Nitrogen Levels Research Articles

Climate change modulates the impact of nitrogen and enhances phosphorus-driven top-down control by zooplankton on harmful algae

Eutrophication and climate change are the main drivers of the increase in Microcystis biomass. These environmental factors also regulate the dynamics between planktonic predators and their prey. Here, we present the results of a controlled laboratory study investigating the top-down control efficiency of Paramecium on Microcystis under different nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) levels and climate conditions (current climate: 25 °C, 400 ppm; predicted future climate: 30 °C, 750 ppm). The results showed that Paramecium completely eliminated Microcystis populations under all combinations of nutrient levels and climate conditions. Furthermore, the ability of Paramecium to control Microcystis was modulated by nutrient enrichment and climate change. Specifically, key performance parameters—including the Microcystis population decline index, time for Microcystis elimination, ingestion rate and specific growth rate of Paramecium, and time to reach maximum Paramecium abundance—were inhibited by increasing nitrogen levels but improved by increasing phosphorus levels. This indicates that nitrogen enrichment weakened the ability of Paramecium to control Microcystis, whereas phosphorus enrichment enhanced it. Further analysis revealed that, regardless of nutrient availability, these parameters were optimized under the high-temperature-CO2 scenario, suggesting that climate change has consistently enhanced the top-down control of Microcystis by Paramecium. Notably, an in-depth examination of the overall change patterns of performance parameters and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that climate change altered the response patterns of these parameters (or their comprehensive scores) to increased nitrogen and enhanced their response magnitude to increased phosphorus. Essentially, climate change compensated for the negative effects of increased nitrogen levels on the performance of Paramecium in controlling Microcystis and amplified the positive effects of increased phosphorus levels. These findings reveal that protozoan predators might enhance their top-down control of harmful algae under the interaction of eutrophication and climate change. This study, using Paramecium and Microcystis as models, provides valuable insights for managing freshwater ecosystems and applying protozoa to mitigate harmful algal blooms.

Mechanism of Biqi capsules in the treatment of gout based on network pharmacology and experimental verification

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGout is a crystal-related arthropathy caused by monosodium urate (MSU) deposition, resulting from purine metabolism disorders and hyperuricemia (HUA). Gout belongs to the traditional medicine category of Bi syndrome. Biqi capsules (BQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used to treat Bi syndrome. The BQ prescription is derived from the ancient prescription of Hua Tuo, a famous physician in the Han Dynasty. Aim of the studyTo study the effect and mechanism of BQ in treating acute gouty arthritis (AGA) and HUA. Materials and methodsAnalyzing BQ's signaling pathways for gout treatment via network pharmacology. The HUA model was induced orally with adenine and potassium oxonate. The rat AGA model was established by MSU injection. In vitro, MH7A and RAW 246.7 cells were treated with LPS and MSU. Serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels were evaluated. Kidney and ankle joint pathology was observed via HE staining. Inflammatory signaling pathway proteins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway proteins, and uric acid metabolism-related proteins were detected by Western blot. Results1780 potential targets for gout treatment were identified, and 1039 target proteins corresponding to BQ's active ingredients were obtained. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed BQ improved gout mainly through inflammatory pathways. Experimental results showed BQ could reduce serum uric acid level and increase uric acid clearance rate by regulating the expression of adenosine deaminase (ADA), and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) in HUA mice. BQ could improve renal function and injury by inhibiting the NLRP3 pathway in HUA mice' kidneys. Additionally, BQ could alleviate ankle joint swelling and synovial injury, inhibit the TLR4/NLRP3 pathway, and reduce levels of inflammatory factors including interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in AGA rats. The main component of BQ, brucine, could inhibit the activation of NLRP3/NF-κB pathway induced by MSU and reduce the expression level of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in macrophages. Brucine could inhibit the activation of the EMT pathway and reduce the expression level of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (MH7A cells) induced by MSU. ConclusionsBQ effectively reduced serum uric acid levels, improved kidney and joint damage, and ameliorated the inflammatory response caused by MSU. Its main component, brucine, effectively improved the inflammatory response and reduced the invasive ability of synoviocytes induced by MSU.

Determining Optimal Nitrogen Level and Soil test-based Phosphorus Calibration study for Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Dugda District, East Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Nutrient mining due to sub-optimal fertilizer use on one hand and unbalanced fertilizer use on the other have favored the emergence of multi-nutrient deficiency in Ethiopian soils. Therefore, the study was conducted on twenty-six farmers' fields in Dugda District of East Shewa Zone of Oromia, during the main cropping seasons of 2018-2020. These studies were conducted to determine the economically optimum rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the first year Phosphorus critical (Pc) and phosphorus requirement factor (Pf) in the second year respectively. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three levels of TSP (0, 100, and 200) kg ha-1 with six levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46, 69 92, and 115) kg ha-1 that gave a total of eighteen treatments. However, in the second two consecutive years, the experiment was conducted to determine phosphorus critical (Pc) and phosphorus requirement factor (Pf), and the treatments consisted of six levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) kg ha-1 combined with a single level of nitrogen (69 kg ha-1) that gave a total of seven treatments. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications and the gross plot size was 4 m x 5 m (20 m2) were used to determine optimum nitrogen in the first year and 4m x 5m (20 m2) and phosphorus critical (Pc) and also harvested from 4m2 plot areas. The analysis of variance indicated that Plant height, spike length, number of seeds per spike, biomass yield, and grain yield were highly significantly (p <0.01) influenced by the main effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates. However except for the number of seed per spike, TSP fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affect plant height and the number of seed per spike as well as highly significantly (p <0.01) biomass and grain yield of bread wheat. The highest (68.76 cm) plant height, the highest (41.02) seed per spike, the highest (8867 kg ha-1) biomass, and the highest (3293 kg ha-1) grain yield were recorded by 200

Optimal balance of organic detritus and feed for fish growth and water quality improvement through regulating nutrients cycling

In order to explore the effects of different feed composition on the nutrient level and microbial loop structure in aquaculture ponds, a field simulation experiment in aquaculture ponds was conducted by adding different proportions (0%, 20%, 40% and 60%) of bagasse to fish feed for combined feeding. The addition of bagasse significantly reduced the levels of various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, especially with the addition of 60% bagasse. In the treatments without addition and with 20% bagasse added, nitrogen and phosphorus levels remained relatively high, which should be attributed to the decomposition of feed and the release of sediment, ultimately stimulating the abundant reproduction of algae. Bacterial growth was limited due to insufficient supply of organic carbon, and the growth of fish relied more on the components of the feed. With the addition of 60% bagasse, the high organic carbon and low nitrogen and phosphorus levels could not support the growth of phytoplankton, bacteria, and zooplankton. It is inferred that organic carbon may be more degraded into carbon dioxide, ultimately limiting the growth of fish. Adding 40% bagasse achieved a balanced level of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, establishing a healthy and stable microbial loop structure (including phytoplankton, bacteria, and zooplankton). Most nutrients were converted into plankton, which then became natural food for fish, ensuring complete nutrient utilization. This is beneficial for both water quality improvement and fish reproduction. Therefore, adding a moderate proportion of bagasse to the feed can maximize the effects of water quality improvement, fish reproduction, and even the quality of fish meat.

Influence of Eucalyptus globulus plantations on soil characteristics at different altitudinal levels

This study evaluated the influence of Eucalyptus globulus L. plantations on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil in three districts: Magdalena, Tingo and San Isidro del Maino. The evaluation was carried out in six plots, three with eucalyptus and three with natural forests. In each plot with eucalyptus, 10 specimens were selected to measure their dasometric characteristics. Ten soil samples were taken at the base of each specimen to evaluate the bulk density and soil characterization, replicating the sampling in the natural forest plots. Additionally, biological sampling was carried out in each plot using the Rapid Soil Sampling Protocol, with a total of five quadrats per plot. The results showed significant differences in diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and dry biomass among the districts evaluated. Trees in Magdalena presented the highest DBH and height, with an average biomass of 934.22 kg/tree, while those in Tingo showed the lowest values, with an average biomass of 230.00 kg/tree. Diverse flora species associated with both eucalyptus and natural forests were identified, reflecting a rich biodiversity in each district. Soils with eucalyptus in Tingo showed a predominantly clay texture, while in Magdalena and San Isidro del Maino a sandy loam texture predominated. In the natural forests, the soils in Tingo were also clayey, with more varied textures in the other districts. Bulk density was higher in forest soils in Tingo and in eucalyptus soils in San Isidro del Maino. Soils under eucalyptus had lower pH and lower electrical conductivity compared to natural forest soils. In terms of nutrients, the eucalyptus soils in Tingo and Magdalena showed higher phosphorus and potassium contents, while in San Isidro del Maino, the forest soils had higher levels. In general, eucalyptus soils showed higher levels of organic carbon, organic matter and nitrogen in Tingo and Magdalena, but lower in San Isidro del Maino. Biologically, natural forest soils exhibited a higher diversity and quantity of organisms compared to eucalyptus soils, especially in San Isidro del Maino. Detritivore indices were higher in natural forests, suggesting greater soil biodiversity. This higher diversity could be associated with better soil quality in these systems, highlighting the importance of natural forests in maintaining healthy soils.

Flotation separation of maghara coal in Egypt for the removal of hazardous Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater

ABSTRACT Due to its serious toxicity, wastewater contaminated with hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has become an increasing environmental concern. Herein, a novel flotation separation of maghara coal in Egypt for Cr(VI) removal was proposed to separate coal to three types of maceral group fractions including liptinite, vitrinite, and inertinite via controlling in density as a function in the degree of coalification. The results implied that the activated inertinite macerals (AIM) have the highest carbon and lowest nitrogen levels among the entire maceral groups. The Langmuir isotherm model exhibited a high adsorption capacity of the AIM sample (1226. 21 mg/g) compared to pre-flotation separation sample (877.55 mg/g). Therefore, the flotation separation of maghara coal played a vital role in the Cr(VI) removal. The residuary concentration of Cr(VI) after adsorption onto AIM was close to 0.037 mg L−1 at pH = 2, which satisfies the industrial wastewater discharge standard. In addition, the removal of Cr(VI) onto AIM surface has been demonstrated to be highly effective via the adsorption and reduction process. The oxygen-containing functional groups could strengthen the interaction between Cr(VI) and AIM surface through the reducing reactions. The accelerating effect of organic acids was investigated for the capture of Cr(VI) and the efficiency in the presence of tartaric acid was improved up to 99.96% within 48 h compared to other organic acids. Therefore, this research provides a sophisticated strategy for separating coal to highly efficient adsorbents for wastewater remediation.

Effects and mechanisms of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharide on potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia in mice

Hyperuricemia, a prevalent metabolic disturbance intricately linked to gout and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be relieved by traditional Chinese medicine Polygonati Rhizoma. It is derived from the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum, Polygonatum kingianum, and Polygonatum cyrtonema, which are rich in polysaccharides and are effective hyperuricemia alleviators. This study investigated the potential of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) in managing hyperuricemia. PSP (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, i.g.) or allopurinol was administered to hyperuricemia mice treated with potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine for two weeks. PSP effectively decreased serum uric acid levels by inhibiting xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase activity and expression in the liver and modulating uric acid-related transporters (URAT1, OAT1, and OAT3) in the kidney. PSP lowered serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, alleviating hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal fibrosis. In vitro, PSP promoted mitochondrial biogenesis via the PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM pathway, suppressed reactive oxygen species production, and prevented cytochrome C and dynamin-related protein 1 dysregulation in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, PSPA (Mw 4.0 kDa) and PSPB (Mw 112.2 kDa) isolated from PSP exhibit different uric acid-lowering mechanisms. In conclusion, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of PSP and its nephroprotective effects in hyperuricemia, thereby supporting its development as a therapeutic agent for hyperuricemia.

From computational prediction to experimental validation: Hesperidin's anti-Urolithiatic activity in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis models in fruit flies and mice

Kidney stones have been a long-standing health issue, contributing to renal failure, especially in co-morbid patients. There is an increasing interest in exploring natural compounds with anti-urolithiatic properties. Our study utilized in-silico techniques followed by in vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-urolithiatic potential of selected phytoconstituents. Molecular docking studies were conducted on 11 different targets, including inhibitors of kidney stone formation, antioxidant enzymes, and biomarkers of kidney injury, to explore the potential of anti-urolithiatic effects of 38 phytoconstituents from medicinal plants possessing diuretic activity. Further, the anti-urolithiatic activity of the phytoconstituent was evaluated using a sodium oxalate-induced urolithiatic fruit fly and mouse model. Hesperidin emerged as a promising candidate, exhibiting binding interactions with a specific set of 11 target proteins involved in crystal formation with minimal free energy. Hesperidin demonstrated promising anti-urolithiatic potential in mitigating urolithiasis as evidenced by reduced crystal covered area of Malpighian tubules of fruit fly and reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and serum sodium, potassium levels in mice. Moreover, it increased urine volume, preventing crystal deposition, and reduced urine urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels, enhancing urine flow and preventing crystal accumulation. Histopathological analysis further supported its efficacy by showing minimal crystal deposition and reduced kidney damage. Hesperidin exhibited superior effectiveness in reducing various serum and urine parameters, making it promising alternatives for urolithiasis management warranting further investigation to determine its safety and optimal dosages in human.

H2S alleviated sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting PERK/Bax-Bcl2 pathway

To investigate the protective mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SAKI), we conducted an in vivo study using a SAKI mouse model induced by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Following 6 h of LPS injection, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and blood urea nitrogen (Bun) were significantly elevated in mouse plasma. In the kidneys of SAKI mice, expression of H2S-generating enzymes cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was markedly downregulated, while glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK/PERK), and B-cell lymphoma-2 recombinant protein X/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bax/Bcl2) expression was significantly upregulated. H2S improved renal function and attenuated renal histopathological changes in SAKI mice, thereby alleviating LPS-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Additionally, it inhibited the expression of p-PERK/PERK and Bax/Bcl2. After inhibiting CSE activity with dl-propargylglycine (PPG i. p.), the renal tissue pathology in LPS-induced AKI mice was further exacerbated, leading to enhanced activation of the PERK/Bax-Bcl2 pathway. Our findings suggest that endogenous H2S influences the pathogenesis of SAKI, while exogenous H2S protects against LPS-induced AKI by inhibiting the PERK/Bax-Bcl2 pathway involved in ERS.

Physiological Basis of Plant Growth Promotion in Rice by Rhizosphere and Endosphere Associated Streptomyces Isolates from India

This study demonstrated the plant growth-promoting capabilities of native actinobacterial strains obtained from different regions of the rice plant, including the rhizosphere (FT1, FTSA2, FB2, and FH7) and endosphere (EB6). We delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these plant-microbe interactions by conducting a transcriptional analysis of a select group of key genes involved in phytohormone pathways. Through in vitro screening for various plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, all tested isolates exhibited positive traits for indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and siderophore production, with FT1 being the sole producer of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). All isolates were identified as members of the Streptomyces genus through 16S rRNA amplification. In pot culture experiments, rice seeds inoculated with strains FB2 and FTSA2 exhibited significant increases in shoot dry mass by 7% and 34%, respectively, and total biomass by 8% and 30%, respectively. All strains led to increased leaf nitrogen levels, with FTSA2 demonstrating the highest increase (4.3%). On the contrary, strains FB2 and FT1 increased root length, root weight ratio, root volume, and root surface area, leading to higher root nitrogen content. All isolates, except for FB2, enhanced total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis supported these findings, revealing differential gene expression in auxin (OsAUX1, OsIAA1, OsYUCCA1, OsYUCCA3), gibberellin (OsGID1, OsGA20ox-1), and cytokinin (OsIPT3, OsIPT5) pathways in response to specific actinobacterial treatments. These actinobacterial strains, which enhance both aboveground and belowground crop characteristics, warrant further evaluation in field trials, either as individual strains or in consortia. This could lead to the development of commercial bioinoculants for use in integrated nutrient management practices.

Fermentation with Bacillus natto and Bifidobacterium improves the functional, physicochemical properties, and taste qualities of coix seed-natto

Coix seed-natto (CS-natto) is a nutritious food rich in various functional components such as nattokinase (NK), and the strains’ fermentation is crucial for enhancing its quality. This work utilized Bacillus natto GUTU09 (B9) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLH1 or BLH6 to ferment soybeans that were soaked in a saccharified liquid made from CS, resulting in the preparation of CS-natto, studied the physicochemical and functional characteristics during fermentation, and analyzed the correlation of various indicators. Finally, an electronic tongue analysis was conducted on CS-natto. The results indicated that fermentation significantly increases NK and antioxidant activity in CS-natto, with NK activity in BLH6-B9 natto reaching 425.00 FU/g. Co-fermentation notably enhanced the content and composition of phenolic substances. Furthermore, the study revealed that the organic acid and soy isoflavone content in co-fermentation were significantly higher than in single-strain fermentation. Fermentation could elevate the levels of amino peptide nitrogen and soluble peptides. Additionally, the addition of Bifidobacterium exhibited a synergistic effect on the fermentation of B9 to produce natto. Correlation analysis indicated that Bifidobacterium promoted B9 to produce NK. The BLH1 encouraged the conversion of organic acids. Daidzein and daidzin were positively correlated (P<0.01), suggesting a potential mutual conversion. Finally, electronic tongue analysis indicated that co-fermentation could effectively enhance the taste. The results indicated that CS-natto could serve as an improved dietary supplement offering enhanced quality and more beneficial effects on people’s health.

Impact of different illegal Artisanal Small-Scale Mining techniques on soil properties in a major mining landscape in Ghana

The widespread prevalence of illegal Artisanal Small-Scale Mining has raised significant concerns about its environmental and health impacts. This study investigates the effects of two mining methods (alluvial and chamfi) on soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties four years after mining in three municipalities of the Western Region of Ghana. The study identified four species of Aspergillus fungi (niger, flavus, ochraceous and fumigatus) and Trichoderma species in both mined and control soils. The quantity of A. fumigatus was significantly higher in control plots compared to mined plots. In alluvial sites, bacterial numbers were significantly higher in control plots than in mined plots, while in chamfi sites, bacterial numbers did not differ significantly between mined and control plots. Soil texture in both mined sites was predominantly sandy loam and loamy sand, with a generally high silt to clay ratio. Mined plots at both sites were significant and more acidic (p < 0.05) than the control plots. Additionally, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) levels were significantly higher in control plots compared to mined plots. The control plots also exhibited higher base saturation and lower exchangeable acidity than mined plots. Bacteria count at Chamfi sites was generally higher at mined areas than the control sites, with the reverse being the case for Alluvial sites. Soil chemical parameters were higher at control areas than at mined sites, irrespective of the mining approach used. However, there was no clear pattern of differences in soil chemical properties at Chamfi and Alluvial mined sites. This study provides insights and additional perspectives for improving decision-making and guiding the potential restoration of these areas.

Intercropping in Coconut Plantations Regulate Soil Characteristics by Microbial Communities

Intercropping is a commonly employed agricultural technique that offers numerous advantages, such as increasing land productivity, enhancing soil health, and controlling soil-borne pathogens. In this study, Artemisia argyi, Dioscorea esculenta, and Arachis pintoi were intercropped with coconuts and compared with naturally growing weeds (Bidens pilosa), respectively. The regulatory mechanism of intercropping was examined by analyzing the variability in soil properties and microbial community structure across different intercropping modes and soil depths (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm). The results indicate that intercropping can increase the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi. Moreover, as soil depth increases, the changes in microbial communities weaken. Intercropping reduced soil SOM and increased pH, which is directly related to the changes in the abundance of Acidobacteria in the soil. In various intercropping systems, the disparities resulting from intercropping with A. pintoi are particularly pronounced. Specifically, intercropping with A. pintoi leads to an increase in soil potassium and phosphorus levels, as well as an enhancement in the abundance of Bacillus sp., which plays a crucial role in the suppression of plant pathogenic fungi within the soil ecosystem. The results of the correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) suggest that the impacts of three intercropping systems on microbial composition and soil indicators exhibit considerable variation. However, a common critical factor influencing these effects is the soil phosphorus content. Furthermore, our findings indicate that intercropping resulted in lower soil nitrogen levels, exacerbating nitrogen deficiency and masking its impact on the microbial community composition.

Evaluation of the novel ALK5 inhibitor EW-7197 on therapeutic efficacy in renal fibrosis using a three-dimensional chip model.

EW-7197, a potent oral ALK5 inhibitor, was assessed for its impact on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced fibrosis in a three-dimensional (3D) renal fibrosis-on-a-chip and a mouse model. The evaluation included tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine expression. In a 3D renal fibrosis-on-a-chip model, three cell types (kidney fibroblasts, human proximal tubular cell line, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were cultured and treated with TGF-β1 and EW-7197. Expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and keratin 8 (KRT-8) was assessed, angiogenesis was observed via confocal microscopy, and cytokine levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In a cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis mouse model, blood urea nitrogen levels, TGF-β, and Smad 2/3 were determined, and renal fibrosis was assessed with Masson's trichrome stain. The α-SMA expression was significantly lower in the EW-7197 group than in the TGF-β fibrosis group. TGF-β decreased the expression of the epithelial marker KRT-8, an effect that was reversed by EW-7197 and SB431542. In the TGF-β-induced fibrosis model, the length of the thick vessels was reduced, and the diameter of both thick and thin vessels was decreased, but EW-7197 reversed these effects. EW-7197 significantly reduced the messenger RNA expression of TGF-β and increased the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6. EW-7197 reduced the levels of secretory cytokines TGF-β1, TGF-β3, IL-1β. In the cisplatin-induced renal fibrosis mouse model, EW-7197 reduced renal fibrosis by down-regulating TGF-β signaling. EW-7197 attenuated the TGF-β1-induced fibrotic cellular response in the 3D chip model and animal model. These findings indicate the potential effect of EW-7197 in attenuating renal fibrosis.

Effect of Date of Sowing and Nitrogen Level on the Yield of Wheat

An experiment to evaluate the growth and production of BARI Gom-26 was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University's Agronomy Field Laboratory from November 2022 to March 2023. The experiment compared various nitrogen amounts and planting dates. Five nitrogen levels (90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 kg N ha-1) were taken into consideration along with three planting dates (November 15, November 25, and December 5, 2022). Three replications of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) were used in the trial. On March 1, March 18, and March 28, 2023, respectively, harvesting was done independently. According to the findings, November 25th with 110 kg N ha-1 produced the highest grain yield (3.92 t ha-1). Furthermore, on November 25, 2022, 110 kg N ha-1 produced the highest scores of tillers per hill (6.11), effective tillers per hill (5.74), number of spikelets per spike (12.46), number of grain-1 (23.89), straw yield (7.07 t ha-1), and biological yield (11.00 t ha-1). On the other hand, on December 5 with 130 kg N ha-1, the lowest number per total tiller (3.54), number of effective tillers per hill (3.36), straw yield (3.46 t ha-1), and biological yield (6.22 t ha-1) were noted. As a result, November 25, 2022, was linked to the highest grain yield. On November 25, 2022, it was also observed that all three planting dates and all five nitrogen treatments worked effectively with 110 kg N ha-1. The best date to sow wheat was determined to be November 25, 2022, and this date is advised for wheat cultivation in Bangladesh in different agro-ecological zones.

Effect Of Pentavalent Antimony Compounds On The İnflammatory, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters İn Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Objective This study aimed to evaluate how systemic antimony treatment in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients affects biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters in child and adult patient groups. Methods A total of 50 patients (29 adults, 21 children) who received systemic meglumine antimonate (MA) treatment in the skin and venereal diseases clinic between September 2022 and January 2024 and were diagnosed with CL by microscopic examination were included in the study. The medical records of the patients were examined retrospectively. Before and after treatment, neutrophil count, leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), amylase, lipase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were recorded. Results In the children group, lymphocyte and platelet values decreased statistically significantly; and lipase value increased statistically significantly after treatment. In the adult group; hemoglobin, neutrophil, lymphocyte and leukocyte values decreased statistically significantly; ALT, AST, amylase, lipase, NLR and PLR values increased statistically significantly after treatment. Conclusion Based on the data in our study, it was stated that systemic meglumine antimonate treatment may lead to an increase in pancreatic enzymes and transaminases and bone marrow suppression. We also think that patients in the adult age group should be followed more closely regarding pancreatic enzymes and kidney function tests than the pediatric age group.

Soil pH enhancement and alterations in nutrient and Bacterial Community profiles following Pleioblastus amarus expansion in tea plantations

BackgroundThe expansion of bamboo forests increases environmental heterogeneity in tea plantation ecosystems, affecting soil properties and microbial communities. Understanding these impacts is essential for developing sustainable bamboo management and maintaining ecological balance in tea plantations.MethodsWe studied the effect of the continuous expansion of Pleioblastus amarus into tea plantations, by establishing five plot types: pure P. amarus forest area (BF), P. amarus forest interface area (BA), mixed forest interface area (MA), mixed forest center area (TB), and pure tea plantation area (TF). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of soil chemical properties and utilized Illumina sequencing to profile microbial community composition and diversity, emphasizing their responses to bamboo expansion.Results(1) Bamboo expansion significantly raised soil pH and enhanced levels of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus, particularly noticeable in BA and MA sites. In the TB sites, improvements in soil nutrients were statistically indistinguishable from those in pure tea plantation areas. (2) Continuous bamboo expansion led to significant changes in soil bacterial diversity, especially noticeable between BA and TF sites, while fungal diversity was unaffected. (3) Bamboo expansion substantially altered the composition of less abundant bacterial and fungal communities, which proved more sensitive to changes in soil chemical properties.ConclusionThe expansion of bamboo forests causes significant alterations in soil pH and nutrient characteristics, impacting the diversity and composition of soil bacteria in tea plantations. However, as expansion progresses, its long-term beneficial impact on soil quality in tea plantations appears limited.

Soil Fertility Status of Paddy (Oryza Sativa L.) Growing Soils of Different Agro-climatic Zones, Telangana, India

The main occupation of Telangana State, India, is agriculture. Achieving food security requires intelligent management to increase land use productivity and production per unit area because of the expanding population and decreasing amount of agricultural land per capita. In this sense, assessing the productivity and fertility of the soil is a necessary step toward sustainable agricultural development. In the current study, paddy grown different soils in the districts of Telangana State were assessed for soil fertility using random sampling approach. This study was conducted to analyze the fertility characteristics of paddy cultivated soils in different districts of Telangana State. Collected 275 soil samples at 0-15cm depth under paddy crop grown during 2018-19 and 2019-20. The samples were found to be slightly acidic to alkaline in nature and low amount of soil organic matter. Soil nutrients such as available nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) ranged from 50-401 kg ha-1, 17-147 kg ha-1 and 60-842 kg ha-1 in red soil, 63-314 kg ha-1, 33-126 kg ha-1 and 95-460 kg ha-1 in black soil and 73-312 kg ha-1, 25-158 kg ha-1 and 153-458 kg ha-1 in alluvial soil, respectively. The paddy cultivated soil survey results conclusively indicate that the soil samples reveals normal soil reaction, electrical conductivity and low organic carbon (0.48% average) and widespread low nitrogen levels (91% of samples). Conversely, phosphorus availability is high (82% of samples) with an average content of 82 kg P2O5 ha-1, and potassium levels are notably elevated (57%).

Growth Parameters and Protein Content of Maize as Influenced by Sowing Methods and Different Levels of Nitrogen

The field experiment was carried out at Research Farm, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season, 2021. The experiment envisages to study the effect of Sowing methods and different Nitrogen levels on yield and attributes of maize crop. The experiment was laid down in the Split Plot Design and the treatments were replicated three times. The maximum plant height of 56.92 cm, 235.17 cm and 237.16 cm was observed in the ridge method of sowing at knee height stage, tasselling stage and at harvest stage, respectively. Among nitrogen levels, the maximum plant height of 57.61 cm, 235.29 cm and 238.38 cm was observed at knee height stage, tasselling stage and at harvest stage, respectively in the treatment (N5) 25% N through granular urea + 75% N through Nano-urea. Among nitrogen levels, the maximum DMA of 86.30, 425.36 and 1287.73 g sqm-1 day-1 was observed at knee height stage, tasselling stage and at harvest stage, respectively in the treatment (N5) 25% N through granular urea + 75% N through Nano-urea. At harvest stage number of leaves per plant were highest in the S1 (14.33) and N5 (16.13) treatment. Among nitrogen levels, the maximum leaf area index (LAI) of 1.55, 2.49 and 1.9 was observed at knee height stage, tasselling stage and at harvest stage, respectively in the treatment N5. Among sowing methods, highest protein content was found in the ridge method (10.14%) followed by flat method (9.81%) and broadcast method (9.42%) of sowing. The protein yielded maximum of 586.15 kg ha-1 in the N5 treatment. All parameters showed better in granular urea application rather than nano-urea, when used solely.

Effect of Sowing Methods and Different Levels of Nitrogen on Yield Attributes and Yield of Maize

The field experiment was carried out at Research Farm, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season, 2021. The experiment envisages to study the effect of Sowing methods and different Nitrogen levels on yield and attributes of maize crop. The experiment was laid down in the Split Plot Design and the treatments was replicated three times. Among the sowing methods, the maximum length of a cob (18.52 cm) was obtained in the ridge sowing method (S1) while among nitrogen levels the maximum length of cob (19.51 cm) was obtained with the application of 25% N through granular urea + 75% N through Nano-urea (N5). Among nitrogen levels highest number of grains per row (40.76) were obtained in the application of 25% N through granular urea + 75% N through Nano-urea (N5). Seed Index was achieved to be highest in ridge method of sowing(S1) with the application of 25% N through granular urea + 75% N through Nano-urea (N5). Number of grains per cob were highest (385.55) in the N5 treatment among the nitrogen levels treatments. Among sowing methods, the maximum grain yield of 51.75 q ha-1 was founded in the ridge method of sowing. Among nitrogen levels the highest grain yield of 57.76 q ha-1 was obtained in N5 treatment. However, harvest index was found to be non-significant. Ridge method of sowing was found to be most effective than broadcasted method. Application of Nano-urea alone did not give good results. Granular urea along with nano-urea was found to be more effective in maize crop under this region.