Nitrogen-doped Titanium Research Articles

Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide as a Hole Transport Layer for High-Efficiency Formamidinium Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer advantages over widely deployed silicon solar cells in terms of ease of fabrication; however, the device is still under rigorous materials optimization for cell performance, stability, and cost. In this work, we explore a version of a PSC by replacing the polymeric hole transport layer (HTL) such as Spiro-OMeTAD, P3HT, and PEDOT: PSS with a more air-stable metal oxide, viz., nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:N). Numerical simulations on formamidinium (FA)-based PSCs in the FTO/TiO2/FAPbI3/Ag configuration have been carried out to depict the behaviour of the HTL as well as the effect of absorber layer thickness (∆t) on photovoltaic parameters. The results show that the cell output increases when the HTL bandgap increases from 2.5 to 3.0 eV. By optimizing the absorber layer thickness and the gradient in defect density (Nt), the device structure considered here can deliver a maximum power conversion efficiency of ~21.38% for a lower HTL bandgap (~2.5 eV) and ~26.99% for a higher HTL bandgap of ~3.0 eV. The results are validated by reproducing the performance of PSCs employing commonly used polymeric HTLs, viz. Spiro-OMeTAD, P3HT, and PEDOT: PSS as well as high power conversion efficiency in the highly crystalline perovskite layer. Therefore, the present study provides high-performing, cost-effective PSCs using TiO2:N.

A Remarkable Photocatalyst Filter for Indoor Air Treatment

A crucial environmental public health risk is air pollution caused by organic contaminants, bio-aerosols, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5–10). A multi-purpose photocatalyst filter with photocatalytic nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (PNT) incorporated into non-woven polymer fibers (NWPF) with wide applications is focused on in detail in this work. Loading of PNT on NWPF is carried out by the simple dip coating method. Para-xylene is selected as the target pollutant for the removal of organic contaminants. Higher removal efficiency of p-xylene (94.2%) is achieved under fluorescent daylight. The filtration efficiency of PNT is also evaluated to capture PM2.5–10, which is increased with higher loading content of PNT. At a high air flow rate, the filtration efficiency of the photocatalyst PNT/NWPF is 97.33%, whereas the efficiency of the pristine NWPF is 91.1%. Moreover, the PNT/NWPF filter exhibits excellent antibacterial activity (99.9%) under visible light irradiation, but the pristine NWPF filter has negligible destruction effects on pathogens. These results clearly indicate that a PNT-coated NWPF filter would be an outstanding multi-purpose material for indoor air purification systems.

The Calcination Effect on the Crystallinity, Nitrogen Content, and Pore Structure of Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide

Mesoporous nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanomaterials have been synthesized through a one-step sol gel process with dodecylamine as the pore template as well as the nitrogen source. The calcination process plays an important role in the crystallization process, determination of doped nitrogen, and pore formation. The effect of calcination temperature on the material structure was studied by calcination treatment of the as-synthesized material at several temperature variations. The resulting materials were characterized using FTIR, XRD, XPS, and N2 gassorption analysis. The results showed that the anatase TiO2 crystal structure began to form with calcination at 400 °C. The higher calcination temperature tends to cause the transformation of anatase crystal phase into rutile. The higher calcination temperature also affects the doped nitrogen content, where the pore-templating molecules begin to disappear at a calcination temperature and leaving a number of dopants on TiO2. All dopants are released from TiO2 at a calcination temperature of 600 °C. The optimum calcination temperature to form mesoporous structure was 450 °C, and the sintering occurs at a calcination temperature higher than optimum temperature indicated by the collapse of the pore structure.

Role of varying ionic strength on the photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency

The present study is focused on nanostructured thin films of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) deposited on ITO glass substrate using the sol–gel spin coating method. The influence of varying ionic strength of electrolytes on the photoelectrochemical response was investigated in the mixture of electrolytes (NaOH + Na2SO4 and KOH + K2SO4). The concentration of electrolytes varied from 0.1 M to 3.1 M. The photocurrent-voltage (J-V) characteristic of N-TiO2 electrodes was studied and analyzed for all variables. A maximum photocurrent of 13.25 mA at 1.23 V/RHE was obtained at an ionic strength of 0.7 M in a mixture of NaOH and Na2SO4 electrolytes.

Characterization of Experimental Nanoparticulated Dental Adhesive Resins with Long-Term Antibacterial Properties.

Experimental adhesives with functional nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (N_TiO2) have been shown to display improved properties. However, these materials have not been characterized regarding their degree of conversion (DC), biaxial flexure strength (BFS), surface roughness (SR), elastic modulus (EM), and long-term antibacterial functionalities. Experimental adhesives were synthesized by dispersing N_TiO2 (10%, 20%, or 30%, v/v%) into OptiBond Solo Plus (OPTB, Kerr Corp., USA). Unpolymerized adhesives (volume = 50 μL/drop, n = 3/group) were individually placed onto a heated (37 °C) attenuated total reflectance (ATR) monolithic diamond crystal (Golden Gate, Specac). The spectra of composites were obtained with a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Nicolet IS50; 500-4500 cm-1; resolution = 4 cm-1, 10 internal scans/spectrum) before and after polymerization. Disk-shaped specimens (diameter = 6.0 mm, thickness = 0.5 mm) for BFS (n = 12/group), SR and EM (n = 3/group), and for antibacterial testing (n = 18/group/time-point) were fabricated and photopolymerized (1 min each; 385-515 nm, 1000 mW/cm2; VALO). DC values (%) were calculated from pre- and post-polymerization spectra using the two-frequency method and tangent-baseline technique. BFS was assessed using a universal testing machine (Instron 68TM-5, crosshead speed = 1.27 mm/min, 25 °C). SR and EM were investigated using an atomic force microscope (Multimode 8) with aluminum-coated silicon probes (8 nm pyramidal tip, spring constant 40 N/m, Bruker). Antibacterial testing was performed by growing Streptococcus mutans biofilms (UA159-ldh, 37 °C, microaerophilic) on the surfaces of specimens for 24 h and then measuring the relative luminescence units (RLU) with a Biotek Synergy HT multi-well plate reader. Results demonstrate that experimental materials containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of N_TiO2 displayed higher levels of DC, had better mechanical properties, and were able to exert strong and durable antibacterial properties without visible light irradiation and after extended periods of simulated shelf-life and aging in PBS. The reported experimental materials are expected to increase the service lives of polymer-based bonded restorations by decreasing the incidence of secondary caries.

Infrared imaging of surface confluent polydopamine (PDA) films at the nanoscale

Polydopamine (PDA) is one of the most commonly used materials for the preparation of protective adhesive layers for biomedical and tribological applications. Despite its widespread use, the way in which the polymer binds to the substrate is yet to be fully understood. At the nanometre level, the spatial arrangement of individual molecules and the initial growth of PDA layers are expected to be influenced by the utilized substrate material and PDA deposition time. To investigate these hypotheses, we have prepared PDA layers with various times of deposition on surfaces of gold and oxygen-terminated materials (silicon/silicon dioxide and nitrogen-doped titanium oxide). The prepared samples were subsequently analysed using a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope utilizing four irradiation energies in the mid-infrared region to detect the chemical contrast originating from vibrational modes of selected chemical moieties. It was found that the polymerization process leads to a formation of a surface confluent PDA layer and deposition of PDA nanoaggregates. The differences in the optical contrast observed at irradiation energies corresponding to the vibrations of indole units of PDA and quinoid groups of polymerization intermediates indicated a slightly different composition of the nanoaggregates and the surrounding confluent layer.

TiO2 Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Adsorbent/Photocatalyst for Degradation of Effluent from Local Dairy in Telangana

Contamination of precious life sources with industrial waste including dairy effluent is an increasing concern worldwide. Over the past few years, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have drawn worldwide attention as an efficient photocatalyst and adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The current study refers to the potential of nitrogen doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an adsorbent and photocatalyst to purify wastewater from the local dairy to meet the quality of wastewater discharged into public sewers. The Nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) Nano Materials were prepared by sol-gel technique and calcined at various temperatures. Characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD and FTIR were performed and Zeta potential was estimated. Efficiency of degradation as applied to dairy effluent has been examined varying the parameters such as time of exposure and dose of nanoparticles along with solution pH variation monitored during study. A good reduction in COD of about 99 % was observed after treatment under visible light. It is observed that calcining temperature affects activity of TiO2 nano particles. Furthermore, statistical analysis that represent experimental response as a function of independent parameters as well as analyse the interaction between the parameters was successfully employed. The results showed that TiO2 nanoparticles can be employed as adsorbents for the treatment of dairy waste water. Keywords: Adsorbent, Chemical oxygen demand, Dairy effluent, Doping, nanoparticles, TiO2

Al2O3-Based Hollow Fiber Membranes Functionalized by Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Degradation of Ammonia Gas.

In recent years, reactive ammonia (NH3) has emerged as a major source of indoor air pollution. In this study, Al2O3-based hollow fiber membranes functionalized with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide were produced and successfully applied for efficient heterogeneous photocatalytic NH3 gas degradation. Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes were prepared using the phase inversion process. A dip-coating technique was used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) thin films on well-cleaned Al2O3-based hollow fiber membranes. All heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation tests of NH3 gas were performed with both UV and visible light irradiation at room temperature. The nitrogen doping effects on the NH3 heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation capacity of TiO2 were investigated, and the effect of the number of membranes (30, 36, 42, and 48 membranes) of the prototype lab-scale photocatalytic membrane reactor, with a modular design, on the performances in different light conditions was also elucidated. Moreover, under ultraviolet and visible light, the initial concentration of gaseous NH3 was reduced to zero after only fifteen minutes in a prototype lab-scale stage with a photocatalytic membrane reactor based on an N-TiO2 photocatalyst. The number of Al2O3-based hollow fiber membranes functionalized with N-TiO2 photocatalysts increases the capacity for NH3 heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation.

Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide films fabricated via magnetron sputtering for vascular stent biocompatibility improvement

Nowadays, vascular stents are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases. This article focuses on the influence of nitrogen doping of titanium dioxide thin films, utilized for coating metallic stents to improve their biological properties and biocompatibility. The hereby-investigated titanium oxide thin films are fabricated by magnetron sputtering in a reactive gas atmosphere consisting of argon and oxygen in the first case and argon, nitrogen and oxygen in the second case. Control of the nitrogen and oxygen gas flow rates, and hence their mixing ratios, allows adjustment of the nitrogen-doping level within the titanium dioxide thin films. A correlation of the thin film internal structure on the in vitro behavior of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue is hereby demonstrated. Different nitrogen doping levels affect the surface energy, the wettability, the cell adhesion and thus the cellular proliferation on top of the thin films. The surface colonization of cells on titanium dioxide thin films decreases up to a nitrogen-doping level of ∼ 3.75 at.%, which is associated with a decreasing polar component of the surface energy. For non-doped titanium dioxide thin films, a weak chondrogenesis of adult human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with lower chondrogenic differentiation compared to glass is observed. An increasing nitrogen-doping level leads to linear increase in the chondrogenic differentiation rate, which is comparable to the control value of uncoated glass. Other investigated differentiated cell types do not display this behavior.

Synthesis, Performance Measurement of Bi2SmSbO7/ZnBiYO4 Heterojunction Photocatalyst and Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Orange within Dye Wastewater under Visible Light Irradiation.

Originally, the new catalyst Bi2SmSbO7 was synthesized by the hydrothermal synthesis method or by the solid-phase sintering method at a lofty temperature. A solvothermal method was utilized to prepare a Bi2SmSbO7/ZnBiYO4 heterojunction photocatalyst (BZHP). The crystal structure of Bi2SmSbO7 belonged to the pyrochlore structure and face-centered cubic crystal system by the space group of Fd3m. The cell parameter a was equivalent to 10.835(1) Å (Bi2SmSbO7). With Bi2SmSbO7/ZnBiYO4 heterojunction (BZH) as the photocatalyst, the removal rate (RR) of direct orange (DO) and the total organic carbon were 99.10% and 96.21% after visible light irradiation of 160 min (VLI-160M). The kinetic constant k toward DO concentration and visible light irradiation time (VLI) with BZH as photocatalyst reached 2.167 min−1. The kinetic constant k, which was concerned with total organic carbon, reached 0.047 min−1. The kinetic curve that came from DO degradation with BZH as a catalyst under VLI conformed to the second-order reaction kinetics. After VLI-160M, the photocatalytic degradation (PD) removal percentage of DO with BZH as the photocatalyst was 1.200 times, 1.268 times or 3.019 times that with Bi2SmSbO7 as the photocatalyst, ZnBiYO4 as the photocatalyst or with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity (PA) was as following: BZH > Bi2SmSbO7 > ZnBiYO4 > nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide. After VLI-160M for three cycles of experiments with BZH as the photocatalyst, the RR of DO reached 98.03%, 96.73% and 95.43%, respectively, which meant that BZHP possessed high stability. By using the experiment of adding a trapping agent, the oxidative purifying capability for degradation of direct orange, which was in gradual depressed order, was as following: hydroxyl radical > superoxide anion > holes. Finally, the possible degradation pathway and degradation mechanism of DO were discussed systematically. A new high active heterojunction catalyst BZHP, which could efficiently remove toxic organic pollutants such as DO from dye wastewater after VLI, was obtained. Our research was meant to improve the photocatalytic property of the single photocatalyst.

N–TiO2 crystal seeds incorporated in amorphous matrix for enhanced solar hydrogen generation: Experimental & first-principles analysis

We present here a combined study on the photoelectrochemical activity of highly active Nitrogen doped titanium dioxide thin-film using experiments and First principle density (DFT) based calculation. Hybridization of N 2p with O 2p and localized valence band upshifting leads to the reduction in band-gap of N–TiO2. To validate theoretical findings, the role of nitrogen in TiO2 is revisited with a focus on partial crystallinity. The best-case photoelectrode, nanostructured partially crystalline nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (PCNDTO) offered photocurrent density of 24.3 mA/cm2 at 1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The absence of well-defined peaks and long-range order in XRD pattern and Raman spectrum respectively suggests partially crystallinity. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images confirm the presence of TiO2 crystals in the amorphous matrix. High photoelectrochemical response can be attributed to the abundance of hydroxyl groups, high electrochemical active surface area, reduced charge transfer resistance, and reduced charge carrier recombination rate.

Enhanced performance of an in-situ synthesized Pd/N-TiO2/Ti cathode for electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination

The generation capacity of adsorbed reactively atomic hydrogen (Hads*) and the electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination (ECHD) activity can be improved by adjusting the electronic structure of Pd during the metal-support interaction. In addition, the durability and conductivity of the cathode significantly affect the ECHD efficiency. In this study, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) is synthesized in situ using Ti sheet as matrix. Pd is loaded on N-TiO2/Ti electrode by hydrothermal synthesis self-assembly. The in-situ synthesized Pd/N-TiO2/Ti electrode can improve the atomic utilization rate of Pd and omit the insulating polymer binder during preparation. Moreover, it has unique advantages, such as large electrochemically active area, high stability and electrical conductivity. Under the condition of Pd loading of 0.75 mg, 84.09 % removal of 2,4-DCP (0.61 mM) is achieved on the electrode within 4 h at a potential of − 1.24 V (vs Hg/Hg2SO4). Finally, the Pd/N-TiO2/Ti cathode with good durability and high specific catalytic activity has a promising application prospect in electrocatalytic dehalogenation.

Formic acid and hydrogen generation from the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 on visible light activated N-TiO2/CeO2/CuO composites

Ternary of titania-based composites were prepared in two steps. First, pure and nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide powders were obtained using Pechini´s method. Then, these powders were impregnated with 3% wt. of cerium and copper oxide particles. The X-ray diffraction characterization shows the presence of rutile and anatase phases. The morphological characterizations exhibited some CuO agglomeration that resulted in a limited dispersion. Nitrogen-doped composite materials present better surface area due to the synergy effect of the urea precursor employed in their synthesis. UV–Vis analysis shows a redshift displacement for double and triple composites related to enhancing light absorption. XPS characterization made it possible to identify a mixed-valence state of Ti associated with the presence of oxygen vacancies, which presumable are responsible for the increase of adsorption of interest molecules. N-TiO2/CuO presents the highest formic acid production (33 µmol g−1 min-1) attributed to a better capacity to adsorb CO2 molecules and the formation of a Z-scheme where charges are spatially separated. The addition of CeO2 co-catalyst decreases formic acid performance due to its inherent ability to adsorb CO3−2 and OH ions that could hinder available active sites. On the other hand, in the case of hydrogen production, N-TiO2/CeO2/CuO material exhibited the highest production due to its highest Ti3+/Ti4+ valence state ratio, which presumably increases available active sites for molecular water adsorption and consequently for transformation into H2.

Tunable atmospheric microplasma synthesis of nitrogen-doped zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanostructures

In this work, a parameter tunable microplasma synthesis method operating under atmospheric conditions is presented. By adjustment of the liquid electrode composition and/or applied power to the microplasma, either titanium dioxide nanostructures (nanoparticles and nanowires) or nitrogen-doped zinc oxide hexagonal sheets with nanometer thicknesses can be formed after annealing at 400 °C. Morphological and composition control of the nanostructures occurs through adjustments of the liquid electrode composition, pH and the applied power of the microplasma during the synthesis. XRD patterns confirmed the presence of the wurtzite phase in the nitrogen-doped zinc oxide samples, but also show a difference in the peak ratios and peak broadening when compared to zinc oxide standards. XPS analysis indicates the presence of nitrogen in the wurtzite zinc oxide structure as both α-N and β-N, indicating nitrogen doping through substitution and interstitial chemical doping mechanisms. The binding energy for the Zn 3d peak shows a common shift to 10.8 eV that is indicative of nitrogen doping of zinc oxide structures. Atmospheric microplasmas with liquid electrodes provide the opportunity for the creation of complex structures consisting of nitrogen-doped zinc oxide.

Centimetre-scale perovskite solar cells with fill factors of more than 86 per cent.

Owing to rapid development in their efficiency1 and stability2, perovskite solar cells are at the forefront of emerging photovoltaic technologies. State-of-the-art cells exhibit voltage losses3-8 approaching the theoretical minimum and near-unity internal quantum efficiency9-13, but conversion efficiencies are limited by the fill factor (<83%, below the Shockley-Queisser limit of approximately90%). This limitation results from non-ideal charge transport between the perovskite absorber and the cell's electrodes5,8,13-16. Reducing the electrical series resistance of charge transport layers is therefore crucial for improving efficiency. Here we introduce a reverse-doping process to fabricate nitrogen-doped titanium oxide electron transport layers with outstanding charge transport performance. By incorporating this charge transport material into perovskite solar cells, we demonstrate 1-cm2 cells with fill factors of >86%, and an average fill factor of 85.3%. We also report a certified steady-state efficiency of 22.6% for a 1-cm2 cell (23.33% ± 0.58% from a reverse current-voltage scan).

The effect of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide-modified stainless steel brackets on Streptococcus mutans.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated stainless steel brackets activated with natural visible light and dental operating lights on Streptococcus mutans concentration in the plaque of orthodontic patients at 30 and 60 days. A total of 30 patients were recruited for this split-mouth study; 60 upper lateral incisor brackets constituted the study sample. A total of 30 brackets (15 right and 15 left) were coated with N-doped TiO2 using the (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering method. Plaque samples were collected at 30 days and 60 days after appliance placement. S mutans concentration was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. At both time intervals, the concentration of S mutans in the control group was greater than that in the study group (P = .005). In both the study and the control groups, the S mutans concentrations significantly increased from 30 to 60 days (P = .005). N-doped TiO2, on exposure to natural visible light and dental operating light, was effective in reducing the plaque concentration of S mutans in orthodontic patients. The efficacy was better at 30 days than at 60 days after placing the orthodontic appliances.

Plasma-Synthesized Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles With Tunable Visible Light Absorption and Photocatalytic Activity

Abstract Titanium dioxide in its pure wide bandgap “white” form is a non-toxic, efficient, and practical photocatalyst, but predominately absorbs light in the ultraviolet range of the spectrum. The absorption range, however, can be extended into the visible by doping with oxygen vacancies or impurities, such as nitrogen, giving the material a black or brown appearance. To date, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide has primarily been produced with approaches that require long processing times or multi-step synthesis protocols. Here, we present a fast (timescale of tens of milliseconds) all-gas-phase process, which enables the seamless tuning of the optical properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from white to brown. Titanium dioxide particles were synthesized through injection of tetrakis (dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT), argon, and oxygen into a nonthermal plasma. The positions of the electrode and oxygen inlet relative to the precursor inlet are found to strongly influence particle properties. Variation of these parameters allowed for control over the produced particle optical properties from large bandgap (white) to small bandgap (brown). In addition, the particle microstructure can be tuned from amorphous to crystalline anatase phase titanium dioxide. The photocatalytic performance was tested under solar irradiation and amorphous particles exhibit the highest degree of photocatalytic decomposition of the dyes methyl orange and methylene blue.

HYDROGEN GAS PRODUCTION FROM WASTE WATER BY TiO2 AND NITROGEN- DOPED TiO2 NANO FIBERS WITH SIMULTANEOUS POLLUTANTS REMOVAL

At this work we synthesized electrospun titanium oxide (TiO2) and nitrogen-doped titanium oxide (N-doped TiO2) for producing hydrogen (H2) in the same time pollutant removal from waste water by photocatalytic oxidation at room contitions.We use titanium isopropoxide (TiP)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution to prepare dispersed titanium oxide in polymer nanofibers by sol–gel processing and electrospinning techniques. TiO2 is a very effective and brillant photocatalyst for water treatment, but it has drawbacks like absorbing UV light and fast backward reaction and recombination between electrons and generated holes pairs, there are much effort has been devoted to overcome its problems, like doping with metals and non-metals. Advantage of N-doped TiO2 nano fiber is expanded the utilization of a large part of the solar spectrum. This might be useful for environmental and energy applications, such as the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, solar cells, sensors, and water splitting reactions.The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 nanofibers was carried out in the waste and dye water-splitting reaction to produce H2 and water treatment using mercury light irradiation. The doping of TiO2 with Nitrogen, which should improve the electronic properties, leading to activation as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.several characterization techniques are employed for studying the surface morphology, phase of structure, and binding energy for TiO2 and N-TiO2 nanofibers (Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscope).

Nitrogen–Doped Titanium Dioxide/Schwertmannite Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Photo–Fenton Catalysts with Enhanced Efficiency for the Degradation of Bisphenol a

Nitrogen–Doped Titanium Dioxide/Schwertmannite Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Photo–Fenton Catalysts with Enhanced Efficiency for the Degradation of Bisphenol a

Role of electrolytic pH on the performance of nanostructured partially crystalline Nitrogen-doped Titanium Dioxide thin films in photoelectrochemical water splitting

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively studied for solar-light-driven water oxidation as photoanode in photoelectrochemical (PEC), but enabled to hold promise for low cost and sustainable fuel. However, the performance of TiO2 for scalable artificial photosynthesis has remained critical obstacle for practical application. Herein, we report the influence of aqueous solution of NaPi and KPi buffer and varying pH from 9.0 to 11.5, with Partially Crystalline Nitrogen-doped Titanium Dioxide (PCNDTO) for solar-derived PEC syngas production and analyzed for all variables. A maximum photocurrent of 4.35 mAcm−2 at 1.23 V/RHE with 9.7–10.9 ml h−1 cm−1 hydrogen production rate was obtained at pH 10.5 in NaPi buffer.