NiZn Ferrite Nanoparticles Research Articles

An innovative direct non-aqueous method for the development of Co doped Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles

A new “Direct Non-Aqueous” method was developed to prepare Co-doped Ni-Zn spinel ferrite nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging and electromagnetic interference shielding applications. A “Non-Aqueous” method was developed in order to prepare spinel ferrite nanoparticles in a short duration and at low reaction temperature, without using any complexing agent and there was no requirement of pH adjustment. Moreover, this method is a simple, cost-effective and can form multi-component nanoparticles systems. The nanoparticles prepared by this method encompass single-phase spinel cubic structure, nanometer size range (1−100 nm), highly crystalline and stoichiometric behavior; high saturation magnetization and low coercivity. These properties of nanoparticles show great attention in the practical applications like targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging and electromagnetic interference shielding applications. Experimental results were well supported by the theoretical calculations using the proposed cations distributions and were found in good compliance.

Visible light photocatalytic activity of magnetically diluted Ni–Zn spinel ferrite for active degradation of rhodamine B

The nanoparticles of ZnxNi1-xFe2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1 in steps 0.5) were prepared with the application of urea (CH4N2O) as a fuel in the sol-gel auto combustion technique and also used to remove the Rhodamine B (RhB) from the industrial waste-water. Before the process of water treatment began, the Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, VSM, and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The measurement of XRD confirms that the cubic structure with the Fd-3m space group and the crystalline size was also calculated with the help of the Williamson-Hall (W–H) plot. The FT-IR spectra of Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles show two prominent absorption bands in the range of 390–560 cm−1. Optical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated using UV–Vis spectrophotometer and PL studies. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared NPs was studied under the sunlight and the percentage of maximum degradation was found to be 90%, 94%, and 98%, respectively, under 180 min.

Sol-gel derived cobalt containing Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles: Dielectric relaxation and enhanced magnetic property study

A systematic study of transitional metal ion doped nickel-zinc ferrite (NZF) nanoparticles with its magnetic properties and conductivity relaxation mechanism are the objectives of this research. We have prepared cobalt doped NZF nanoparticles (NZCo) via a facile chemical route. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses suggest the formation of single phase nearly spherical nanoparticles around 60 nm in size. UV–Vis study reveals the redshift of the optical band gap for doped samples. Estimation of particle size using the effective mass model agrees well with TEM/XRD results. The electrical modulus spectra have been analyzed using Harvilliak-Negami model function. Migration energy has been found to be the minimum for 10 mol % doped sample. Frequency-dependent modulus spectra have been converted to time domain data and the relaxation process shows Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) type behavior. Carrier motion inside the lattice has been found to be strongly correlated. Room temperature magnetization curve shows that very weak AFM/PM contribution and strong FM interaction inside the system as well as non-collinear spin arrangements between interstitial sites. Law of Approach (L.A.) analysis of the AFM/PM part subtracted hysteresis curve delineates the enhanced magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, anisotropy constant and coercivity. Multi-functional materials of such kind with optimum behavior at specific doping percentages can be fruitful for electronic industries.

Cadmium substitution effect on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn nano ferrites

Cadmium substituted in Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles at different ratio and prepared by sol-gel auto combustion method. Their structural, morphological, compositional, magnetic and electrical properties were studied using XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, FTIR, VSM and DC electrical resistivity. From XRD shows single-phase spinel cubic structure and lattice constant increased, due to its higher ionic radius of 0.97 Å than that of Zn2+ (0.74 Å) which was replaced. FESEM attached with EDS gave the images and composition of the sample, which were smaller in size. Similarly, the FTIR spectra showed two leading absorption bands with the frequencies v1 near 600 cm−1 (Ni-O) and v2 near 400 cm−1 (Zn-O-Cd) indicating Cd2+ prefers to be in the tetrahedral site. The magnetic saturation has been reduced from 89.51 to 71.32 emu/g upon substituting Cd ions and is attributed to strong B-B interaction instead of A-B interaction. The sample preparation is highly resistive according to the two probes DC electrical resistivity measurement.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of NiZn Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Thermal Decomposition Method

Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) nanoparticles were synthesized by a thermal decomposition method. The synthesized particles were identified as pure spinel ferrite structures by X-ray diffraction analysis, and they were calculated to be 46–51 nm in diameter by the Scherrer equation, depending on the composition. In the FE-SEM image, the ferrite nanoparticles have spherical shapes with slight agglomeration, and the particle size is about 50 nm, which was consistent with the value obtained by the Scherrer equation. The lattice parameter of the ferrite nanoparticles monotonically increased from 8.34 to 8.358 Å as the Zn concentration increased from 0.5 to 0.7. Initially, the saturation magnetization value slowly decreases from 81.44 to 83.97 emu/g, then quickly decreases to 71.84 emu/g as the zinc content increases from x = 0.5, through 0.6, to 0.7. Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 toroidal samples were prepared by sintering ferrite nanoparticles at 1250 °C and exhibited faceted grain morphologies in the FE-SEM images with their grain sizes being around 5 µm regardless of the Zinc content. The real magnetic permeability (μ′) of the toroidal samples measured at 5 MHz was monotonically increased from 106, through 150, to 217 with increasing the Zinc content from x = 0.5, through 0.6, to 0.7. The cutoff frequency of the ferrite toroidal samples was estimated to be about 20 MHz from the broad maximum point in the plot of imaginary magnetic permeability (μ″) vs. frequencies, which seemed to be associated with domain wall resonance.

The Effect of Silica on Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Silica-Coated NiZn Ferrite Nanoparticles

Nickle zinc ferrite (NiZnFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) has been successfully synthesized using co-precipitation method. NiZnFe2O4 was coated SiO2 (NiZnFe2O4/SiO2) using Stöber method with various concentrations of (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 50%). MNPs sample has a spinel ferrite phase confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results of the functional group analysis performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) showed an M-O tetrahedral vibrational bond found a wavelength of 347 cm-1. After coated silica, Si-O-Si vibrational bonds appear at wavelengths of 1033.85 cm1. Magnetic properties were measured using vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), the result shows that has maximum saturation magnetization of NiZnFe2O4 22.5 emu.gram-1 and decreased to 16.9 emu.gram-1 after coating. In figure 1 show that the photodegradation activity of MNPs was carried out with a variation of irradiation time. Result of the photodegradation activity of methylene blue shows that NiZnFe2O4/SiO2 are higher than NiZnFe2O4. Sample of NiZnFe2O4/SiO2 has the highest photodegradation rate up to 96%. The existence of SiO2 layer on the surface of bare MNPs increases the surface reactivity of samples.

Structural, Morphological and Magnetic Characterization of Sm-substituted Ni-Zn Ferrite

Background: Rare earth materials are known for its salient electrical insulation properties with high values of electrical resistivity. It is expected that the substitution of rare earth ions into spinel ferrites could significantly alter its magnetic properties. In this work, the effect of the addition of Samarium ions on the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of Ni0.5Zn0.5SmxFe2-xO4 (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10) synthesized using sol-gel auto combustion technique was investigated. Methods: A series of Samarium-substituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5SmxFe2-xO4 where x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10) were synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Structural, morphological and magnetic properties of the samples were examined through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurements. Results: XRD patterns revealed single-phased samples with spinel cubic structure up to x= 0.04. The average crystallite size of the samples varied in the range of 41.8 – 85.6 nm. The prepared samples exhibited agglomerated particles with larger grain size observed in Sm-substituted Ni-Zn ferrite as compared to the unsubstituted sample. The prepared samples exhibited typical soft magnetic behavior as evidenced by the small coercivity field. The magnetic saturation, Ms values decreased as the Sm3+ concentration increases. Conclusion: The substituted Ni-Zn ferrites form agglomerated particles inching towards more uniform microstructure with each increase in Sm3+ substitution. The saturation magnetization of substituted samples decreases with the increase of samarium ion concentration. The decrease in saturation magnetization can be explained based on weak super exchange interaction between A and B sites. The difference in magnetic properties between the samples despite the slight difference in Sm3+ concentrations suggests that the properties of the NiZnFe2O4 can be ‘tuned’, depending on the present need, through the substitution of Fe3+ with rare earth ions.

Study of magnetic behavior in co-precipitated Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles and their potential use for gas sensor applications

A series of NixZn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) were obtained by co-precipitation technique and followed by sintering at 800 °C. The random variation of bond angles resembles possible cation redistribution in the present series of ferrite samples. The cation distributions estimated from Mössbauer analysis are used to find out the net magnetic moment. The magnetic moment n′B estimated from Neel’s sub-lattice model is not consistent with experimental magnetic momet nB. But the magnetic moment (nB′′) estimated from the Yafet–Kittel (Y–K) model is in good agreement with the experimental magnetic moment nB, supporting the possibility of non-collinear arrangement of spins at B–site. The non-collinear spin arrangement at octahedral (B) site is influencing the magnetization of present series ferrite samples. The increase in saturation magnetization with increase in Ni2+ ion concentration is expected due to the decrease in non-collinear spin arrangement at octahedral (B) site. Higher saturation magnetization of 61.32 emu/g was reported for the composition x = 0.7. The single domain structure of samples is evident from the hysteresis loops, but interestingly nature of hyperfine interactions can be found from the Mössbauer spectra under spectral line intensities. The increase in the blocking temperature (magnetic ordering) is due to the increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy rather than an increase in particle sizes. The composition x = 0.7 is showing good sensor response for both LPG and acetone. Moreover, its response and recovery times are less comparing to the other two compositions and therefore it is useful for the sensor fabrication.

Correlations between microstructural and magnetic properties of Gd3+-doped spinel ferrite nanoparticles

We report the effect of rare-earth Gd3+ doping in Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles with a generic formula Zn0.2Ni0.8GdxFe2–xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15), synthesized using chemical co-precipitation technique. The cubic spinel phase formation and phase purity were confirmed using X-ray diffraction with crystallite size in the range of 16 ± 7 nm obtained from Scherrer’s formula and Williamson–Hall (W–H) plots analysis. The lowering of octahedral cubic symmetry was also observed from Raman spectra with increasing Gd3+ ions content. Increase in Gd3+ ions concentration results in enhancement of A–O–B superexchange magnetic interaction, confirmed by hysteresis curves at 5 K. The room temperature M–H plots showed superparamagnetic behavior due to small particle size. The blocking temperature was found to decrease with increase in Gd3+ ions concentration in Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles, which makes it a potential candidate for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia.

Electrochemical properties of Ni0.4Zn0.6 Fe2O4 and the heterostructure composites (Ni–Zn ferrite-SDC) for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC)

In solid oxide fuel cell, the redox reactions (HOR and ORR) demand good catalyst functions at the anode and cathode. Triple phase boundary (TPB) is an important mechanism to determine HOR and ORR as key factors to improve the reaction rate, charge transfer and ion diffusion processes. In the present work, Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 (Ni–Zn ferrite) and its heterostructures with Sm0.2Ce0.8O2 (SDC) are prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the phase structure and morphology of the material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the phase of Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) and chemical states on the heterostructure surface. The electrical and conductive behaviors of synthesized samples are investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and fuel cell measurements. Unlike to conventional way, the as-prepared samples promote redox reactions from two aspects: a) as an electrolyte for ion transport; b) as a mixed conductor to extend the ionic transport on TPB region. The ionic transfer mechanism of Ni–Zn ferrite/SDC composite leads the improved fuel cell performance up to 760 mW/cm2 at 550 °C. Further investigations verify the appreciable proton conduction in the prepared devices in a range of 0.012–0.048 Scm−1.

Thermal behavior and effect of SiO2 and PVA-SiO2 matrix on formation of Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles

The paper presents the synthesis of ZnFe2O4/SiO2, NiFe2O4/SiO2, Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4/SiO2 and Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4/PVA-SiO2 nanocomposites by a modified sol–gel method. The influence of matrix type on the formation of Ni-, Zn- and Fe-succinate precursors and their decomposition into ferrites within the pores of SiO2 or PVA-SiO2 matrices was investigated by thermal analysis. The decomposition processes, formation of crystalline phases and mass changes during samples annealing at different temperatures were also assessed by thermal analysis. The formation and decomposition of succinates and the formation of the matrix were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the formation of main (ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4) and secondary phases (SiO2) was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The influence of matrix type on the formation of the crystalline phases was also investigated. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical-shaped ferrite particles with particle size of 4–50 nm. The particle size increases with increasing Zn content and annealing temperature. The coloring properties and the potential ceramic applications of the obtained dark-brown–black powders were tested by their incorporation in opaque tile glazes and application on ceramic tile.

Microscopic length scale of charge transport and structural properties of cobalt doped Ni–Zn ferrite nanocrystals: A structure property correlation study

Cobalt doped Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticle (NZFC) were synthesized via citrate auto-ignition method to investigate the structural correlations with microscopic length scale of charge transport in system. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that both grain and grain boundary have combined effect on the conductivity relaxation process. Temperature dependent dc conductivity showed Arrhenius behavior for both grain interiors and grain boundaries. Dielectric relaxation mechanism has been elucidated via Harviliak-Negami (H.N.) formalism. Two characteristic length scales i.e. mean square displacement and spatial extent of the charge carriers inside the system were calculated via standard methods. Microstructural parameters such as bond length, bond angles, bond valence sums (BVS) etc. were estimated by Rietveld refinement of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. Changes in microstructural parameters followed the same trend as the characteristic length scales with the variation of doping content. Optimum transport properties were observed for 10 mol % of doping which were correlated with electron density plotting and BVS of different samples.

Magnetic, thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of beta isotactic polypropylene/natural rubber blends reinforced by NiZn ferrite nanoparticles

Abstract The dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles in matrix is crucial to ensure optimum performance of the composite. The difficulty level of achieving good dispersion is further increase when a multi-phases of matrix is present. A pre-coating technique of magnetic nanoparticles with polypropylene using ball-mill prior to melt-blending process was employed to prepare a multi-phases thermoplastic natural rubber composite. The effect of filler loading (2 wt%-10 wt%) on morphology, structure, magnetic properties, thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the NiZn ferrite nanoparticles act as nucleating agent to form beta isostatic polypropylene thermoplastic composites. The composites' magnetic properties are directly dependent on the filler concentration. The dispersion of magnetic fillers in polymer matrix plays role in affecting the magnetic properties and thermal stability. The preference of filler to locate at amorphous phase has distorted the chain orientation of natural rubber and polypropylene. Hence, the polymorphism and crystallinity of the matrix varied as the filler loading increased, affecting the dynamic mechanical properties. It was found that 8 wt% NiZn nanocomposite exhibits highest E’ and tanδ, indicating the dynamic mechanical properties of NiZn nanocomposite are affected by β-phase degree.

Role of sonication time on thermal behaviour and dynamic mechanical analysis of NiZn ferrite incorporated PLA/LNR nanocomposite

The investigation on thermal properties of polylactic acid/liquid natural rubber (PLA/LNR) blend embedded with nickel zinc (NiZn) ferrite nanoparticles at various loading (1–5 wt%) and treated with different ultrasonication time (1–2 h) is the main core of this study. The novel NiZn nanocomposite based on the matrix of PLA:LNR with a ratio of 90:10 was fabricated via melt blending technique with the aids of ultrasonication. The effects of nanofiller loading and ultrasonic treatment on nanocomposite were examined by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analyser. The results revealed that the thermal properties of PLA/LNR matrix have improved with incorporation of nanoparticles in which improvement was observed until an optimum level at 4 wt% NiZn ferrite within 1 h of ultrasonic treatment. The optimum ultrasonication for 1 h is believed to be sufficient to promote a good dispersion of NiZn ferrite nanoparticles within the PLA/LNR and in order to enhance the thermal stability, which makes it potentially to be used in electronic applications.

Influence of iron content on the structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by PEG assisted sol-gel method

Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles of smaller particle size and high saturation magnetization have gained a special attention for their use in biomedical applications. The development of such nanoparticles requires rigorous processing conditions in arriving at desired characteristics. Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles of three different compositions Ni0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4, Ni0.65Zn0.40Fe1.95O4 and Ni0.60Zn0.35Fe2.05O4 containing varying amounts of iron concentration 50.00 mol%, 48.75 mol%, and 51.25 mol% respectively were processed by the sol-gel method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a chelating agent and characterized by techniques X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in elucidating the structural parameters. Ferrite compositions containing lower and higher iron content require the lower annealing temperature to produce higher saturation magnetization as compared to the stoichiometric composition. The composition of lower iron content favoured smaller particle size of 9 nm, while the material of higher iron content showed enhanced saturation magnetization of 91.9 emu/g. From the knowledge of literature and our previous works, it is opined that no other chelating agent than PEG proved to be an efficient one in controlling the particle size and improving the microstructure.

The effect of Fe2NiO4 and Fe4NiO4Zn magnetic nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion activity

Two types of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), i.e. Ni ferrite nanoparticles (Fe2NiO4) and Ni Zn ferrite nanoparticles (Fe4NiO4Zn) containing the trace metals Ni and Fe, were added to the anaerobic digestion of synthetic municipal wastewater at concentrations between 1 and 100 mg Ni L−1 in order to compare their effects on biogas (methane) production and sludge activity. Using the production of methane over time as a measure, the assays revealed that anaerobic digestion was stimulated by the addition of 100 mg Ni L−1 in Fe2NiO4 NPs, while it was inhibited by the addition of 1–100 mg Ni L−1 in Fe4NiO4Zn NPs. Especially at 100 mg Ni L−1, Fe4NiO4Zn NPs resulted in a total inhibition of anaerobic digestion. The metabolic activity of the anaerobic sludge was tested using the resazurin reduction assay, and the assay clearly revealed the negative effect of Fe4NiO4Zn NPs and the positive effect of Fe2NiO4 NPs. Re-feeding fresh synthetic medium reactivated the NPs added to the anaerobic sludge, except for the experiment with 100 mg Ni L−1 addition of Fe4NiO4Zn NPs. The findings in this present study indicate a possible new strategy for NPs design to enhance anaerobic digestion.

Optimization of Citrate-Gel Preparation Process for Magnetic Ni-Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles.

Magnetic Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles were prepared via the citrate-gel process, their microstructure and the properties were characterized by XRD, VSM, SEM, and TEM techniques. For smaller grain size and larger specific saturation magnetization, the preparation technology for magnetic Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles was optimized, and the optimization conditions followed as: the molar ratio of Ni, Zn and Fe was 1:1:4, citric acid was applied according to the mole ratio of 1:1 for citric acid and metal, the solvent of 100 mL was the mixed liquor of alcohol and water with volume ratio of 1:1, pH value was 1, reaction time was 24 h, the calcination temperature was 400 °C, and the heating rate was 3 °C/min. The average crystallite size of the as-prepared Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined under the optimization conditions was around 14 nm, and the specific saturation magnetization was about 46 emu/g.

Cation distribution of Ni-Zn-Mn ferrite nanoparticles

Mn substituted Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles, Ni0.4Zn0.6-xMnxFe2O4 (x = 0.00–0.25 in steps of 0.05), using metal nitrates were prepared by sol-gel autocombustion in citric acid matrix. The samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. Rietveld structural refinements using the XRD data were performed on the samples to consolidate various structural parameters like phase (spinel), crystallite size (24.86–37.43 nm), lattice constant (8.3764–8.4089 Å) etc and also to determine cation distributions based on profile matching and integrated intensity ratios. Saturation magnetization values (37.18–68.40 emu/g) were extracted from the measured M−H loops of these nanoparticles to estimate their magnetic moments. Experimental and calculated magnetic moments and lattice constants were used to confirm the derived cation distributions from Rietveld analysis. The results of these ferrite nanoparticles are discussed in terms of the compositional modifications, particle sizes and the corresponding cation distributions as a result of Mn substitutions.

Zinc Composition and its Effect on Magnetic Properties of Nickel-Zinc Ferrite Prepared Via Sol-gel Technique

Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) ferrite (Ni1-xZnxFe2O4) with different Zinc composition (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) were prepared and synthesized by applying sol-gel technique and the morphological characterization is done by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) to confirm the formation of Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticle and estimate the particle sizes. Magnetic study was also performed using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Results showed that Zn composition when x = 0.5 possesses the highest magnetization which is 52.6 emu/g.

A Comparative Study on Impact of Nickel Nitrates and Nickel Chloride on the Structural Properties of ZnFe2O4 Nanostructures

Ni-Zn ferrite (NixZn1-xFe2O4, for x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using chemical coprecipitation method for two different compositions of nickel nitrides (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) and nickel chlorides (NiCl2.6H2O) respectively. X-ray analysis explored that nanoparticles for each value of x have cubic spinal structure. No extra peaks were observed in XRD spectra indicating the absence of any un-reacted component in the samples for both the series. The d-spacing and lattice parameter were found to lay in the range of 2.54 Ao to 2.51 Ao and 8.42 Ao to 8.33 Ao for nickel chloride series and 2.56 Ao to 2.54 Ao and 8.49 Ao to 8.42 Ao for nickel nitride series respectively. Both of these decreased by increasing Ni doping due to the less ionic radius of Ni2+ ions then Zn2+ and for strong preference of Ni2+ ions for octahedral sites. The crystallite size was observed to vary between 10-13 nm and its value is maximum for x=0.3 for nickel chloride series, whereas it vary between 18-36 nm and its value is maximum for x=0.5 and x=0.7 which shows that by adding nickel chloride a better result of 10 nm is achieved at x=0.7 whereas, 18 nm is achieved at x=0.1 and it increases by increasing nickel nitride.