Distribution Of Nitrogen Research Articles

Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Rice Farming: Spatial Patterns of Nitrogen Availability and Implications for Community-Level Practices

Sustainable nitrogen management is crucial for long-term food security and environmental protection in rice farming systems. However, the spatial patterns of nitrogen availability at the community level remain poorly understood, hindering the development of effective sustainable management strategies. This study introduces a novel application of spatial autoregressive analysis to investigate available nitrogen distribution in paddy soils across a rice farming community in Kyoto, Japan. Soil samples from 61 plots, including organically farmed ones, were analyzed for available nitrogen and various physicochemical properties. Contrary to the hypothesis of high variability between adjacent plots, significant positive spatial autocorrelation in available nitrogen was observed, revealing previously unrecognized community-level patterns. The spatial Durbin model outperformed traditional regression approaches and revealed complex spatial interactions in soil properties. Water-soluble organic carbon and humus content showed strong but opposing effects, with a positive direct impact but negative spatial interaction, suggesting topography-driven accumulation processes. Water-soluble nitrogen exhibited reverse patterns with negative direct effects but positive spatial interaction, indicating potential nutrient transport through water movement. These findings highlight the importance of considering both direct and indirect spatial effects in understanding soil fertility patterns, challenging the conventional plot-by-plot management approach. This methodological advancement provides new perspectives for more effective, community-scale soil management strategies in rice farming systems. Moreover, it demonstrates an innovative approach to maximizing the value of outsourced soil analysis data, providing a model for more comprehensive utilization of such data in agricultural research. By enabling more targeted and efficient nitrogen management practices that consider both plot-level processes and landscape-scale interactions, this study potentially contributes to the development of more sustainable and resilient rice production systems.

Trends in Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Macedonia Studied by Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique

This study examined the nitrogen content in moss samples collected across Macedonia over a 15-year period (2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020) from 72 consistent sampling locations. The nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl method, providing insight into the trends of atmospheric nitrogen deposition across different regions. Descriptive statistical analyses, including spatial distribution maps, were used to compare the temporal variations and regional nitrogen levels. In addition, box-plots (P25–P75) and whiskers (P5–P95) were constructed to provide a comprehensive view of the variability across different tectonic units and zones, allowing for an in-depth understanding of the spatial distribution of nitrogen across the country. The study revealed that the median nitrogen content in moss samples decreased from 1.21% in 2005 to 1.04% in 2015, followed by a slight increase to 1.07% in 2020. The highest nitrogen concentrations were consistently found in areas with heavy agricultural activities and high traffic volumes, indicating the direct impact of these anthropogenic factors. The comparisons across regions and geological zones also highlighted the substantial variation in nitrogen levels, reflecting the diverse environmental pressures in different parts of Macedonia. This long-term analysis not only offers valuable insights into the trends in nitrogen pollution but also underlines the necessity for targeted policy interventions, particularly in the regions where nitrogen levels remain persistently high.

Prokaryotic expression and purification of inorganic nitrogen transporters in wheat

The nitrate transporter (NRT) and ammonium transporter (AMT) are crucial transmembrane proteins involved in the absorption, transport, and distribution of inorganic nitrogen in wheat. Obtaining NRT/AMT and preparing corresponding antibodies are conducive to probing into their tissue localization and comprehending the nitrogen utilization process in wheat. In this study, four genes (TaNPF4.5, TaNPF8.3, TaNRT3.1, TaAMT1.2) with high expression levels were chosen and cloned from 405 genes of the TaNRT/TaNPF family and 23 genes of the TaAMT family identified previously. The transmembrane domains of the four transporters were predicted by HMMER to determine the putative expression segments, followed by prokaryotic expression and purification. Under the induction with 1 mmol/L IPTG at 37 ℃, the non-transmembrane segments of TaNPF4.5, TaNPF8.3, and TaNRT3.1 reached the highest expression levels (as inclusion bodies) after 4 h, while TaAMT1.2 was expressed at the highest level (as a soluble protein) after 3 h. TaNPF4.5, TaNPF8.3, and TaNRT3.1 were purified by a pH gradient. The purity of TaNPF4.5 and TaNPF8.3 reached about 87% and 85% at pH 2.0 and pH 3.0, respectively, both of which were suitable for antibody preparation. However, the purity of TaNRT3.1 did not reach 85%. TaAMT1.2 was purified by an imidazole gradient, reaching the purity of about 95% at 20 mmol/L imidazole, and the antibody was prepared successfully. The expression, purification, and antibody preparation of TaAMT1.2 not only provides insights into the expression, purification, and antibody preparation of membrane proteins including TaNPF4.5 and TaNPF8.3 but also lays a foundation for studying the expression and localization of membrane proteins in wheat.

Riverine nutrient impact on global ocean nitrogen cycle feedbacks and marine primary production in an Earth system model

Abstract. Riverine nutrient export is an important process in marine coastal biogeochemistry and also impacts global marine biology. The nitrogen cycle is a key player here. Internal feedbacks are shown to regulate not only nitrogen distribution, but also primary production and thereby oxygen concentrations. Phosphorus is another essential nutrient and interacts with the nitrogen cycle via different feedback mechanisms. After a previous study of the marine nitrogen cycle response to riverine nitrogen supply, here we include phosphorus from river export with different phosphorus burial scenarios and study the impact of phosphorus alone and in combination with nitrogen in a global 3D ocean biogeochemistry model. Again, we analyse the effects on near-coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. We find that riverine export of bioavailable phosphorus alone or in conjunction with nitrogen affects marine biology on millennial timescales more than riverine nitrogen alone. Biogeochemical feedbacks in the marine nitrogen cycle are strongly influenced by additional phosphorus. Where bioavailable phosphorus increases with river input, nitrogen concentration increases as well, except for in regions with diminishing oxygen concentrations. High phosphorus burial rates decrease biological production significantly. Globally, the addition of riverine phosphorus in the modelled ocean leads to elevated primary production rates in the coastal and open oceans.

Study on prediction model of nitrogen emission in the production stage of residential building materials—A case study of Guangdong province

This study aims to reduce nitrogen emissions from residential buildings and establishes a prediction model for nitrogen emissions during the production of building materials. The calculation boundary, content, and method of nitrogen emission in the production stage of residential building materials are accurately analyzed. Based on the nitrogen emission data of 20 residential buildings in Guangdong, the composition and distribution characteristics of nitrogen emission in the production stage of building materials are analyzed. The coupling relationship between building design parameters and building materials’ nitrogen emissions is established using linear regression and ridge regression. 10 kinds of nitrogen emission prediction models based on the design parameters of residential buildings in the production stage of building materials were established and verified. The results show that the linear model M3, based on the number of floors above and below ground, the area width and depth, and the ridge regression model M5, based on the number of floors above and below ground, the area width and depth, and the total number of main functional rooms, have good fitting and prediction performance, respectively. The linear regression model M6, based on the number of floors above and below ground, the area width and depth, and the total number of rooms, has the best fitting and prediction performance. M3, M5, and M6 can accurately predict the nitrogen emission composition and distribution characteristics of building materials in residential building design and lay a foundation for future research on nitrogen emission evaluation and calculation methods and nitrogen emission reduction technology strategies.

Distribution of Subsurface Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Different Irrigation Methods in a Maize Field

With the advancement of agricultural technology, most crop cultivation adopts water-saving techniques to improve nutrient utilization efficiency. However, limited research has been carried out on the applicability of water-saving techniques for summer maize in the Shandong Province, and it is necessary to assess the risk of nutrient loss in farmland when applying these technologies. This study investigated the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus under different irrigation methods and planting patterns through soil and water samples. It included sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI), and subsurface irrigation (SUBI). Different planting patterns, i.e., monoculture (MP) and intercropping pattern (IP), were also selected in the SI zones. The results show variations in soil nitrogen distribution within the layers between 0.9 and 4.5 m, with a pronounced trend of NO3−-N accumulating in deeper layers in the SI zone. Under SI conditions, the IP effectively reduces the nutrient accumulation around the shallow root zone while controlling the accumulation of nitrogen in deep layers. The Olsen-P accumulation in each zone would increase after the accumulation ratio decreased. Compared with MP, the depth interval of the accumulation ratio mutation was shallower in the IP. The trend of NO3−-N accumulation in deep layers is consistent with that of nitrogen concentration in groundwater. Phosphorus that is accumulated in the deep layers is not easily leached into groundwater. In conclusion, these findings can provide basic information for irrigation management in existing cropping systems.

Distribution and Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Fluvo-Aquic Soils with Varying Textures

Distribution and Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Fluvo-Aquic Soils with Varying Textures

Carbon and nitrogen stocks and distributions associated with different vegetation covers and soil profiles in Abisko, northern Sweden.

Carbon and nitrogen stocks and distributions associated with different vegetation covers and soil profiles in Abisko, northern Sweden.

Electrical properties of GaAsN/GaAs-superlattice films with different N distributions fabricated by atomic layer epitaxy

The effects of nitrogen (N) distribution on the electrical properties of GaAsN films were evaluated by intentionally changing the N distribution using atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and post-annealing. The N distribution was controlled in the growth direction by growing superlattice (SL) thin films repeatedly growing 1 GaAsN layer and 0, 3, and 5 layers of GaAs by ALE. These films were referred to as (1:0), (1:3), and (1:5), respectively. To change the N distribution in the same thin film, N atoms were diffused by post-annealing. Changes in N distribution were evaluated by X-ray diffraction as changes in GaAsN superstructure. N atoms diffused from GaAsN layers to the adjacent layers in (1:3) films annealed above 750 °C, while they remained stable in those of (1:5) films annealed at temperatures up to 850 °C. The carrier mobility of both films increased monotonically with the annealing temperature. The concentration of ionized scattering centers decreased significantly in films annealed at 650 °C (independent of their N distributions) owing to the elimination of donor-type defects by annealing. Contrarily, the concentrations of N-induced scattering centers in (1:5) films annealed below 900 °C were similar, while those in (1:3) films annealed above 750 °C decreased significantly, in agreement with the N-atom diffusion behavior of GaAsN layers. Thus, N-distribution homogenization can be related to the reduction of N-induced scattering centers.

Root endodermal suberization induced by nitrate stress regulate apoplastic pathway rather than nitrate uptake in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Nitrogen levels and distribution in the rhizosphere strongly regulate the root architecture. Nitrate is an essential nutrient and an important signaling molecule for plant growth and development. Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in endodermal suberization in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) roots at three nitrate levels. Nitrogen accumulation was detected in the roots, shoots, and xylem sap. Nitrate influx on the root surface was also measured using the non-invasive self-referencing microsensor technique (SRMT). RNA-Seq analysis was performed to identify the genes related to endodermal suberization, nitrate transport, and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. The results showed that root length, root-shoot ratio, nitrate influx on the root surface, and NiA and NRT2.4 genes were regulated to maintain the nitrogen nutrient supply in tobacco under low nitrate conditions. Low nitrate levels enhanced root endodermal suberization and hence reduced the apoplastic transport pathway, and genes from the KCS, FAR, PAS2, and CYP86 families were upregulated. The results of exogenous fluridone, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, indicated that suberization of the tobacco root endodermis had no relevance to radial nitrate transport and accumulation. However, ABA enhances suberization, relating to ABA biosynthesis genes in the CCD family and degradation gene ABA8ox1.

Effects of Fire Regime on Nitrogen Distribution in Marshlands of the Sanjiang Plain (NE China)

Effects of Fire Regime on Nitrogen Distribution in Marshlands of the Sanjiang Plain (NE China)

Kinetics of Iron Nitride Layer Growth during the Nitriding of AISI 1085 Non-Alloy Steel and AISI 52100 Alloy Steel.

This paper presents a comparison of two-component ammonia-based inlet atmospheres diluted with either hydrogen (NH3/H2) or nitrogen (NH3/N2). Taking advantage of the features of inlet atmospheres diluted with nitrogen and hydrogen, four two-stage processes were designed and carried out, which were juxtaposed with two single-stage processes carried out only in an NH3 atmosphere. A common parameter of the processes carried out was the same value of nitrogen availability in each process stage. The gas nitriding process was carried out on ASIS 1085 non-alloy steel and ASIS 52100 alloy steel. It was found that the chemical composition of the steels studied, for the adopted nitriding process parameters, did not affect the kinetics of the growth in the mass of nitrided samples as a function of the nitriding time. However, the additions of alloying elements present in the steels studied significantly affected the nitrogen distribution between the resulting iron nitride layer and the diffusion zone in the nitrided substrate. Because of the presence of chromium in AISI 52100 steel, a larger mass of nitrogen accumulated in the nitriding zone in the solution compared with unalloyed AISI 1085 steel. As a result, with the same increase in the mass of nitrided steel, a thicker layer of iron nitrides formed on AISI 1085 steel than on AISI 52100 steel.

Influence of Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature on Nitrogen Transport and Reaction in Point Bars of River

Point bars are crucial elements of river systems, significantly enhancing the nitrogen cycle in riparian zones by facilitating hyporheic exchange between surface water and riparian zones. This study investigated the impact of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and temperature on nitrogen transport and reactions in river point bars. A two-dimensional coupled surface water–groundwater model was developed to analyze nitrogen distribution, variations, and reaction rates in rivers with point bars. The model considered three chemical reactions controlling nitrogen transformation: aerobic respiration, nitrification, and denitrification, with DO and temperature as independent variables. The results indicated that DO variations have a limited effect on solute migration depth, whereas increased temperature reduces solute migration depth. At surface water DO concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mol/m3, nitrate removal in the riparian zone was 0.022, 0.0064, and 0.0019 mol/m, respectively. At riparian temperatures of 5 °C, 15 °C, and 25 °C, nitrate removal was 0.012, 0.041, and 0.16 mol/m, respectively. Nitrogen removal is more sensitive to temperature variations than to changes in DO concentration. In this research, the decrease in DO concentrations and the temperature increase greatly enhanced the riparian zone’s denitrification effect. This study improves our understanding of how riparian zones impact nitrogen cycling under various environmental conditions.

Plant growth and nitrate absorption and assimilation of two sweet potato cultivars with different N tolerances in response to nitrate supply

In sweet potato, rational nitrogen (N) assimilation and distribution are conducive to inhibiting vine overgrowth. Nitrate (NO3-) is the main N form absorbed by roots, and cultivar is an important factor affecting N utilization. Herein, a hydroponic experiment was conducted that included four NO3- concentrations of 0 (N0), 4 (N1), 8 (N2) and 16 (N3) mmol L-1 with two cultivars of Jishu26 (J26, N-sensitive) and Xushu32 (X32, N-tolerant). For J26, with increasing NO3- concentrations, the root length and root surface area significantly decreased. However, no significant differences were observed in these parameters for X32. Higher NO3- concentrations upregulated the expression levels of the genes that encode nitrate reductase (NR2), nitrite reductase (NiR2) and nitrate transporter (NRT1.1) in roots for both cultivars. The trends in the activities of NR and NiR were subject to regulation of NR2 and NiR2 transcription, respectively. For both cultivars, N2 increased the N accumulated in leaves, growth points and roots. For J26, N3 further increased the N accumulation in these organs. Under higher NO3- nutrition, compared with X32, J26 exhibited higher expression levels of the NiR2, NR2 and NRT1.1 genes, a higher influx NO3- rate in roots, and higher activities of NR and NiR in leaves and roots. Conclusively, the regulated effects of NO3- supplies on root growth and NO3- utilization were more significant for J26. Under high NO3- conditions, J26 exhibited higher capacities of NO3- absorption and distributed more N in leaves and in growth points, which may contribute to higher growth potential in shoots and more easily cause vine overgrowth.

The Effects of Land Use and Landform Transformation on the Vertical Distribution of Soil Nitrogen in Small Catchments

The diversity of land use and consolidation is fundamental to ensuring sustainable development. However, the impact of diverse land uses and consolidation on the well-known shallow accumulation pattern of soil nitrogen (N) remains unclear. This existence of this knowledge gap severely constrains the sustainable production of newly created farmland. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of land use and gully land transformation on the vertical distribution of soil N in agricultural and nature catchments. Methodologically, soil nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured to a depth of 100 cm in the hillslope forestland, grassland and gully cropland areas of the treated (gully landform reshaping) and untreated (natural gully) catchments on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The results indicated that soil N in the hillslope forestland and grassland exhibited a shallow accumulation pattern, while the vertical distribution of soil N in the gully cropland areas displayed a homogeneous, random or deep accumulation pattern. In the hillslope areas, vegetable cover was the dominant factor controlling N variation in the topsoil. In contrast, in the gully areas, the interaction of landform transformation and hydrology was the primary factor influencing the distribution of soil N. In the treated catchment, soil NO3− exhibited a significant deep accumulation pattern in the newly created farmland through gully landform reshaping. In the untreated catchment, soil NH4+ showed a significant deep accumulation pattern in the undisturbed natural gully. This study provides valuable insights into how land use and gully landform transformation affect the soil N profile. This information is crucial for the sustainable development and scientific management of valley agriculture at the catchment scale.

Distribusi Nitrogen pada Budidaya Ikan Koi (Cyprinus Rubrosfuscus) dalam Sistem Vertiqua Menggunakan Biofikal Filter Atas

Vertiqua is an innovation in vertical cultivation on limited land and water. Vertiqua continues to be developed to be effective in cultivating fish. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of nitrogen distribution in vertiqua using biofical top filters. The analysis used is quantitative analysis by calculating and testing the data that has been collected. Total nitrogen feed input, total nitrogen wasted, and percentage of nitrogen absorption were calculated using existing formulas. Comparative testing using the T – test on the Mini Tab application was carried out to test the effectiveness of nitrogen absorption. The research results showed that nitrogen absorption in the vertiqua using the top biofical filter was effective, ranging from 198,12 – 200,89 mg/l. Nitrogen absorption in the vertiqua without using a biofical top filter ranges from 42,75 – 43,35 mg/l. The distribution value of effective nitrogen absorption in vertiqua using the top biofical filter is shown by a P value <0,05. Vertiqua with a biofical top filter is also able to reduce nitrogen levels so that fish survival is good.

Impact of fertilization depth on sunflower yield and nitrogen utilization: a perspective on soil nutrient and root system compatibility.

The depth of fertilizer application significantly influences soil nitrate concentration (SNC), sunflower root length density (RLD), sunflower nitrogen uptake (SNU), and yield. However, current studies cannot precisely capture subtle nutrient variations between soil layers and their complex relationships with root growth. They also struggle to assess the impact of different fertilizer application depths on sunflower root development and distribution as well as their response to the spatial and temporal distribution of nutrients. The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model was employed to explore the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen distribution in the soil at three controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) placement depths: 5, 15, and 25 cm. This study investigated the characteristics of the root system regarding nitrogen absorption and utilization and analyzed their correlation with sunflower yield formation. Furthermore, this study introduced the modified Jaccard index (considering the compatibility between soil nitrate and root length density) to analyze soil-root interactions, providing a deeper insight into how changes in CRF placement depth affect crop growth and nitrogen uptake efficiency. The results indicated that a fertilization depth of 15 cm improved the modified Jaccard index by 6.60% and 7.34% compared to 5 cm and 25 cm depths, respectively, maximizing sunflower yield (an increase of 9.44%) and nitrogen absorption rate (an increase of 5.40%). This depth promoted a greater Root Length Density (RLD), with an increases of 11.95% and 16.42% compared those at 5 cm and 25 cm, respectively, enhancing deeper root growth and improving nitrogen uptake. In contrast, shallow fertilization led to higher nitrate concentrations in the topsoil, whereas deeper fertilization increased the nitrate concentrations in the deeper soil layers. These results provide valuable insights for precision agriculture and sustainable soil management, highlighting the importance of optimizing root nitrogen absorption through tailored fertilization strategies to enhance crop production efficiency and minimize environmental impact.

4D-STEM and Eels Analysis of Complex C-Based Sensor Architectures

Transforming high-carbon precursors into open-porous carbon foams and coatings via thermal processes is gaining attention as a sustainable method for various applications, including catalysis, energy utilization, and sensing [1]. In this research, we adopt a one-step laser patterning approach to selectively pyrolyze doctor-bladed ink coatings on flexible PET substrates, thereby producing highly porous, intricately designed CO2 sensor structures with a thickness of about 50 µm. Our ink formulation includes glucose as a pore-forming agent and adenine as a nitrogen source to enhance sensing capabilities. Laser processing in an oxygen-rich setting results in flexible, highly porous sensor heterostructures characterized by distinct areas enriched with nitrogen and oxygen functionalities. The laser intensity’s attenuation with depth leads to the development of a distinctly porous graphitic surface layer (serving as the electrical transducer layer) and a denser nitrogen-enriched lower sensor layer, linked by a narrow transitional region [2]. To understand the formation and functionality of these sensors, we conducted an in-depth TEM analysis of cross-sections of the complete device, prepared through ultramicrotomy cross-sectioning. STEM-EELS elemental distribution maps distinctly show the chemical composition differences between the upper and lower layers of the sensor. Principal component analysis was utilized to separate the complex sensor structures into their constituent crystalline and amorphous carbon and nitrogen-containing phases. 4D-STEM analysis exposed the arrangement of the crystalline graphitic phase and the orientation of graphite basal planes adjacent to the pores of the open-porous sensor. Analyzing these structural parameters is essential for understanding the electrical performance of the sensor, as depicted in Figure 1 [3]. Figure 1: A (top)) SEM micrograph of sensor embedded in epoxy, (bottom) depth-dependent thermal laser intensity attenuation; B (left)) HA ADF-STEM micrograph showing different sensor layers, (middle) STEM-EELS nitrogen distribution map, (right) PCA bond analysis, C) HRTEM images of sensor from transducer (top) and sensor (bottom) layers with SAED image of respective ROIs (inset); D) 4D-STEM analysis depicting misalignment angle between graphitic carbon basal plane normal relative to the pore surface normalReferences[1] M. Hepp, et al. npj Flexible Electronics 6, 1-9 (2022)[2] H. Wang, et al. Advanced Functional Materials 32, 2207406 (2022)[3] C. Ophus, et al. Microscopy and Microanalysis 28, 390-403 (2022) Acknowledgements: We acknowledge use of the DFG-funded Micro-and Nanoanalytics Facility (MNaF) at the University of Siegen (INST 221/131-1). Figure 1

Climate Change and Nitrogen Dynamics: Challenges and Strategies for a Sustainable Future

Global warming driven by climate change has profound impacts on nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The increased emissions of greenhouse gases alter the distribution and availability of nitrogen, which is a critical nutrient for all living organisms. This review examines the connections between climate change and nitrogen cycling, highlighting the adverse effects on ecosystem health and productivity. The proliferation of nitrogen pollution due to agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and urban wastewater aggravates eutrophication, leading to significant environmental and economic consequences. The imbalance in nitrogen availability not only affects plant growth and soil fertility but also disrupts aquatic ecosystems, resulting in harmful algal blooms and hypoxic conditions. Effective mitigation and adaptation strategies are essential to addressing these challenges. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming and the use of slow-release fertilizers, along with robust policies and innovative technologies, like biochar application and nitrification inhibitors, are essential in managing nitrogen levels. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that involve integrating insights from ecology, agronomy, and the social sciences to develop comprehensive solutions. Future research should focus on long-term studies to assess the cumulative impacts of climatic changes on nitrogen availability and ecosystem health to guide policies and management practices for sustainable development.

Mineral Composition, Nitrogen Distribution of Goat’s Milk Produced under Algerian Steppe Condition across Lactation Stage

Abstract Goat milk constitutes a well-priced source of minerals and proteins for a large rural population, particularly those living in the mountains and whose access to state-subsidized milk is very limited. This study aims at assessing the mineral composition and nitrogen distribution of goat milk produced by the Algerian Arabia breed and estimating how lactation stage affects these elements. Thirteen individual Arabia goat milks were collected and analyzed three times during the lactation period (early, mid, and late). Minerals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and nitrogen fractions using the Kjeldahl method. The findings of the research showed that casein, whey, and milk protein content had respective mean values of 2.95, 0.74, and 3.54 g 100 ml−1, respectively. The highest levels of minerals were found for calcium (537 μg ml−1), and sodium (336 μg ml−1). The average trace mineral concentration was between 1.78 μg ml−1 (Fe) and 0.007 μg ml−1 (Cs). Heavy metal concentrations were assessed to be 0.057 μg ml−1 for Pb and 0.009 μg ml−1 for Cd. An important effect of stage of lactation (p < 0.05) was observed on only K, Fe, and Na mineral components, whereas nitrogen distribution was not affected. As the lactation period progressed, the variation of these components was not constant and fluctuated across lactation stages.