Nobel Laureate Research Articles

DISCOURSING TRANSNATION SPACE AND LOCATING SUBJECT POSITION IN JM COETZEE’S ELIZABETH COSTELLO AND SLOW MAN: DAVID MALOUF IN CONTEXT

In the Neustadt Prize acceptance lecture (2000), David Malouf had exuded due pride as an Australian and argued that the “power of language” enables one to remap the world “so that wherever you happen to be is the center” (Le, 2019). Malouf’s statement, it is argued, embraces a conspicuous turn from cosmopolitan to transnational. Although, the transnational turn yields certain benefits which are not served in being a cosmopolitan, however, according to Bill Ashcroft, it still fails to fix a definite “subject position”. Ashcroft argues that a definable subject position can be achieved not through embracing transnational turn but being within the space which he calls “Transnation”. This article interrogates the case of JM Coetzee, the South African born Nobel Laureate (2003) who happens to be an immigrant to Australia (therefore, bearing a hyphenated identity), and also contextualizes Elizabeth Costello, a fictional character in two of Coetzee’s Australian novels, in order to discourse the transnation space and locate Costello’s subject position.

Book review of A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature's Deep Design

《A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature's Deep Design 》is a popular science book authored by Frank Wilczek, a Nobel Laureate in Physics, . The book, through a clear and compelling narration and ten core concepts, elucidates the fundamental principles of physics, covering the topics on time and space, matter and force, quantum mechanics, and the evolution of the universe. In his book, Wilczek not only shared profound scientific insights but also explored the relationship between science and philosophy, emphasizing the importance of scientific exploration and the value of the scientific spirit. This book serves not only as an informative popular science reading, but also as an academically stimulating work that inspires thoughtful reflection. It guides the readers to examine the real world from a novel perspective, fostering deep contemplation on science, the universe, and humanity itself. By reading this book, readers can acquire a wealth of knowledge, appreciate the charm and power of science, and experience the joy of scientific exploration while gaining valuable wisdom and enlightment.

Analyses of academician cohorts generate biased pandemic excess death estimates

ObjectiveDeath data from cohorts of academicians have been used to estimate pandemic excess deaths. We aimed to evaluate the validity of this approach. Study Design and SettingData were analyzed from living and deceased member lists from Mainland China, UK and Greece academies; and Nobel laureates (and US subset thereof). Samples of early elected academicians were probed for unrecorded deaths; datasets overtly missing deaths were excluded from further analyses. Actuarial risks were compared against the general population in the same country in respective age strata. Relative incidence risk increases in death in active pandemic periods were compared to population-wide pandemic excess death estimates for the same country. ResultsRoyal Society and Academy of Athens datasets overtly missed deaths. Prepandemic death rates were 4- to 12-fold lower in the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) vs respective age strata of the Mainland China population. A +158% relative increase in death risk was seen in CAE data during the first 12-month of wide viral spread. Both increases (+34% in British Academy) and decreases (−27% in US Nobel laureates) in death rates occurred in pandemic (2020-22) vs prepandemic (2017-19) years; point estimates were far from known excess deaths in the respective countries (+6% and +14%, respectively). Published excess death estimates for urban-dwelling Mainland China selectively analyzed CAE that had double the pandemic death rates than another Chinese academy (Chinese Academy of Sciences). ConclusionMissingness, lack of representativeness, large uncertainty, and selective analysis reporting make data from academy rosters unreliable for estimating general population excess deaths.

Visualising the academic mobility of Nobel laureates

The academic mobility of Nobel laureates (NLs) epitomises not only the inter-urban knowledge flows and networks but also the spatial evolution of the world’s scientific hubs. Yet the understanding of the mobility and patterns of Nobel laureates’ scholarly migration remains limited. To address this gap, we elucidate the trajectories of academic mobility for 734 Nobel laureates and how their migratory patterns change in different geopolitical eras by establishing a life-course database encompassing NLs in science and economics from 1901 to 2023. First, the migratory patterns of NLs have evolved from multi-cored diversification in Phase A (–1945) to polarisation in Phase B (1946–1991) and to re-diversification in Phase C (1992–2023). Second, the academic mobility of NLs, and especially their international mobility, has significantly declined over the past century, which contrasts with other observations that scientists tend to be more mobile as globalisation advances.

Allvar Gullstrand: The Only Ophthalmologist Who Won the Nobel Prize.

Allvar Gullstrand, the Swedish ophthalmologistand Nobel laureate, was a self-taught mathematician who applied mathematics and higher-order equations to understand the optic system. His inventions, the slit lamp, and the ophthalmoscopeareused in clinical practice for the diagnosis of eye diseases. With his efforts, he explained the accommodation, the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.In 1911, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1913, he was elected as the first president of the Swedish Ophthalmological Society. In 1927, he was awarded the Graefe Medal of the Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft.

Collaboration-based scientific productivity: evidence from Nobel laureates

Collaboration-based scientific productivity: evidence from Nobel laureates

It is time to pay tribute to women in science: the women who won the Nobel prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine

In the 21st century, it is time to recognize the essential role of women in science. The study carried out by women-scientists makes it possible to combine brightness of mind, deep knowledge with humaneness and wisdom. Their approaches to the problems and the ways to solve them are largely determined by their maps of meaning and existential experience that can enrich and expand the scientific field and, as a result, can offer unexpected but most effective ways to solve the problem. However, women face obstacles in advancing their careers in science, and the situation is even more discouraging when it comes to winning science awards, the most prestigious of which is the Nobel Prize. Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes were awarded 621 times to 965 individuals and 27 organizations, but only 64 of them were women-scientists. While we recognize and praise all women – Nobel laureates, this paper pays special attention to women who have received Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine and briefly outlines their scientific achievements. A more detailed description of their life and scientific journey will be provided in subsequent articles. Keywords: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and in Physiology or Medicine, women – Nobel Prize winners, women-scientists

Learning From a Laureate: Dr. Vernon L. Smith

In this article, Abel Winn reflects on his experiences as a student and colleague of Nobel laureate Vernon L. Smith.

Thematic Analysis of Non-Violence in the Select Excerpts of Svetlana Alexievich and Thiruvalluvar

The universal prominence attained by English language has paved way for translation and thereby, offers access to world literature and comparative studies. India has witnessed a growth in the field of comparative studies since it received an impetus from Rabindranath Tagore's lecture delivered on the subject when he was invited by National Council of Education in 1907. Tamil Literature has endorsed stalwarts like Thiruvalluvar whose couplets focus on valuable topics that have not only stood the test of time but also has its influence across cultural, political, ethical and topographical diversity. His magnum opus titled Thirukkural is a masterpiece of human thought, equivalent to the Bible, Milton’s Paradise Lost and works of Plato. Svetlana Alexievich is a Belarusian writer who writes in Russian language. He works have been translated into 35 languages and more that 20 documentary films have been produced based on her testimonies collected from victims, survivors, and firsthand witnesses of war and disaster. Alexievich received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015, for her polyphonic writing skill which fetched her veneration in the 21st century. This research article aims to compare and contrast how two literary stalwarts belonging to two different centuries and completely dissimilar ethnicities have unified thoughts on human existence. Thiruvalluvar’s views about ‘war’ and ‘killing’ and Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich’s perception of the futility of war are analyzed in a novel attempt to corroborate that peace and harmony are themes validated since the origin of species and will continue to be valued as long as human civilization exists.

Career or Family: A Woman’s Difficult Choice (On the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2023)

This article presents the achievements of the 2023 Nobel laureate in economics, Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin. The obstacles to women’s employment related to the fact that the initially established structure of jobs was focused on male labor are considered. The “quiet revolution” discovered by the laureate and consisting of a sharp increase in the age of first marriages and a switch in women’s motivation from earnings to careers is analyzed. The importance of flexible working conditions when women choose a place of work and increasing women’s participation in the economy was highlighted. As an example of maximum effort and approach to working conditions convenient for women, the laureate cites the pharmaceutical sector, both industry and trade. The problems of the existence of a “natural level” of women’s participation in the economy are touched upon. Finally, the impact of the 2021–2022 pandemic on women’s choice between career and family is examined.

Trajectories of biomedical research leading to Nobel Prize-winning discoveries.

Significant advancements in public health come from scientific discoveries, but more are needed to meet the ever-growing societal needs. Examining the best practices of outstanding scientists may help develop future researchers and lead to more discoveries. This study compared the comprehensive work of 49 Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 2000 to 2019 to a matched control of National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded biomedical investigators. Our unique data set, comprising 11,737 publications, 571 US patents, and 1693 NIH research awards produced by pre-Nobel laureates, was compared to a similar data set of control researchers. Compared to control researchers, pre-Nobel laureates produce significantly more publications annually (median = 5.66; interquartile range [IQR] = 5.16); significantly fewer coauthors per publication (median = 3.32; IQR = 1.95); consistently higher Journal Impact Factor publications (median = 12.04; IQR = 6.83); and substantially more patents per researcher (median = 5; IQR = 14). Such differences arose from nearly identical cumulative NIH award budgets of pre-Nobel laureates (median $25.3M) and control researchers. Nobel laureates are neither hyper-prolific (>72 papers per year) nor hyper-funded (>$100M cumulative). An academic age-specific trajectory graph allows aspiring researchers to compare their productivity and collaboration patterns to those of pre-Nobel laureates.

Amīna and the Breaking of the Secular Silence: Revisiting The Cairo Trilogy by Naguib Mahfouz

ABSTRACT Following critiques of secularism, feminist theory and literary analysis, this article revisits the much interpreted yet never exhausted Arabic masterpiece, the Cairo Trilogy (1956–1957), by Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006). The Cairo Trilogy depicts the lives of the middle-class ʿAbd al-Jawād family in colonial Cairo during the interwar period amidst the process of modernization and national uprising against British colonial domination. Scholars have considered the relations in the Jawādī family through a patriarchal lens via the perspective of the son Kamāl, the protagonist who represents the secular Arab intellectual. This study, instead, follows Amīna, the mother of the family, and her relationship to her two sons, Kamāl and Fahmy, to explore the different options and various relations between the religious and the secular in this colonial context. By reading the Jawādī family this way, this article uncovers the orientalist-secular construction of religion and religious ways of resistance despite colonial disruptions.

Bloomington and Cambridge compared: varieties of ontological thinking, social positioning, and the self-governance of common-pool resources

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on ontology and the history of economic thought by examining the ontological commitments of Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom from the vantage point of recent work on social positioning theory (SPT). The comparison highlights important features of Ostrom’s thought on common-pool resources (CPRs), most notably her emphasis on social positions and the correlative nature of the rights and duties and the role of power and authority associated with them. In addition to highlighting similarities between Ostrom and SPT, the paper also identifies differences and possible gains from trade. It is argued that Ostrom’s approach could potentially be enhanced by following SPT in allowing for the social positioning of objects as well as people and that SPT might benefit from Ostrom’s ideas about the epistemic challenges involved in deliberate attempts at social positioning and the possibility of failures in social positioning such challenges might entail.

Introduction to Section of Dynamic Mathematics: Dynamic Sets Theory: Parallel Sprt-Elements and their Applications

There is a need to develop an instrumental mathematical base for new technologies. The task of the work is to create new approaches for this by introducing new concepts and methods. Our mathematics is unusual for a mathematician, because here the fulcrum is the action, and not the result of the action as in classical mathematics. Therefore, our mathematics is adapted not only to obtain results, but also to directly control actions, which will certainly show its benefits on a fundamentally new type of neural networks with directly parallel calculations, for which it was created. Any action has much greater potential than its result. Significance of the article: in a new qualitatively different approach to the study of complex processes through new mathematical hierarchical parallel dynamic structures, in particular those processes that are dealt with by Synergetics. Our approach is not based on deterministic equations that generate self-organization, which is very difficult to study and gives very small results for a very limited class of problems and does not provide the most important thing - the structure of self-organization. We are just starting from the assumed structure of self-organization, since we are interested not so much in the numerical calculation of this as in the structure of self-organization itself, its formation (construction) for the necessary purposes and its management. Although we are also interested in numerical calculations. Nobel laureates in physics 2023 Ferenc Kraus and his colleagues Pierre Agostini and Anna Lhuillier used a short-pulse laser to generate attosecond pulses of light to study the dynamics of electrons in matter. According to our Theory of singularities of the type synthesizing, its action corresponds to singularity ↑I↓ h q , which allows one to reach the upper level of subtle energies to manipulate lower levels. In April 2023, we proposed using a short-pulse laser to achieve the desired goals by a directly parallel neural network [1]. We then proposed the fundamental development of this directly parallel neural network. In the articles new mathematical structures and operators are constructed through one action - “containment” [2-9]. Here, the construction of new mathematical structures and operators is carried out with generalization to any actions. The significance of our articles is in the formation of the presumptive mathematical structure of subtle energies, this is being done for the first time in science, and the presumptive classification of the mathematical structures of subtle energies for the first time. The experiments of the 2022 Nobel laureates Asle Ahlen, John Clauser, Anton Zeilinger and the experiments in chemistry Nazhipa Valitov eloquently demonstrate that we are right and that these studies are necessary. Be that as it may, we created classes of new mathematical structures, new mathematical singularities, i.e., made a contribution to the development of mathematics

Visionary figures in the field of electrochemistry who revolutionized voltammetry

Understanding energetics and electron behavior has been pivotal in elucidating numerous fundamental phenomena, including electricity, corrosion, respiration, energy generation in biological systems, intermolecular interactions within living organisms, organic synthesis, drug development, enzyme functions, and the design of biosensors, among others. As 2024 records the centennial anniversary of the completion of the first polarograph by Nobel laureate Jaroslav Heyrovský (awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959), it presents an opportune moment to pay tribute to several eminent electrochemists who have made significant contributions to the field of voltammetric techniques. Following our recent acknowledgment of the outstanding women who have made substantial contributions to voltammetry in a prior publication, this article aims to briefly highlight the major achievements of several distinguished male figures in the field (Jaroslav Heyrovský, Allen J. Bard, Christian Amatore, Richard Compton, Jean-Michel Savéant, Fraser Armstrong, Fritz Scholz, Joseph Wang, Milivoj Lovrić, Valentin Mirčeski, Alan M. Bond). Given that many of these remarkable personalities have contributed both as authors and referees for the Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, this tribute serves as a fitting acknowledgment of their remarkable accomplishments on the occasion of the journal's 50th anniversary.

Gabriela Mistral: Nourished by and Constructed from the Sap and Blood of Life

Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature and was a mentor to Pablo Neruda who also went on to become a Nobel laureate, yet Mistral’s work is rarely studied in English translation today. This article aims to bring attention to the author’s life and legacy, particularly through her diplomatic work and writing, with an emphasis on Mistral’s poetry in the hope of returning Gabriela Mistral to a place of distinction and standing that encourages future reading and study. Illustrative of the author’s voice, excerpts of Mistral’s work are woven throughout. The article traces key moments in Mistral’s life from childhood in the Elqui Valley of Chile through her years as a rural schoolteacher and onward to her position as a leader in education reform in Mexico. Through both her writing and diplomatic work, Mistral gained worldwide prominence. Her work through the League of Nations demonstrated an ongoing concern for human rights and especially for the rights of children and women in poverty and in the workplace. She was instrumental in the founding of the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and an advocate for writers and artists and their crucial role in illuminating important societal issues. The article highlights Mistral’s 1937 talk before the Committee on Letters and Arts in Paris and addresses her connection with Pablo Neruda and the story of Juan Miguel, whom she adopted and called Yin-Yin; Yin-Yin died tragically at age seventeen. Finally, the article provides an overview of the life influences, themes, and timing of each of Mistral’s four major collections of poetry in their English translation by Doris Dana (1971): Desolation (1922), Tenderness (1924), Felling (1938) and Wine Press (1954).

Why do women choose home births.

In recent years, the US has seen a significant rise in the rate of planned home births, with a 60 % increase from 2016 to 2023, reaching a total of 46,918. This trend positions the US as the leading developed country in terms of home birth prevalence. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) suggests stringent criteria for selecting candidates for home births, but these guidelines have not been adopted by home birth midwives leading to poor outcomes including increased rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. This paper explores the motivations behind choosing home births in the US despite the known risks. Studies highlight factors such as the desire for a more natural birth experience, previous negative hospital experiences, and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceptions of hospital safety. We provide new insights into why women choose home births by incorporating insights from Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman's theories on decision-making, suggesting that cognitive biases may significantly influence these decisions. Kahneman's work provides a framework for understanding how biases and heuristics can lead to the underestimation of risks and overemphasis on personal birth experiences. We also provide recommendations ("nudges according to Richard Thaler") to help ensure women have access to clear, balanced information about home births. The development of this publication was assisted by OpenAI's ChatGPT-4, which facilitated the synthesis of literature, interpretation of data, and manuscript drafting. This collaboration underscores the potential of integrating advanced computational tools in academic research, enhancing the efficiency and depth of our analyses.

Robert Millikan, Japanese internment, and eugenics

Robert A. Millikan (1868–1953) was the second American to win the Nobel Prize in physics. At the peak of his influence, no scientist save Einstein was more admired by the American public. Millikan, the head of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during its first 24 years, oversaw its rapid growth into one of the leading scientific institutions of the world. However, in response to demands for social justice following the murder of George Floyd, Caltech launched an investigation into Millikan. Caltech reached a decision to strip Millikan of honors (such as the library named after him), following accusations from various sources that he was a sexist, racist, xenophobic, antisemitic, pro-eugenic Nazi sympathizer. In short, Caltech threw the book at him. This article analyzes two accusations against Millikan. The first of these accusations was published in Nature: that he collaborated to deprive Japanese Americans of their rights during their forced relocation to internment camps during the Second World War. An examination of original historical sources will show that this accusation is false. On the contrary, Millikan actively campaigned during the war to promote the rights of Japanese Americans. This article traces the stages of misrepresentation that led to current false beliefs about Millikan. In view of Millikan’s extraordinary position in American science, this misrepresentation is a cautionary tale. The article also treats Caltech’s central accusation against Millikan: he lent his name to “a morally reprehensible eugenics movement” that had been scientifically discredited in his time. The article considers the statements purporting to show that eugenics movement had been denounced by the scientific community by 1938. In a reversal of Caltech’s claims, all three of Caltech’s scientific witnesses against eugenics—including two Nobel laureates—were actually pro-eugenic to varying degrees. This article concludes that Millikan’s beliefs fell within acceptable scientific norms of his day.

100 Years since Robert Barany's visit to the Zaragoza medical faculty.

In December 1923, a twelve-day course took place at the University of Zaragoza, specifically at the Faculty of Medicine, given by Professor Róbert Bárány, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1914 for his discoveries on the vestibular apparatus. Professor Robert Bárány came to the faculty at the invitation of Professor Victor Fairén through the University Exchange programme. This course consisted of four lectures and twelve lessons a day in which he presented his knowledge of the physiopathology of the vestibule and cerebellum, as well as practical demonstrations of the physical examination of nystagmus and cerebellar pathology. Lorente de Nó, a doctorate student of medicine, was one of the most outstanding students on the course. His intellect was already outstanding in those years, which helped him to discuss the physiopathology of nystagmus with Professor Bárány. The relationship he forged with the Nobel laureate in Zaragoza would be decisive for his future as a researcher. The aim of this work is to compile and integrate the available information on the course that Professor Bárány took in the city of Zaragoza, consulting official documents from the university and the city, articles, books and the press of the time.

Recent Developments in the Use of High Pressures for the Production of Nanostructured Materials

The use of pressure to achieve superior properties in metals, especially for use in a range of weaponry, has a long history dating back to the artisans of ancient China and many parts of Asia. Nevertheless, scientific principles were not introduced until the classic experiments conducted by Nobel Laureate Professor Percy Bridgman at Harvard University almost 100 years ago and these experiments led directly to the development of metal processing through the procedure now known as high‐pressure torsion (HPT). This review provides a brief overview of the historical evolution of pressure as a convenient tool in metal‐working and then summarizes the major features associated with the processing of metals by HPT and, more recently, the torsional straining of stacked disks in HPT to produce a range of hybrid materials. Finally, there is a brief report on the development of the relatively new processing procedure of tube high‐pressure shearing (t‐HPS) which may be used for the fabrication of metal matrix composites.