and Wootters theorem are discussed. etc. This paper holds that quantum mechanics has been finalized from 1926 to 1928, and its basic content has not changed much. But for some of the accusations, it is necessary to answer them theoretically. For example, we believe that the Copenhagen interpretation fundamentally changes our understanding of nature and marks a profound revolution in physics. And no other theory has since emerged that has such a profound understanding and wide application of microscopic phenomena as this interpretation. Another example is Bohm's two-particle correlation spin scheme in quantum entanglement experiments, which has been proved to be effective in a series of experiments, which is an important contribution in Bohm's life. This paper holds that the so-called quantum field theory is a failure, and the original quantum mechanics should still be advocated today. Current theoretical research should pay great attention to quantum entangled states, because its nature is still unclear. Understanding this "first mystery of the physical world" not only has scientific significance, but also has great philosophical significance for understanding the universe.

Exploitation and exploration: An analysis of the research pattern of Nobel laureates in Physics

Exploitation and exploration: An analysis of the research pattern of Nobel laureates in Physics

Artificial Pinning Centers and the Quest of High Critical Current Densities in HTS Nanocomposites

After theoretical discovery of quantized magnetic vortices in type II superconductors by Abrikosov, which received 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics, vortex pinning has been an important topic of research for high critical current densities in applied magnetic fields desired for a variety of applications in electric and electronic devices and systems. The small vortex core size in high temperature superconductors (HTSs), of a few nanometers, has prompted an intensive research in development of nanoscale artificial pinning centers (APCs) in so-called HTS nanocomposites. Exciting results of much enhanced in-field critical current densities and pinning force densities have been achieved. This talk intends to highlight the progress made recently in HTS nanocomposites towards controllable generation of APCs with desired morphologies, dimension, concentration, and pinning efficiency for targeted applications. The future research in HTS nanocomposites to meet the need of practical applications will also be discussed.

Exploring the research features of Nobel laureates in Physics based on the semantic similarity measurement

Exploring the research features of Nobel laureates in Physics based on the semantic similarity measurement

Negative Velocity Characteristics in Electromagnetism

Newton mechanics is great, Newton's contribution is indelible. But from Newton's classical mechanics, the definition of velocity (=) must mean that this physical parameter is a vector, so "negative velocity" only means the opposite direction of motion, no other meaning. It is difficult to understand negative velocity within the framework of classical mechanics. However, wave is a special form of material motion, wave mechanics has a unique method and meaning, and its concept and connotation are significantly different from classical mechanics. For example, wave velocity (whether phase velocity or group velocity) is a scalar quantity. "Negative wave velocity" does not mean that the direction of motion is reversed, but a special phenomenon that does not accord with causality from the surface view. In any case, research in recent decades has shown that negative wave velocity is not only theoretically possible, it has also been repeatedly shown to exist experimentally. Moreover, negative wave velocity is a special form of superluminal speed; The wave with negative velocity is the advanced wave. It corresponds to the leading solution of the basic equation of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave. The past practice (discarding the advanced solution) is wrong! As for causality, scientists have provided a new definition and interpretation. In short, both wave mechanics and quantum optics take a different approach from classical mechanics.
 This paper points out that it is unusual for the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics to be awarded to Alain Aspect and two others, since Aspect's experiments on the Bell inequality were completed in 1982, Which still stands today as a crucial experiment that proved Einstein's EPR paper wrong and quantum mechanics (QM) correct. Aspect's award in 2022 showed that mainstream physical community had been forced to accept that quantum entanglement existed and that the "light-speed limit" theory of SR was a mistake.
 This paper discusses the proposition "negative characteristic motion of electromagnetic wave" put forward by the author in 2013, pointing out that it is an inherent physical phenomenon reflecting symmetry in nature. In this paper, the faster-than-light motion of waves found in the near-field of antennas is discussed. In addition, the realizability of "time travel" is also discussed.

The discovery of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy

Black holes are fascinating astrophysical objects, yet they are rarely encountered in undergraduate-level physics courses. Here, we use concepts accessible to upper division physics majors to explain the discovery of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, which was recognized by the award of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics. Infrared observations of the innermost region of the Milky Way galaxy show that many stars orbit around the galactic center at distances comparable to the size of the solar system with decadal-scale periods. We show how, given the sizes and periods of these stellar orbits, Newton's version of Kepler's third law can be used to determine the mass and maximum radius of the concentration of mass at the galactic center. We consider various possible physical interpretations consistent with this mass and maximum radius, rejecting flat disks due to dynamical instabilities, clouds of gas and/or dust due to gravitational instabilities, and clusters of compact objects due to collisional instabilities. This demonstrates that a supermassive black hole is the only possible explanation for the observed orbits of stars close to the galactic center.

About Roy Glauber

AbstractWe recount the life, work, and legacy of the theoretical physicist Roy Glauber (1925–2018). Admitted to Harvard at age 16, called upon to participate in the Manhattan Project at age eighteen, and appointed to the Harvard Physics faculty at age 29, Glauber is credited with seminal contributions to three separate fields of physics: nuclear scattering, statistical physics, and foundational work in quantum optics, which earned him the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics. Over decades, Glauber was also a dedicated teacher of high‐school, college, and graduate students. His pedagogical gifts are reflected in his lucid papers that read as if they were written yesterday.Key points perspective on the life, work, and legacy of the 2005 Physics Nobel laureate Roy Glauber (1925–2018) impact of Glauber's contributions on large swaths of physics, from nuclear to optical to condensed matter Glauber's work in quantum optics has nurtured burgeoning areas of quantum science and engineering

A Hidden Variable behind Entanglement: The little-known origin story of the science that won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics.

A Hidden Variable behind Entanglement: The little-known origin story of the science that won the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Nobel Lecture: Physical modeling of Earth’s climate

5 MoreReceived 26 January 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.010501© 2023 Nobel Foundation, Published by the American Physical Society*The 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics was shared by Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, and Giorgio Parisi. This paper is the text of the address given in conjunction with the award.Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasClimate researchInterdisciplinary Physics