Nitrogen-phosphorus Fertilizers Research Articles

Dynamics of the Humus State of Southern Chernozem with Prolonged Use of Mineral Fertilizers in the Conditions of the Steppe Volga Region

The results of monitoring the dynamics of humus and total nitrogen of the southern chernozem in a long-term stationary experiment with the use of mineral fertilizers are presented. In the first 3 rotations of the grain-to-crop rotation, intensive mineralization of humus was noted in all variants of the experiment. In the conditions of grainsteam crop rotation, this process slowed down, and in the variant with the use of minimum doses of nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers in the 6th rotation, the accumulation of humic substances was revealed. The maximum decrease in humus content at the end of 8 rotations of crop rotation (more than 48 years) was observed in variants with the introduction of medium and high doses of nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers. The use of a minimum dose of fertilizers best compensated for the loss of humus of the southern chernozem during prolonged agricultural use. In comparison with the initial data, negative changes in the qualitative composition of humus were noted in the experiment, expressed in a decrease in the proportion of humic acids. At the end of the 8th rotation, the total nitrogen content in the soil decreased in all variants of the experiment.

Features of mineral nutrition of mustard in the conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan

The article gives an assessment of one of the promising and valuable oilseeds – mustard, the cultivation of which is provided for by the program of diversification of grain production in Kazakhstan, in particular, crop production. It was revealed that the conditions of mineral nutrition of mustard in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan have not been studied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to study the optimization of mustard mineral nutrition conditions. A 14-variant scheme is presented for creating different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil in order to determine the quantitative relationship between the level of nutrients in the soil and the productivity of mustard varieties. During all the years of the study, mustard developed in conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the soil, average nitrogen supply and increased potassium only. The application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers contributed to an increase in the nitrogen content of nitrates and mobile phosphorus in the soil by 2-3 times and was determined by the amount of fertilizers applied. The productivity of mustard on a naturally non-windy background was low, it depended on the dose of fertilizers, soil moisture, and the initial content of nutrients. This explains the ambiguous reaction of mustard to the application of the same types, doses and combinations of fertilizers.

Influence of the Depth of Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement in Soil on Maize Yielding and Carbon Footprint in the Loess Plateau of China

Deep fertilization is a beneficial approach for reducing nitrogen losses. However, the effects of various fertilization depths on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and environmental footprints have not been thoroughly understood. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization depths of 5 cm (D5), 15 cm (D15), 25 cm (D25), and 35 cm (D35) on maize productivity and environmental footprints. Reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were assessed using life cycle analysis. We hypothesized that deep fertilization can obtain lower carbon and nitrogen footprint. The results indicated that deep fertilization decreased the N2O and NH3 emissions while increasing the CH4 uptake. Compared with D5, D15 resulted in an increase in total GHG emissions and carbon footprint (CF), whereas D25 decreased by 13.0% and 23.6%, respectively. Compared with D5, the Nr losses under D15, D25, and D35 conditions was reduced by 11.3%, 17.3%, and 21.0%, respectively, and the nitrogen footprint (NF) was reduced by 16.0%, 27.4%, and 19.0%, respectively. The maize yield under D15 and D25 increased by 5.7% and 13.8%, respectively, compared with the D5 treatment, and the net economic benefits of the ecosystem increased by 7.1% and 17.1%, respectively. In summary, applying fertilizer at a depth of 25 cm can significantly reduce the environmental footprints and increase maize productivity, making it an effective fertilization strategy in the Loess Plateau region of China.

Silica and polymer coated controlled release nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer for improving nutrient and water use efficiency in semi-arid India

Improving the utilization of water and fertilizer nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in semi-arid degraded land is utmost important. A double-coated, and water-retentive controlled release silica coated NP fertilizer (CSNPF) adaptable to varying temperature and soil moisture regimes was developed. The prepared NP nutrient core was coated with poly-vinayl alcohol (PVA) and silicon (Si). The SEM revealed that CSNPF was spherical heterogeneous crystals. The FTIR analysis indicated a stable nature of CSNPF. It contained ∼ 17.30% N and 44.70% P2O5. During incubation, the CSNPF released ∼61 and 64% P at 25 and 35°C, 65 and 70% P at 25 and 35°C, and 68 and 72% P at 25 and 35°C under 1.0, 0.67, and 0.33 bar soil moisture suction, respectively, confirming release of adequate nutrients under high temperature and dry soil also. The N and P release rates of CSNPF were ∼25–38% slower than commercial di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) under varying temperature and moisture. During field experiment, application of 75% of N and P through CSNPF resulted in higher biomass yield of sorghum (62%) and oat (42%) than N and P application through commercial sources. Nutrient application through CSNPF improved P use efficiency (up to 20–22%) and water use efficiency of crops (by 20–28%). The CSNPF significantly improved soil structure, water holding capacity, microbial population, and their activity due to the presence of Si in it. Hence, the novel CSNPF could be utilized as an alternative to commercial P-fertilizers for enhancing nutrient and water use efficiency in semi-arid regions.

Down-streaming Small-Scale Green Ammonia to Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Tablets for Rural Communities

This study aims to evaluate the growth and production of sweet corn plants in response to the application of commercial NPK fertilizer and various doses of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets. From early October 2022 to late January 2023, research was conducted at Research and Development Luas Birus Utama to produce nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets and at Research and Development Syngenta Indonesia Cikampek Station, Karawang, to perform a semi-field analysis. A factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors was employed in this study. The first factor was five types of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets, namely, A (0% nitrogen and 6.3% phosphorus), B (0.81% nitrogen and 6.3% phosphorus), C (1.57% nitrogen and 6.1% phosphorus), D (2.33% nitrogen and 6.2% phosphorus), and E (3.06% nitrogen and 6.2% phosphorus). The second factor was F (standard nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The results revealed that applying different dosages of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets in combination with potassium chloride fertilizer yielded no different effect on the growth, biomass, and yield components of sweet corn plants when compared to applying NPK fertilizer. A comparison between the soil test results before and after application revealed that the formulation of fertilizers in tablet form helps plants to effectively absorb the required nutrients. It is currently possible to develop small-scale or microscale green ammonia production technology to fulfill the fertilizer requirements of rural communities because of its low cost, low carbon emissions, and low renewable energy consumption. The scarcity of fertilizer supplies endangers Indonesia’s food sustainability. Nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablet production technology can be used in areas with a scarcity of inorganic fertilizers but with the potential for low-grade phosphate mines using commercial ammonia solutions. Thus, understanding how to produce nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets from ammonia solution will aid in the acceptance of microscale green ammonia production technology. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-016 Full Text: PDF

The influence of individual elements of agricultural technology on the productivity of durum wheat in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region

Relevance. For the manufacture of high-quality pasta, durum wheat grain is used. Improving the productivity of hard spring wheat is an urgent task. The formation of a powerful root system is the key to the full supply of nutrients and plastic substances to the plant. Increased productivity, the number of spikebearing shoots. Plants become more resistant to adverse environmental factors, which is important for spring durum wheat, which is more demanding than spring soft wheat. The timing of sowing and especially the application of mineral fertilizers are a significant factor affecting not only the formation of individual elements of the crop structure, which subsequently form the productivity of plants, but also the formation of the root system. To do this, it is necessary to choose the optimal sowing time, at which the critical phases of plant development fall under the most favorable agrometeorological conditions and the formation of the most powerful root system.Results. The conducted studies allow us to recommend the most optimal terms of sowing and the use of fertilizers to ensure the efficiency of growing durum spring wheat. In dry conditions, when sowing crops without applying fertilizers, sowing in the second ten days of May is most effective. If it is possible to apply nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, it is better to sow durum spring wheat in the second and third decades of May.

Influence of perennial grasses usage duration on fertility of irtysk oma meadow-black earth soil

Studies were carried out in order to establish the in uence of legume- cereal grass mixtures on the fertility indicators of irrigated meadow- chernozem soil, depending on the duration of their cultivation in grain- grass crop rotation. Two factors were studied in the experiment: A - grass mixture: 1) awnless brome + alfalfa 6 years old, 2) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue + eastern goat’s rue 12 years old, 3) awnless brome + eastern goat’s rue 21 years old; B - mineral fertilizers: 1) without fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied for each of the two mowings, and phosphorus fertilizers were applied as reserves. The dependence of the amount of agronomically valuable aggregates and their resistance to water erosion action on the age of legume-bluegrass grass mixtures was revealed. With an increase in the age of herbs, the number of these aggregates in the soil layer 0…20 cm increased from 48 % under the grass mixture of 6 years of life to 69 % under the grass mixture of 12 years, reaching 79 % under the grass mixture of 21 years of life. When introducing nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, a decrease in fractions of agronomically valuable aggregates under the grass stand of 12 and 21 years of life was established by 7…9 % in relation to options without fertilizers. With the increase in the age of grass stand, the content of humus and humic acids in its composition, exchange cations and the reaction of the medium did not change significantly, to a greater extent the changes are associated with the influence of mineral fertilizers. The amount of humus under the herbs in the soil layer 0…20 cm was high and reached 6.7…7.1 % in fertilized versions and 7.5…7.8 % in versions without fertilizers. In the composition of humus, the share of humic acid carbon accounted for from 1.9…2.4 to 2.6…2.7 %, respectively, options. The reaction of the medium in the test variants varied from 5.8 to 6.8 units of pH the aqueous suspension. In the composition of exchangeable cations, calcium accounted for 70 to 87 %. In the experimental variants without fertilizers, the content of mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) in the soil was 55…90 mg/ kg; when applying fertilizers, its amount increased by 68…95 mg/kg in a layer of 0…20 cm and by 40 …70 mg/kg in a layer of 20…40 cm. Indicators of the chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil reached optimal parameters after 6 years of cultivating the legume-poa grass mixture, so further use (12 and 21 years) of the soil under grass is not practical.

Ammonized Superphosphate and Liquid Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Based on the Decomposition of Washed Dryed Concentrate with a Mixture of Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids

The process of obtaining ammoniated superphosphate and liquid NP-fertilizer by phosphorus-sulphuric acid processing of washed and burned phosphorus concentrate (WBPC) in one cycle were studied. It has been established that at ratios of 100 : 5÷10 : 15 the compositions of ammoniated superphosphate samples are characterized as follows (wt., %): Р2О5total(t.). - 20.60-24.85; Р2О5free - absent; Р2О5acceptable by citric acid(ac.c.a.):Р2О5t. = 91.03-100; Р2О5water.solubility(w.s.). : Р2О5t. = 78.87-96.86; N - 4.20-4.79; pH - 2.95-3.17. The product is mainly from calcium sulfate di- and hemihydrate, mono-ammonium phosphate, mono- and dicalcium phosphate, quartz and activated fluorocarbonate apatite. A liquid NP fertilizer consists of 3.22-4.49% N, 16.92-17.75% P2O5, 2.18-2.86% CaO, 0.09-0.19% MgO, 0.5 -0.6% SO3, 0.10-0.11% Fe2O3, 0.003-0.007% Al2O3, while Р2О5ac.c.a.:Р2О5t. = 97.75-100% and Р2О5w.s.: Р2О5t. = 96.93-100%. The material balance of obtaining ammoniated superphosphate and liquid NP-fertilizer in one cycle is calculated. It has been shown that the ammonization of phosphorus-sulfuric acid phosphate pulp results in the maximum precipitation of insoluble components in the form of complex salts, which ensures the production of a purified liquid complex fertilizer for drip irrigation.

Influence of the Process Parameters on the Synthesis of Urea Phosphate and the Properties of the Obtained Product

The ever-increasing food demand associated with the growing human population poses similar challenges to both farmers and fertilizer producers. In view of climate change and the increasing area of infertile land, it is very important to use correctly balanced and highly effective fertilizers in agriculture. Water-soluble fertilizers are becoming more and more popular. It is convenient to use them together with irrigation water because this reduces the negative effects of droughts and accelerates the assimilation of nutrients needed by plants. The aim of this work was to synthesize urea phosphate (UP) (water-soluble complex nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers NPF) through the reaction of phosphoric acid and urea. The most important moment of the work is that the synthesis was carried out using a purified wet-process phosphoric acid (PWPA) and urea by varying the stoichiometric ratio and the duration time of crystallization. Based on the results of the experiment, it was found that, in the presence of excess acid, the concentration of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) is too high, the concentration of amide nitrogen (Namide) is too low, and vice versa. The best ratio of P2O5 and Namide was determined when both reactants were used in a ratio of 1.0:1.0. Crystallization was carried out at 20 °C with different reaction times: 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Analysis of the chemical composition of the synthesized urea phosphate and determination of the main components, i.e., Namide and P2O5 concentrations, were performed using standard fertilizer analysis methods. Using the optical emission spectroscopy, the concentrations of chemical elements (sulphur, aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicon, etc.) were also determined in the synthesized product. During the experiment, not only the chemical composition of the product, but also the resulting crystals of the product, and their size and shape—properties that are highly dependent on the duration of crystallization—were analysed. The thermal stability of UP crystals was investigated using simultaneous thermal analysis; the crystallinity of UP was determined using X-ray diffraction analysis; the identification of groups of chemical elements was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis; the shape and size of crystals were investigated using scan electron microscopy and optical microscope techniques.

Phosphate recovery using activated sludge cyanophycin: Adsorption mechanism and utilization as nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer

Recovery of biopolymers is an important way of resource recovery in wastewater treatment plants. However, their recycling and application pathways need to be further developed. This study explored the application potential of cyanophycin granule polypeptide (CGP) extracted from activated sludge in recycling phosphate from wastewater and used for nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer. The results showed that the adsorption behavior of phosphate by CGP was well described by Elovich and Langmuir-Freundlich models, which reflects the uneven energy distribution on the surface of CGP and belongs to multimolecular layer adsorption. The maximal adsorption capacity of CGP to phosphate was 53.739 mg P/g, and the effects of anions and macromolecules on adsorption are negligible. The guanidyls in CGP were involved in binding phosphates, and the adsorption energies of CGP-HPO42– and CGP-H2PO4– calculated by DFT are –0.645 and –0.179 eV, respectively. Moreover, CGP absorbed phosphate significantly promoted the germination and growth of Brassica napus, and altered communities of rhizosphere rare species. Transcriptomic results of Brassica napus showed that nitrate uptake and arginine synthesis were down-regulated and arginine metabolism was up-regulated, which may be attributed to the degradation of CGP to arginine and ammonium in soil and uptake by plant. Nitrogen and phosphate released by CGP degradation promoted plant hormone signal transduction, thereby accelerating cell enlargement and plant growth. These results indicate that CGP can effectively recover phosphate and be utilized as a nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer.

The application of mineral fertilizers and bacterial preparations in the cultivation of oil flax on ordinary chernozem in the conditions of the Lower Don

Field experiments were carried out in 2020-2022. on chernozem soils in the Azov zone of the Rostov region. They cultivated a variety of oilseed flax Heavenly. The predecessor is winter wheat. The following types of mineral fertilizers were used in the experiment: ammonium nitrate (34.4 % N), ammophos (12-52), potassium chloride (K2O65). The use of mineral fertilizers was carried out in the autumn period for plowing the soil, in the spring for continuous cultivation and for sowing oil flax. Bacterial preparations are intended for the treatment of flax seeds in the pre-sowing period: Mizorin, Flavobacterin, Extrasol. Average for 2020-2022 the maximum increase from the use of agro-chemicals was achieved in the variant with the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers under continuous cultivation at a dose of N60P60. The increase in the yield of flax oilseeds was 0.74 t/ha, or 51.7 % compared to the control. A high effect was achieved from the treatment of seed material with the biological preparation Extrasol (200 ml per sowing rate of seeds). The increase in the yield of oilseeds reached 0.19 t/ha to the variant without the use of fertilizers. With the combined use of fertilizers and bacterial preparations, the best effect on the yield of flax was achieved from the treatment of seeds in the pre-sowing period with bacterial preparations Flavobacterin and Extrasol. The increase in comparison with the control variant was 0.51 t/ha, or 31.5 %. On average, over 2 years, the largest oil yield in the crop was obtained in the variant using N30P30. The increase in oil harvest was 371 kg/ha, or 63.4 %.

Effect of Long-Term Use of Fertilizers on Soil-Dwelling Micromycetes of Meadow Chernozem Soil in Wheat Crops

The effect of long-term systematic application of fertilizers on the mycobiota of meadow chernozem soil in a stationary field experiment (Amur region) was studied for the first time. Information about cultivated soil microscopic fungi is given, an annotated list including 26 species is compiled. It was revealed that the application of nitrogen fertilizers (N30) for wheat against the background of long-term use of fertilizers caused an increase in the total number of soil fungi relative to the control variant by an average of 30–68%, whereas with their aftereffect, a less significant increase in the number of mushroom germs was observed (23–29%). The intervals of the optimal content of macronutrients for the active increase of the pool of microscopic fungi in meadow chernozem soil were determined: phosphorus – 50–65, potassium – 195–210, nitrogen – ≥10 mg/kg with optimal soil moisture of 22–24%. The aftereffect of long-term application of fertilizers, especially organo-mineral fertilizers, as well as the application of mineral fertilizers (N30) directly in the year of the study had a positive effect on species diversity, frequency of occurrence and dynamics of the number of fungal germs in the soil. Negative rearrangements of micromycete complexes as a result of prolonged use of mineral fertilizers in the agrocenoses of meadow chernozem soils were not detected, the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers contributed to a significant decrease in the pool of phytopathogenic fungi.

The effect of hydrothermal conditions on the yield of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when using mineral fertilizers in the arid Volga region

The paper reflects the results of the effectiveness of the use of various doses of mineral fertilizers in a long stationary experiment on spring soft wheat for nine rotations of a six-field crop rotation (27 years of cultivation) in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Volga region. The systematic use of medium and high doses of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers contributed to obtaining the highest yield increases to control in the experiment throughout the entire research period. The average level of correlation between hydrothermal conditions in the period May-July and crop productivity has been established. Separate calculations by month showed an average level of correlation with June. Based on the results of regression analysis, the degree of influence of hydrothermal conditions as a factorial feature on the productivity of spring soft wheat in the experiment was determined. The analysis showed that the effect of the obtained values of the hydrothermal coefficient in May and July on the production process of vegetating plants was insignificant, and in June it reached 30% according to experience.

Struvite Got by a Modified Technology as the Basis of an Environmentally Friendly Controlled-release MgNP-fertilizer

The results of a quantitative analysis of nutrients based on samples of struvite as a controlled release nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer, obtained using two technology options, were presented. It was shown that the use of traditional struvite deposition technology leads to the formation of a coarse-grained product (average crystal size 578 μm). It was confirmed that the modified technology allows to obtain highly dispersed struvite (average crystal size 19 μm) with a more extended particle surface and an ammonium content of 98–99% of the theoretical value with a higher nutrient release rates compared to struvite got by conventional technology. Struvite synthesized by the modified technology was found to show improved performance as a controlled release MgNP fertilizer.

Aggregate technology for processing uranium-phosphorite ore

The paper describes an aggregate technology for extraction of uranium and related rare earth elements, scandium and phosphorus from uranium-phosphorite ores with the recycling of spent reagents for the production of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers. It is shown that increasing the fraction of nitric acid in the mixture with sulfuric acid (melange) for leaching uranium to 100% increases the extraction of all valuable elements up to 95–98%. Optimal parameters (hydro module, duration and acidity) of the raw material processing have been determined. Reducing the content of sulfuric acid in melange to 15% reduces the yield of gypsum with the content of radionuclides of natural origin, which must be buried. The isolation of uranium, thorium, rare earth elements, scandium and radioactive isotopes (Ra, Po, Ac, Pb) is carried out by chemical precipitation using iron in the form of cast iron chips. As a result of processing, a nitrate-phosphate solution purified from radioactive elements and impurities is formed, based on which a complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer "Nitrofos" is fabricated.

Duration of the Aftereffect of Mineral Fertilizers in the Experience of the Kurgan Research Institute

The effect of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer for 5 rotations of a 4-field grain crop rotation in the stationary experiment of the Kurgan Research Institute was studied. Different nitrogen distribution between crop rotation crops was tested. When the entire crop rotation dose of nitrogen was applied to the first field, the fertilizer had an aftereffect on the yield of the next 3 crops. Similarly, when dividing the nitrogen dose into the 1st and 3rd fields, an increase in crop yields was noted in the 2nd and 4th crops. The different distribution of nitrogen between crop rotation crops gave similar effects under experimental conditions with the manifestation of the advantage of using nitrogen in crop rotation in a year. For the next 27 years, fertilizers were not applied on these backgrounds and the aftereffect of fertilizer applied in total doses of N1050–1575P840 for 21 years was taken into account in permanent wheat crops. At the 1st dose of nitrogen, the fertilizer had a significant aftereffect for 5 years, at the 2nd – 9, but also later. In years with sufficient moisture, an increase in yield was observed from the aftereffect of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE MINERAL NUTRITION CONDITIONS OF MUSTARD

The article gives an assessment of one of the promising and valuable oilseeds - mustard, the cultivation of which is provided by the program of diversification of grain production in Kazakhstan, in particular, crop production. It was revealed that the conditions of mineral nutrition of mustard in the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan were not studied. Therefore, experiments were laid to study the optimization of the conditions for the mineral nutrition of mustard. A 14-variant scheme was presented to create different levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil in order to determine the quantitative connection between the level of nutrients in the soil and the productivity of mustard varieties. The purpose of the research (2019-2021) was to study the features of mineral nutrition and fertilizer of mustard in the conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. Their main directions were: to study the requirements of this crop to the level of fertility and soil properties; study the properties of the soil and determine its ability to meet the needs of crops. The conclusions of the research suggest that in all year’s mustard has developed under conditions of phosphorus deficiency in the soil, an average supply of nitrogen, and an increased supply of potassium. The application of nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of nitrogen, nitrates and mobile phosphorus in the soil by 2-3 times and was determined by the amount of fertilizers applied.

Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan

Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm3. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m3/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m3/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m3/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha.

Вплив агресивних середовищ на експлуатаційні характеристики матеріалів несучих конструкцій колісних транспортних засобів

The influence of aggressive environments on the operational characteristics of metal structures of wheeled vehicles was investigated. It has been established that, in comparison with their dry concentrates, solutions of mineral fertilizers nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer and ammonium sulfate cause local corrosion damage not only to ordinary structural steels, but also to alloyed steels (Steel 25, Steel 45, Steel 1X13). At the same time, the rate of corrosion reaches 0.29...0.33 mm/year, which is up to 3 times higher than the rate of corrosion in rainwater. The specified metal materials have the highest rate of corrosion propagation during the first day, then the intensity of corrosion decreases to values equivalent to the rate of corrosion propagation in rainwater. Stationary potentials of steels have the largest negative value for ammonium sulfate solutions, and corrosion currents, in turn, in nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer solutions.

Biyogübre Uygulamaları ve İnorganik Gübrelemenin Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Bitkisinin Bazı Agronomik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışma, Van ekolojik koşullarında biyogübre uygulamaları ve inorganik gübrelemenin aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) bitkisinin bazı agronomik özellikleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla 2020 ve 2021 yılları yazlık yetiştirme döneminde sulu koşullarda yürütülmüştür. Araştırma Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanlarında Tesadüf Bloklarında Bölünmüş Parseller Deneme Deseni’ ne göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Denemede, beş farklı biyogübre (Frateuria aurantia (B1), Bacillus megaterium (B2), Azospirillum lipoferum (B3), Chlorella saccharophilia (B4) ve Lactobacillus casei + Rhodopseudomonas palustris + Saccharomyces cerevisiae + Lactococcus lactis mikroorganizmalarından oluşan karışım gübre (B5)) ile farklı NP (azot+fosfor) gübre dozları (kontrol, %100 NP (NP100) tam doz (optimum) olarak dekara 15 kg saf azot (Amonyum sülfat (%21) ve 8 kg saf fosfor (TSP (%42)); % 50 NP (NP50) azaltılmış doz olarak dekara 7.5 kg saf azot (Amonyum sülfat (%21) ve 4 kg saf fosfor (Triple süper fosfat (%42)) olacak şekilde gübre uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada, bitki boyu, ilk dal yüksekliği, bitki başına dal sayısı, bitki başına tabla sayısı, tabla çapı, tabla başına tohum sayısı, bin tohum ağırlığı ve tohum verimi gibi bazı agronomik parametreler incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, birleştirilmiş yıllar ortalamasına göre en yüksek tohum verimi 260.22 kg/da ile NP100 gübre dozu ve B1 bakteri uygulamalarının yapıldığı parsellerden tespit edilirken, en düşük tohum verimi 112.40 kg/da ile NP gübre ve biyogübre uygulamalarının yapılmadığı (kontrol) parsellerden tespit edilmiştir.