Nitrogen-doped Carbon Network Research Articles

Ribosome-inspired electrocatalysts inducing preferential nucleation and growth of three-dimensional lithium sulfide for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Nucleation of lithium sulfide (Li2S) induced by electrocatalysts plays a crucial role in mitigating the shuttle effect. However, short-chain polysulfides on electrocatalysts surfaces tend to re-dissolve into electrolytes, delaying Li2S supersaturation and its nucleation. In this study, we draw inspiration from the ribosome-driven protein synthesis process in cells to prepare ultrasmall nitrogen-doped MoS2 nanocrystals anchored on porous nitrogen-doped carbon networks (N-MoS2-NC) electrocatalysts. Excitedly, the ex-situ SEM demonstrates that ribosome-inspired N-MoS2-NC electrocatalysts induce early nucleation and rapid growth of three-dimensional Li2S during discharge. Theoretical calculations reveal that the Li-S bond length in N-MoS2-Li2S(100) is shorter, and the corresponding interfacial formation energy is lower than in MoS2-Li2S(100). This accelerated conversion of lithium polysulfides to Li2S can enhance the utilization of active substances and inhibit the shuttle effect. This study highlights the potential of ribosome-inspired N-MoS2-NC in improving the electrochemical stability of Li-S batteries, providing valuable insights for future electrocatalyst design.

High entropy alloy nanoparticles dual-decorated with nitrogen-doped carbon and carbon nanotubes as promising electrocatalysts for lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have the advantages of high-energy-density, low cost, and environmental friendliness, but the sluggish sulfur redox reactions and the severe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide (LiPSs) affect their performance. Herein, we developed a highly efficient electrocatalyst (CNT/HEA-NC) consisting of high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles decorated with nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conductive networks. In the elaborate nanostructured protocol, the HEA nanoparticles with high catalytic activity accelerate the bidirectional conversion of LiPSs, the NC with strong sulfophilic activity effectively adsorb LiPSs to suppress the shuttle effect, and the CNT conductive network provides a fast electrons/ions transport pathway. Benefiting from the hierarchical confinement, Li–S batteries with CNT/HEA-NC modified separators deliver a discharge specific capacity of 692.0 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 C with a capacity decay rate of only 0.03 % per cycle. Even at a current density of 5 C, the cell exhibits a superior capacity of 521.1 mAh g−1. This work provides a general strategy for integrating multifunctional electrocatalysts for high-performance Li–S batteries.

Janus from the synchronous construction of CN network and P-π conjugation: Inhibiting volume expansion and promoting lithium-ion battery performance of ZnSe

High-capacity lithium anode materials are very important for the development of lithium storage. However, the volume expansion and electron transport during charging and discharging hinder the development of high capacity and longevity. Herein, the three-dimensional P-π conjugate and nitrogen-doped carbon (CN) network framework was synchronously constructed by a simple and practical double construction strategy to solve the problems of volume expansion and electron transport. The experimental results indicate that the successfully synthesized transition metal zinc selenide (ZnSe) composites material possesses excellent electrochemical properties: an initial reversible capacity is capacity of 1211.8 mAh/g, and the reversible discharge capacity remains at 936.4 mAh/g after 300 cycles (at 1 A/g current density). It is much better than that of pure ZnSe. The enhanced electrochemical performances of the anode can be attributed to its high surface area and abundant mesopores constracted by the 3D CN network framework. Furthermore, the P-π conjugation reduces the system energy and thus accelerates the electron transport. These characteristics provide numerous pathways and sites for Li+ transfer and storage, thus contributing to the pseudo-capacitance capacity. The present work may provide new ideas and strategies for the solution of electrode material expansion and electron transport problems.

ZIF derived nanosheet copper-cobalt oxide/nitrogen-doped carbon via promote peroxymonosulfate activation for the rapid degradation of metronidazole

In recent years, metal-organic framework derivatives have been regarded as materials with great potential for water treatment applications. In this study, we employed a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted copper-cobalt bimetallic zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) as a template to rationally design nanosheet-like mixed metal oxide embedded nitrogen-doped carbon (CuCoO-PC). CuCoO-PC exhibited excellent degradation potential towards metronidazole (MNZ) and achieved almost complete degradation within 7 min through the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Importantly, the introduction of copper into CuCoO-PC established strong interactions between copper and cobalt, accelerating the activation performance of PMS. Furthermore, PVP, rich in nitrogen atoms, formed strong coordination interactions with ZIF precursors, which effectively protected the morphological stability of ZIF at high temperature, preventing collapse and aggregation. Meanwhile, the formation of nitrogen-doped carbon networks provides a pathway for the generation of non-radical. The study found that CuCoO-PC continuously activated PMS, generating various reactive oxygen species (ROS), among which SO4•- and 1O2 played decisive roles. By calculating the HOMO, LUMO, and Fukui functions, we identified the reactive sites of MNZ and proposed possible degradation pathways. CuCoO-PC demonstrated excellent catalytic performance, reduced toxicity of intermediate products, and good reusability, all of which highlight its enormous potential in practical applications.

Engineering nanoscale Ni3Se4/CoSe2/NC heterostructures with rigid construction for sodium ion storage

Engineering transition bimetallic selenide heterostructures could effectively accelerate charge transfer and promote reaction kinetics for the anode materials in sodium ion batteries. Especially, the nanoscale heterointerfaces with abundant grain boundaries could provide tremendous active sizes with enhanced capacity. However, constructing homogeneous nanoscale heterostructures with rigid framework upon cycling remains a huge challenge because of the severe cracking and aggregation of the nanoscale heterostructures during cycling. In this regard, nanoscale Ni3Se4/CoSe2 heterostructures within the nitrogen doped carbon networks (denoted as Ni3Se4/CoSe2/NC) is rationally designed in this work. The nitrogen doped carbon greatly boosts the electronic conductivity and effectively mitigates the agglomeration and volumetric alteration of Ni3Se4/CoSe2, thereafter guaranteeing the structural stability of heterostructured Ni3Se4/CoSe2 nanoparticles. As a proof-of-concept, the electrochemical behavior of the Ni3Se4/CoSe2/NC is largely improved, when compared with bare Ni3Se4/CoSe2 and carbon-encapsulated Ni3Se4/CoSe2 (Ni3Se4/CoSe2@NC). DFT calculations confirms the built-in electric field in the interface of Ni3Se4/CoSe2 which enhances charge carrier transport and promoting reaction kinetics. As expected, the Ni3Se4/CoSe2/NC exhibits the most excellent performance in SIBs, providing a high reversible capacity of 605.7 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 205 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1.

Cobalt-Nanoparticles-Decorated 3D Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Network for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrite (NO2-) reduction offers the potential to synthesize high-value ammonia (NH3) while simultaneously removing NO2- pollution from aqueous solutions, but it requires high-efficiency catalysts to drive the complex six-electron reaction. Herein, cobalt-nanoparticle-decorated 3D porous nitrogen-doped carbon network (Co@NC) is proven as a high-efficiency catalyst for the selective electroreduction of NO2- to NH3. Such Co@NC attains a large NH3 yield of 922.7 μmol h-1 cm-2 and a high Faradaic efficiency of 95.4% under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, it shows remarkable electrochemical stability during cyclic electrolysis.

Dual-Mode Porous and Highly Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Network as an Advance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Dual-Mode Porous and Highly Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Network as an Advance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Enhancing the lithium-ion storage capability of Cu2ZnSnS4 anodes via a nitrogen-doped conductive support

Achieving lithium-ion batteries with both excellent electrochemical performance and cycling stability is a top priority for their real-world applications. This work reports high-performance and stable Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) anode materials encapsulated by nitrogen-doped carbon (CZTS@N-C) for advanced lithium-ion battery application. Ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nitrogen-doped carbon network features a more conducive solid-electrolyte interphase that enables lower charge-transfer resistance and fast Li+ diffusion kinetics with negligible initial irreversible capacity loss. As a result, the CZTS@N-C electrode delivers a significantly enhanced capacity of 710 mAh g−1 with 73% capacity retention after 220 cycles at a current rate of 0.5 mA g−1 and superior rate performance compared to that of unmodified CZTS. Additionally, the study sheds light on the fast lithiation dynamics chemistry of CZTS@N-C through kinetics analysis, explored by in-situ Raman, ex-situ X-ray absorption, and in-situ electrochemical impedance. This study provides a new approach for fabricating high-performance, durable conductive polymer-encapsulated low-cost transition-metal-sulfide anode materials.

Towards high-capacity lithium ion batteries:constructing hollow-structured SiOx-based nanocube anode via a sequential coating strategy

Reserving void space for silicon oxide-based (SiOx-based) anodes has proved highly efficient in tackling their volume expansion and contraction upon lithiation/delithiation. Specially, hollow structure featured with sufficient internal spaces shows great promise in buffering the volumetric effect of SiOx. However, constructing a hollow structure, containing high-capacity SiOx components and high-conductivity carbon components, still remains a great challenge. In this work, we design a sequential coating strategy to initially construct sandwich hollow-structured high-capacity SiOx anode (NC@SiOx@m-C) that consists of an innermost nitrogen-doped porous carbon network (NC), a middle mesoporous SiOx layer, and outermost mesoporous carbon (m-C) layer. The incorporation of high-capacity component SiOx (x < 2) via sequential coating process greatly improves the specific capacity of NC@SiOx@m-C. Both of NC and m-C layers synergistically enhance the overall electronic conductivity of the anode. Moreover, the outermost m-C layer retards the direct contact between SiOx and electrolyte and effectively reduces the side reactions. As a result, the NC@SiOx@m-C nanocubes delivers a capacity as high as 583 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 1 Ag-1 after 500 cycles, giving an excellent electrochemical performance.

In situ anchoring of MnO nanoparticles into three-dimensional nitrogen-doped porous carbon framework as a stable anode for high-performance lithium storage

Although transition metal oxides have the advantages of large theoretical capacity, low cost and eco-friendliness, their application as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is still limited due to their undesirable electrical conductivity and large volume expansion. Herein, a novel two-step rapid freeze-drying-calcination strategy was applied to prepare highly dispersed nano-MnO-anchored three-dimensional nitrogen-doped porous carbon framework composites (MnO@3D N-PCF). Compared with MnO and undoped MnO@3D PCF, the MnO@3D N-PCF anode exhibits superb cycle stability, remarkable specific capacity and impressive high-rate performance (1037.0 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 760.9 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles at 5 A g−1), mainly due to its well-designed 3D nanoarchitecture. It is found that 3D nitrogen-doped carbon networks can act as stable conductive bridges to facilitate electron transport and sufficient diffusion channels for Li ions. The MnO nanoparticles obtained by rapid lyophilization and calcination technology are highly dispersed in the porous 3D carbon skeleton, which can buffer volume expansion and preserve the stability of the electrode. It is expected that this simple and green synthesis strategy will open the door for the development of transition metal oxide/carbon three-dimensional nanocomposites with high stability and excellent electrochemical properties.

CoSe2 nanoparticles anchored on porous carbon network structure for efficient Na-ion storage

Cobalt selenide, as a star material in battery industry, has attracted much attention. However, when it is applied solely in sodium ion batteries, it will cause large volume expansion and material agglomeration, which will seriously affect the overall performance of batteries. In this work, we use ice bath impregnation to combine CoSe2 nanoparticles with porous nitrogen-doped carbon networks (NC) as advanced anodes for ultra-long cycle life sodium ion batteries (SIBs). CoSe2 nanoparticles are evenly attached to NC with strong interfacial contacts in CoSe2@NC. The strong contact of CoSe2 on the porous carbon network, along with the carbon network's unique network cross-linking structure, results in rapid electron transfer and Na ion diffusion kinetics of CoSe2@NC, resulting in superior electrochemical performance. Besides, we have synthesized CoSe2@NC with different loading by changing Co2+ concentration. The results show that CoSe2@NC anode thus provides a high reversible capacity of 406 mAh/g. In addition, at high current 5 A/g, it can keep a reversible capacity of 300 mAh/g after 4500 cycles with an average capacity loss of less than 0.01 % per cycle. The excellent anchoring structure enables it to form stable solid electrolyte film (SEI) and reduce the amount of dead sodium in the first charge–discharge process, showing high Initial Coulombic Efficiency (ICE) (89.2 %). Finally, CoSe2@NC and Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) are assembled into a full cell and the results shows an ultra-long cycle stability at 0.1 A/g. This strategy will facilitate the application of transition metal selenides in next-generation energy storage systems.

Three-dimensional carbon nanofiber networks encapsulated in cobalt–molybdenum metal clusters on nitrogen-doped carbon as ultra-efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions

Efficient and cost-effective catalysts have been developed for the production of hydrogen via water electrolysis. In this study, we develop a strategy for the fabrication of carbon nanofiber catalysts loaded with CoMo clusters covered by a nitrogen-doped carbon network (CoMo/CN@CNFs/MEL). The surface of two-dimensional carbon fibers was coated with a nitrogen-doped carbon network via melamine pyrolysis, thereby forming three-dimensional (3D) networks. These 3D network catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction with 1 M KOH, requiring an overpotential of only 148 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 owing to synergistic effects resulting from their structure and composition. The catalytic performance of the CoMo/CN@CNFs/MEL catalysts was comparable to that of commercial Pt/C at high current densities owing to their unique structural features, including restricted Co–Mo clusters, porous nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks, continuous conducting carbon nanofibers, and carbon nitride networks. This work provides a promising approach to transition metal-based catalysts with improved stability and atom utilization efficiency.

Multiple active cobalt species embedded in microporous nitrogen-doped carbon network for the selective production of hydrogen peroxide

To obtain excellent electrocatalysts for improving H2O2 yield and selectivity, we formulated a novel method for embedding cobalt catalytic active sites in porous two-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon network (CNy) network and employed them as excellent two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−-ORR) electrocatalysts. The polymeric cobalt-based metal–organic framework (polyCo-MOF) and melamine–cyanuric acid–complex (MCA) hybrid (denoted as polyCo-MOF@MCA) was used as a precursor for preparing a series of electrocatalysts comprising multiple active sites such as metallic Co, CoOx, or Co-N, which are homogeneously embedded in the porous two-dimensional CNy network through pyrolysis at high temperatures (600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C) under N2 atmosphere. The obtained CoOx/Co@CNy,700 hybrid by pyrolyzing polyCo-MOF@MCA at 700 °C displayed remarkably high H2O2 production and large selectivity in an alkaline solution. The possible catalytic mechanism of CoOx/Co@CNy,700 toward 2e−-ORR was identified by determining the catalytic kinetics and control experiments. The cathode assembled with the CoOx/Co@CNy,700 hybrid showed the maximum H2O2 production of 405 mmol L−1gcat.−1h−1 with a high Faradaic efficiency of 88.9 % at 0.65 V. The present work demonstrated a novel strategy for identifying excellent electrocatalysts with homogeneously dispersed multiple active sites and high production and selectivity for H2O2 synthesis, extending the applications of porous organic frameworks to the field of clean energy.

Fe/Co doped ZIF derived nitrogen doped nanoporous carbon as electrode material for supercapacitors

Nanoporous carbon (NPC) for electrochemical energy storage devices has gained much interest due to its high specific area and tunable porosity. Herein, Fe and Co co-doped NPC is synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method followed by carbonization of Fe and Co doped ZIF8 at 900 ℃ (Fe-Co/NPC-900). The structural, morphological, elemental, chemical bonding, surface area, and thermal degradation of the synthesized material have been evaluated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The high surface area of 933 m2/g and nanoporous structure of Fe-Co/NPC-900 electrode results in a high specific capacitance of 900 F/g at a current density of 5 A/g. The cycle performance of Fe-Co/NPC-900 was remarkable with 88% of the capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at a high current density of 30 A/g. The high electrochemical performance of Fe-Co/NPC-900 is attributed to the hybrid doping of Fe and Co in nitrogen doped carbon network which offers a synergic effect in reaction.

Constructing nitrogen-doped porous carbon immobilized Co9S8 composite as high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) as anode materials deliver promising potential in achieving high-capacity sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). But the undesirable volume change for structure upon redox process always hinder the realization of satisfactory cycling stability and rate capability. Herein, a novel Co9S8/carbon composite (Co9S8 @NPC) with Co9S8 nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized into nitrogen-doped porous carbon networks was synthesized via the successive procedures of sol-gel, pyrolysis carbonization and in situ sulfidation and employed as anode material for SIBs. By virtue of the yielded porous feature, nitrogen-doping and space confinement of Co9S8 NPs in conductive carbon sheet networks, the Co9S8 @NPC is able to offer integrated merits of sufficient active sites, improved reaction dynamics and rigid structural stability for high-performance Na-storage. As a result, the assembled Co9S8 @NPC electrode possesses large initial discharge/charge capacities (752.5/325.3 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1), considerable rate capability (138.5 mAh g−1 at 3000 mA g−1) and high cycling stability (275.3 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles; 120.4 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 3000 cycles). In order to uncover the diffusion and storage mechanism of Na+ ions in the electrode material, pseudocapacitive behavior, reaction dynamics and related theoretical simulation based on first-principles calculations are initially conducted. The facile synthesis strategy and desirable Na-storage performance might enable the Co9S8 @NPC composite great potential in advanced SIBs.

Three-Dimensional Carbon-Catalyst As Sulfur Host for Polysulfide Regulation in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

The ever-growing industrial society demand for limited natural resources and global energy consumption have given rise to the fast development of renewable energy storage technologies. Rechargeable batteries are considered to be indispensable for storing the supply of clean-but-intermittent energy sources, including solar and wind, in an efficiently and economically viable manner. Specifically, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with the reliable power capability and relatively mature storage mechanisms are commercialized in the market. However, due to shortage, high prices of lithium minerals, the physical energy density limits of innately available crystal sites, LIBs are unlikely to satisfy the need for grid-scale energy storage system in the long run. The urgent research for alternative sustainable energy storage device has led to the study of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). With the new chemistries based on multi-electron conversion reaction between sulfur and lithium, LSBs are attracting great attention owing to large theoretical energy density of 2600 W h kg−1, high natural abundance and low cost of the sulfur source. Yet, despite their intriguing virtues, the fulfillment of sulfur electrochemical performance is perplexed by several intractable challenges that cause undesirable capacity fading and cycling life. Triggered by continuous round-trip diffusion in ether-based electrolyte, the shuttling effect of highly active lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) will eventually cause severe sulfur loss, electrode decomposition, and Coulombic inefficiency in LSBs. Targeting this issue, we proposed the synthesis of a novel sulfur host in cathode based on a honeycomb-like, porous nitrogen-doped carbon network consisting of MoC with three-dimensional architecture as sulfur host to suppress the shuttling behavior of LiPSs. Benefiting from the interconnected carbon with strong physical adsorption and MoC planes as catalytic sites for acceleration of redox kinetics. We demonstrated experimentally here that this sulfur reservior could realize the improved cell performance with high electronic conductivity, excellent sulfur chemisorption, high rate capacity with 1316 at 0.1 C, 646mAh g-1 at 3C, and long cycling stability with a small capacity decay rate.

N-doped carbon networks as bifunctional electrocatalyst toward integrated electrochemical devices for Zn-air batteries driving microbial CO2 electrolysis cell

A simple pyrolysis route has been developed for fabrication of nitrogen-doped carbon networks (N-Cnet) that not only features a large number of mesoporous structures, but also holds high specific surface area and excellent conductivity. The as-developed N-Cnet performs impressively toward electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). For ORR in alkaline electrolyte, the N-Cnet manifests an initial potential of 0.95 V and half-wave potential of 0.86 V that are comparable to the benchmarked Pt/C catalysts. While for CO2RR, the N-Cnet shows a high selectivity for CO production with Faraday efficiency (FE) of as high as 95% and long-term stability. We further demonstrate the potential application of N-Cnet in electrochemical devices of zinc-air batteries (ZABs) and microbial CO2 electrolysis cell (MEC), the former is capable of releasing a maximum power density of 141 mW cm-2, while the later shows capability for efficiently converting CO2 into CO with the assistance of external voltage. We thus propose and set up an integrated proof-of-concept electrochemical device with ZABs driving MEC that can implement the feasibility of self-powered conversion of CO2 to value-added CO.

Hierarchical nanoarchitecture of vanadium disulfide decorated 3D porous carbon skeleton with improved electrochemical performance toward Li ion battery and supercapacitor

Vanadium disulfide (VS2) is deemed to be a competitive active material in electrochemical energy storage field in both lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor owing to its unique chemical and physical property. Nevertheless, serious aggregation and structure damage in continuous charge-discharges would result in a decreased capacity, an inferior cycling stability and a poor rate capability, which severly limits the practical application of VS2. In this current work, a hierarchical porous nanostructured composite composed of VS2 nanoparticles confined in gelatin-derived nitrogen-doped carbon network (VS2-NC) was successfully designed and synthesized via a simple freeze drying plus an annealing method. In this VS2-NC composite, porous architecture is conductive to providing high active surface areas, facilitating the access of electrolyte into active materials and ion diffusion. The confinement of carbon matrix on VS2 nanoparticles is beneficial to inhibition of the volume change, reinforcement of the structural stability and improvement of the overall electrical conductivity of composite. Benefitting from the advantages mentioned above, the as-prepared VS2-NC electrode demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performances. Employed as an anode for lithium ion battery, VS2-NC delivers a relatively high reversible capacity about ∼1061 mA h g−1 in 200-cycle test at 100 mA g−1. When applied in supercapacitor, VS2-NC electrode manifests a large pseudocapacitance of 407.3 F g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1 and superior cycling stability.

Encapsulation of MXene/polydopamine in nitrogen-doped 3D carbon networks with high photothermal conversion efficiency for seawater desalination

With the rapid consumption of traditional fossil energy, the utilization of solar energy via photothermal conversion to obtain fresh water from seawater or wastewater should be a promising alternative to solve the shortage of energy resources. At present, evaporators based on diverse photothermal conversion materials have been developed, but most of them are still facing the drawbacks of complicated structure, complex preparation and poor salt resistance, which severely affect their broad practical applications. Multilayer-MXene (mMXene) and polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles are two kinds of materials with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. In this study, we loaded these two materials with optimized mass ratio into the thermally insulated and low-cost melamine foam, followed by simple annealing treatment to afford three-dimensional and self-floating carbonized MXene/PDA foam (CMPF) evaporators with high hydrophilicity, unpleasant thermal conductivity, and remarkable light absorbance. The evaporation rate of CMPF, as a result, could attain 1.598 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun (1 kW m−2) irradiation while the photothermal conversion efficiency is calculated to be 89.8%. In addition, CMPF-2 displays excellent desalination ability, self-desalination ability, good cycle stability and reliable safety performance as revealed by bacterial culture experiment. Combining these advantages, it has been revealed that CMPF-2 possesses certain feasible practical applications in seawater desalination.

A Bifunctional Nitrogen Doped Carbon Network as the Interlayer for Dendrite-Free Zn Anode

A Bifunctional Nitrogen Doped Carbon Network as the Interlayer for Dendrite-Free Zn Anode