Nitrogen Content Of Grain Research Articles

Influence of Nitrogen Levels and Microbial Inoculation on Growth, Yield and Straw of Direct Seeded Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Rice, a staple cereal, serves as the primary food for almost 50% of the world¢s population. Nitrogen is the predominant mineral element found in crops and serves as the primary constraint on Rice production. Direct-seeded rice cultivation has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional transplanting method. The goal is to provide insights that may be used to build sustainable agricultural methods that are specifically designed for Basmati rice production. Methods: This study aim to evaluate the effect of different N application levels (M1: 0 kg ha-1, M2: 40 kg ha-1 and M3: 60 kg ha-1) options as first factor with four microbial inoculation treatments (S1-Control, S2-Azosprillum (618g/ha) + Streptomyces’s (618g/ha), S3- Consortium (1235 g/ha) and S4-AMF (1235 g/ha). The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications. Result: The study revealed that the maximum yield and yield attributes viz. plant height (116.47 cm), effective tillers ( 354.13 m2),leaf area index (2.64), no. of grains per panicle(84.17), length of panicle (24.66 cm), no. of filled grains per panicle (125.0), grain yield (54.30 q ha-1), straw yield ( 80.42 q ha-1), biological yield (134.72 q ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (24.64 g), maximum protein content (%) in grains (8.73%), straw (5.78%) was recorded in M3S2 i.e. 60 kg N ha-1 with azosprillum (618 g/ha) + streptomyces's (618 g/ha) significantly highest compared to other nitrogen levels and microbial inoculation treatments. Hence, the application of N @ 60 kg ha-1 along with azosprillum (618 g/ha)+Streptomyces¢s (618 g/ha) can be suggested to achieve higher rice grain yield, yield attributes and nitrogen content in grain and straw in DSR.

Effect of Tillage Practices and Fertilization Levels on Nutrient Uptake and Content in Grain and Straw of Wheat under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

The present investigation was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, CSAUAT, during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out into Split plot design with three replicates. The parameters were observed plant viz. nitrogen content in grain and straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain and straw (kg ha-1), phosphorus content in grain and straw (%), phosphorus uptake in grain and straw (kg ha-1), potassium content in grain and straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain and straw (kg ha-1). Basis on the pooled data the results of study revealed that in case of tillage practices maximum nitrogen content in grain and straw (1.80 and 0.53%), Nitrogen uptake in grain and straw (93.34 and 36.26 kg ha-1). Phosphorus content in grain and straw (0.31 and 0.20%) Phosphorus uptake in grain and straw (16.23 and 13.80 kg ha-1), Potassium content in grain and straw (0.42 and 1.38%), Potassium uptake in grain and straw (22.15 and 93.88 kg ha-1) respectively was reported in conventional tillage whereas in case of various fertility levels maximum nitrogen content in grain and straw (1.83 and 0.59%), Nitrogen uptake in grain and straw (100.31 and 35.06 kg ha-1). Phosphorus content in grain and straw (0.35 and 0.25%) Phosphorus uptake in grain and straw (18.16 and 16.63 kg ha-1) respectively, Potassium content in grain and straw (0.45 and 1.41%), Potassium uptake in grain and straw (24.97 and 101.03 kg ha-1) respectively with the application of 125% RDF+ tebunconzole.

Winter wheat crop production and its quality when using complex fertilizers

The purpose of the current study was to estimate the effect of mineral and complex fertilizers with macro- and microelements, methods, and methods of their application upon productivity and individual quality elements of crop products when cultivating winter wheat in the conditions of the North-West of the Russian Federation. The study was carried out on the experimental plots of the FSBSI FRC LK OP Pskov Research Institute of Agriculture in 2020–2021. The objects of the study were the winter wheat variety ‘Skipetr’, mineral and complex fertilizers. The main application of mineral fertilizers (N40P50K70) provided favorable conditions for plant nutrition from the beginning of a vegetation period. The use of complex fertilizers for crops helped eliminate the deficiency in nutrients in the following phases of development. The trials have established a positive effect of mineral and liquid complex fertilizers on winter wheat productivity improvement (from 0,32 to 0,96 t/ha according to the trial variants); on the nitrogen content in grain (by 9–13 %) with a stable level of phosphorus and potassium; on crude protein yield per unit area (from 1.5 to 44.8 kg/ha) with the yields of main and by-products; on the formation of more filled grain (by 0.5–2.6 g) with an increase in the mass fraction of raw gluten. The use of complex fertilizers ‘Kodafol’ and ‘Strada N’ during the vegetation period made it possible to obtain the greatest increase in a number of indicators. An estimation of the agronomic efficiency of the studied agricultural practices has shown that the greatest return on 1 kg of NPK in terms of productivity increase was achieved in the trial variants treated with ‘Kodafol’ (against the background of mineral nutrition N40P50K70) and ‘Strada N’ (against the background of N40P50K70+N20) with 4.7–6.7 and 4.8–6.8 kg of grain, respectively.

Investigation of differential 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice

Fragrant rice is popular globally due to its desirable grain quality and strong fragrance. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is believed to be one of the key aromatic compounds found in fragrant rice. The present study investigated the differential 2AP concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice. Results showed that inferior spikelets produced higher aroma than superior spikelets, but opposite trend was observed in grain yield. A significant positive correlation was observed between grain yield and contribution ratio to yield, number of grains/m2, filled number of grains/m2, percentage of filled grains, and total nitrogen content in grains. Besides, 2AP content at different panicle positions showed a significant negative relationship with contribution ratio to yield but a significant positive correlation with moisture content. The findings demonstrated that it was feasible to improve fragrance and maintain grain yield by reducing the difference between superior and inferior spikelets during grain filling period. The results of the study revealed fragrance in grains in relation to superior and inferior spikelets in fragrant rice panicles.

Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Soil Properties and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production

An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm, Shri Durga Ji Post Graduate College, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh during winter session of 2019-20. Among nitrogen content in grain and total uptake of nitrogen were significantly affected by 05 treatments and highest with T1-(Recommended dose of nitrogen through inorganic source (120 Kg) urea) recommended dose of N through inorganic source and significantly superior over T2 recommended dose of N through organic source. The availability of N was not significantly influenced by various treatments.

INOCULAÇÃO ANTECIPADA DE SOJA ON FARM COM USO DE INSUMOS BIOLÓGICOS COMERCIAIS E O PACOTE QUÍMICO DA BASF

The objective was to analyse a agronomic traits and production components in soybean grown in Pindorama, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2018/19 season, submitted to different treatments of seeds with inoculants of unlike concentrations of bacteria associated or not with the use of a protector in others periods before sowing, together with BASFs chemical technology package. The tested treatments were: T1 – control; T2 – chemical nitrogen fertilization; T3 - standard comercial inoculant applied on the day of sowing; T4, T5 and T6 – commercial inoculant with the highest conceentration of Bradyrhizobium associated with the use of a protector applied respectively at 0,7 and 14 days before sowing. In R8, plant height and insertion height of the first pod were evaluated, lodging (Lo); tousand grain mass (TGM); number of pods (NP); average number of grains per pod (NAGP); grain yield (GY) and total nitrogen content in grains (NG). From the results obtained it was verified that for Lo and NAGP no significant diferences were noticed between the tested treatments. As for TGM, it is noted that treat ments T2, T3, T4 and T5 did not differ form each other and were statistically superior to control T1 and T6. In Terms of GY, the T4 stood out for its higher productivity with 2860 kg ha-1. It is not worthy that T3 and T5 obtained means statistically similar to the same with respectively 2695 and 2690 kg ha-1. Under these conditions, the use of the T4 treatment can e recommended and as a second option to the soybean grower if the is unable to carry out the seed treatment on the day of sowing, the T5, that is, inoculated within 7 days before sowing.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

During the Rabi season of 2018-19, a field experiment was undertaken at Vivekananda Global University's Research Farm in Jaipur to investigate the "Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." The experiment followed a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisting of nine treatment combinations viz., 100% RDF (T1), 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T2), 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3), 75% RDF (T4), 75% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T5), 75% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T6), 50% RDF (T7), 50% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (T8) and 50% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T9) were applied to the barley var. RD-2035. The experimental results demonstrated that several integrated nutrient treatments greatly boosted barley growth, yield characteristics and yield, quality, and economics. With the application of 100% RDF + vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T3), the maximum plant height at 60 DAS and 90 DAS, total number of tillers at 60 DAS and 90 DAS, effective number of tillers, ear length, number of grains ear-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and nitrogen content in grain and straw of barley were obtained. However, the application of 100% RDF yielded the significantly largest net returns and B: C ratio of barley (T1).

ЖАСЫМЫҚТЫҢ «VICEROY» СОРТЫНЫҢ АЗОТ ТЫҢАЙТҚЫШТАРЫН ЕНГІЗУГЕ ЖАУАП ҚАЙТАРУЫ

The article presents the results of a three-year (2018-2020) study on the biological characteristics of the lentils’ variety “Viceroy”, its relationship to the conditions of nitrogen nutrition and responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizers in the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. According to the results of field and laboratory studies, a high correlation was revealed between the productivity of lentils and the nitrogen content of nitrates in the soil (R=0.93; R=0.85), the optimal level of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-40 cm soil layer – 13-15 mg N-NO3 for the Viceroy variety was determined. At this nitrogen level, the highest yield was formed – 27.6 c/ha. Studies have shown that the main reason for the formation of high yields was a change in structural components, namely, the number of pods (from 35.8 to 50.6 pieces) attached to the plant and the weight of seeds (from 1.5 to 2.1 g) from one plant. According to experience, the difference in the average weight of 1000 seeds was obvious in 2018 (39.7 g), in 2019 (33.2 g), in 2020 (32.0 g), however, there were no changes in fertilized variants. With an increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizers, the nitrogen content in grain increased by 3.45-4.16%, protein by 19.3-23.3%. Bringing the nitrogen content in the soil to the optimal level will allow you to form the maximum possible yield of lentils of the "Viceroy" variety in the prevailing weather conditions.

Effect of Biofertilizers on Nutrient Uptake by Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Agri-horti System in Vindhyan Region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh

A field investigation was carried out in Factorial Randomized Block Design during autumn 2018 at agricultural farm, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur (RGSC), Banaras Hindu University (U.P.) to investigate the impact of fertiliser and biofertilizer on the nutrient uptake by the green gram (V. radiata L.) plant and grain under guava (P. guvajava L.) trees. The twelve year old guava orchard was established in August 2006 with spacing of 7m x 7m. Seven fertilizer combination viz., control, Rhizobium culture, press mud, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, Rhizobium culture + fertilizer, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria + fertilizer and press mud + fertilizer were applied. Among them application of press mud + fertilizer performed better by recording highest nitrogen content in grain (3.75), nitrogen content in grain (1.50), removal of nitrogen in grain (33.09) Removal of nitrogen in straw (33.03) and phosphorus content in grain (0.41) phosphorus content in straw (0.30), phosphorus uptake in grain (3.62), phosphorus uptake in straw (5.61), and found significantly superior to rest of the treatments.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Microbiological and Chemical Properties of Soils under Wheat and Oilseed Rape Cultivation

The size of the microbial biomass and the activity of soil enzymes are among the most sensitive indicators of agricultural land quality. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variability of microbial biomass, the activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) enzyme and the concentration of micro- (Na, Mg and Ca) and macroelements (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) in the soil, collected from 37 measurement sites (depth 0–30 cm) in a 40-hectare field during two growing seasons (wheat and oilseed rape). The percentage of nitrogen (%N) in the wheat grain and rapeseeds was also determined. Mapping the spatial distribution of the microbial biomass, the level of DHA activity and the concentration of the selected elements was used to assess the soil productivity. All tested soil parameters exhibited temporal and spatial variability. The creation of raster maps showing the distribution of the tested parameters allowed the observation of a higher nitrogen content in wheat grains in the south-western part of the field, with high values of DHA activity, bacterial biomass and soil pH. In the case of oilseed rape, plants grown in the northern part of the field were characterized by a higher nitrogen content in the grain, where the soil was characterized by a higher content of fungal biomass. On the basis of the obtained research results, a positive, statistically significant correlation was also shown between the biomass of bacteria and the level of DHA in the soil under the cultivation of both wheat and rape. The cultivation of both crops had a significant impact on the size of the microbial biomass pool and on the DHA activity level but did not affect the concentration of the nutrients in the soil. High concentrations of the analyzed elements at the measuring points correlated with a greater %N content in the grain/seeds of the crops harvested at those locations in the field. The results conclude that the mapping of the physicochemical parameters, microbial biomass and activity on the field permits the development of an effective strategy for maintaining sustainable soil productivity through the appropriate management of agricultural practices and the better approximation of mineral fertilization.

Estimating maize harvest index and nitrogen concentrations in grain and residue using globally available data

Reliable estimates of crop nitrogen (N) uptake and offtake are critical in estimating N balances, N use efficiencies and potential losses to the environment. Calculation of crop N uptake and offtake requires estimates of yield of crop product (e.g. grain or beans) and crop residues (e.g. straw or stover) and the N concentration of both components. Yields of crop products are often reasonably well known, but those of crop residues are not. While the harvest index (HI) can be used to interpolate the quantity of crop residue from available data on crop product yields, harvest indices are known to vary across locations, as do N concentrations of residues and crop products. The increasing availability of crop data and advanced statistical and machine learning methods present us with an opportunity to move towards more locally relevant estimates of crop harvest index and N concentrations using more readily available data. The aim of this study was to investigate whether improved estimates of maize crop HI and N concentrations of crop products and crop residues can be based on crop data available at the global scale, such as crop yield, fertilizer application rates and estimates of yield potential. Experiments from 1487 different locations conducted across 31 countries were used to test various prediction models. Predictions from mixed-effects models and random forest machine learning models provided reasonable levels of prediction accuracy (R 2 of between 0.33 and 0.68), with the random forest method having greater accuracy. Although the mixed-effects prediction models had lower prediction accuracy than random forest, they did provide better interpretability. Selection of which method to use will depend on the objective of the user. Here, the random forest and mixed-effects methods were applied to N in maize, but could equally be applied to other crops and other nutrients, if data becomes available. This will enable obtaining more locally relevant estimates of crop nutrient offtake to improve estimates of nutrient balances and nutrient use efficiency at national, regional or global levels, as part of strategies towards more sustainable nutrient management. • Predictions of crop nitrogen (N) removal at national to sub-national scales will improve global nutrient budgeting. • Maize harvest index (HI), crop product N concentration (CPN) and crop residue N concentrations (CRN) were analyzed. • Predictor variables included crop product yield, fertilizer nitrogen application rates and yield potential. • Random forest (RF) models had greater prediction accuracy of HI, CPN and CRN compared with mixed-effects (ME) models. • Both methods could predict HI, CPN and CRN, but ME models were easier to interpret and extrapolate than RF models.

Remote Sensing Prescription for Rice Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Based on Improved NFOA Model

Precise fertilization of rice depends on the timely and effective acquisition of fertilizer application recommended by prescription maps in large-scale cropland, which can provide fertilization spatial information reference. In this paper, the prescription map was discussed based on the improved nitrogen fertilizer optimization algorithm (NFOA), using satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, and supplemented by meteorological data. Based on the principles of NFOA, firstly, remote sensing data and meteorological data were collected from 2019 to 2021 to construct a prediction model for the potential yield of rice based on the in-season estimated yield index (INSEY). Secondly, based on remote sensing vegetation indices (VIs) and spectral features of bands, the grain nitrogen content (GNC) prediction model constructed using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was used to improve the values of GNC taken in the NFOA. The nitrogen demand for rice was calculated according to the improved NFOA. Finally, the nitrogen fertilizer application recommended prescription map of rice in large-scale cropland was generated based on UAV multispectral images, and the economic cost-effectiveness of the prescription map was analyzed. The analysis results showed that the potential yield prediction model of rice based on the improved INSEY had a high fitting accuracy (R2 = 0.62). The accuracy of GNC estimated with the RF algorithm reached 96.3% (RMSE = 0.07). The study shows that, compared with the non-directional and non-quantitative conventional tracking of N fertilizer, the recommended prescription map based on the improved NFOA algorithm in large-scale cropland can provide accurate information for crop N fertilizer variable tracking and provide effective positive references for the economic benefits of rice and ecological benefits of the field environment.

How Does the Environment Affect Wheat Yield and Protein Content Response to Drought? A Meta-Analysis.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most significant cereal crops grown in the semi-arid and temperate regions of the world, but few studies comprehensively explore how the environment affects wheat yield and protein content response to drought by means of meta-analysis. Therefore, we collected data about grain yield (GY), grain protein yield (GPY), grain protein content (GPC), and grain nitrogen content (GNC), and conducted a meta-analysis on 48 previously published data sets that originate from 15 countries. Our results showed that drought significantly decreased GY and GPY by 57.32 and 46.04%, but significantly increased GPC and GNC by 9.38 and 9.27%, respectively. The responses of wheat GY and GNC to drought were mainly related to the drought type, while the GPY was mainly related to the precipitation. The yield reduction due to continuous drought stress (CD, 83.60%) was significantly greater than that of terminal drought stress (TD, 26.43%). The relationship between the precipitation and GPY increased in accordance with linear functions, and this negative drought effect was completely eliminated when the precipitation was more than 513 mm. Sandy soils and high nitrogen application level significantly mitigated the negative effects of drought, but was not the main factor affecting the drought response of wheat. Compared with spring wheat, the drought resistance effect of winter wheat was more obvious. Evaluation of these models can improve our quantitative understanding of drought on wheat yield and food security, minimizing the negative impact of drought on crop production.

Сортова специфіка потреб пшениці озимої в елементах живлення в умовах нестійкого зволоження

Goal. To identify the peculiarities of the accumulation of nutrients in the productive part of plants of new varieties of winter wheat in years with different hydrothermal conditions after the restoration of vegetation. Methods. On typical chornozems of varietal testing grounds after the restoration of spring vegetation in 2018 – 2020, the supply of NPK, Zn, Mn, and Cu to winter wheat plants of 4 varieties of national standards and 8 varieties of selection of EU countries was studied. Results. Among the varieties of foreign selection, the highest nitrogen content in grain for the entire period of research was in the variety Arktis (2.34%), among domestic varieties — Bunchuk (2.18%), the lowest — in the varieties Manditsa (1.62%) and Smuglianka (1.83%). The variety Rozkishna is relatively undemanding to phosphorus and potassium, the variety Bodichek — to potassium, regardless of growing conditions. A variable consumption response was also fixed. Under favorable moisture conditions, the plants of the variety Annitsa increased the accumulation of RK, the variety Arktis — of P. The variety Dariya has a constant high need for Zn and Mn, but a variable need for Cu, while the variety Matrix — a constant low need for Zn and Mn. Recommendations were developed for increasing or decreasing the rates of application of NPK, fertilizers, and microelements for each studied variety of foreign selection concerning the norms of fertilization of national standards. Conclusions. Varieties with signs of constant increased or decreased accumulation of nutrients, as well as varieties that change the concentration of NPK and trace elements in the final product in years with arid and favorable weather conditions of spring vegetation were identified. It is proposed to test the nutrition of new varieties of wheat during variety testing to further adjustment of the rates of fertilizer application.

Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Growth Regulators on Nutrient Concentration and Uptake of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2016-17 entitled “Effect of nitrogen and plant growth regulators on nutrient concentration and uptake of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. sprague)” at Agronomy farm, Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, Jobner in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. The experiment comprising of total twenty treatment combinations consisting four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and five levels of plant growth regulators (control, NAA 50 ppm at 40 day after sowing, NAA 50 ppm at 40 and 60 day after sowing, thiourea 500 ppm at 40 day after sowing, thiourea 500 ppm at 40 and 60 day after sowing) laid out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice. The results showed that application of nitrogen up to 30 kg ha-1 significantly higher nitrogen concentration in grain and straw over control. However, total nitrogen uptake was significantly increased with application of 60 kg N ha-1 over lower levels, but remained at par with 90 kg N ha-1. Foliar application of plant growth regulators significantly increased nitrogen concentration in grain, straw and total nitrogen uptake of ajwain over control.

Impact of climate change on wheat yield and quality in the Yellow River Basin under RCP8.5 during 2020–2050

Studying the impact of future climate change on the yield and quality of wheat in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is both essential for rationalizing the utilization of climate resources and ensuring national food security. In this study, we employed corrected refined meteorological grid data (30 km × 30 km) generated by the Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting model under RCP8.5, coupled with the DSSAT–CERES–Wheat model to predict the impact of climate change on wheat phenology, yield, and grain nitrogen content (GNC) in the YRB from 2020 to 2050. According to the type of wheat variety and planting management in the YRB, we designed five wheat ecological regions (I–V). The results show that from 2020 to 2050, the agro-meteorological resource, involving temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation, would have an overall increasing trend during the wheat growth seasons in the YRB. The growth period of wheat was generally shortened by approximately 8 d, including 6 d less from sowing to anthesis, and 2 d less from anthesis to maturity. In general, the predicted wheat yield showed a decreasing trend in the YRB, with an average reduction of 0.19% over the period from 2020 to 2050 compared with the baseline period from 1975 to 2005, and the spatial variation in wheat yield change was considerably large. In the future, the Qing‒Zang Spring Wheat region (V) in the western part of the YRB would be the only region with a yield increase of 35.4%, whereas the Northern Spring Wheat region (I) in the northern part of the YRB would be the region exhibiting the greatest decrease of 9.9%. Moreover, compared with the baseline, the GNC would increase by an average of 2.3% in the YRB, with a significant increase in the southern and central parts during 2020–2050. The GNC increase in the Huang‒Huai Winter Wheat region (III) was the highest with a 12.5% increment, but the Qing‒Zang Spring Wheat region (V) is the only region where GNC would decline, with an average decrease of 18.9%. This study implies that wheat yield and GNC have a negative correlation constraint. In general, winter wheat yield is less affected by future climate change, and the GNC of winter wheat would increase more than that of spring wheat in the YRB. Tapping the potential pathway for the balance of yield and GNC improvements under future climate change needs more exploration in the future. For instance, appropriate adjustment of the irrigation and fertilizer schedules and regimes could be considered and recommended to ensure the simultaneous improvement of wheat yield and quality in the YRB.

The impact of mineral fertilizers on the consumption of mineral elements and the Siberian-bred oat grain

This paper presents the findings of long-term field experiments to study the influence of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on the technological and agrochemical features of Siberian-bred oat. The studies were performed in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals on leached chernozem. We have studied the varieties of cultivated oat of local selection: Talisman, Foma and Otrada on a natural soil preparation (control) and while applying fertilizers, in doses calculated to obtain the planned yield from 3.0 to 6.0 t/ha. It has been revealed that modern varieties of oat have genetic features for the assimilation of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers. It affects the content of protein, fat and starch in the grain. Accounting for the totality of indicators of the chemical composition, the Foma variety was distinguished. Its grain on fertilized variants contains: protein 10.8-15.3; fat - 3.0-3.6; starch - 33.0-45.7%. The use of mineral fertilizers results in an increase in the nitrogen content in grain and straw, and potassium - only in straw. The biological removal of nutrients depended on the level of mineral nutrition and the variety, giving ground for the development of a varietal system of fertilizers for oat in Western Siberia.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЯЧМЕНЯ

In this study we analyzed the influence of the pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds with the biological preparat Rizoagrin and the micronutrient fertilizer Tenso Cocktail against the background of the mineral fertilizer diammofosk on the germination of seeds, the quality of the grain yield and biomass of barley straw, the structure of the crop, the chemical composition of grain and straw under the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan on gray forest soil. It was found that the use of Rhizoagrin and Tenso Cocktail in combination with diammophos increases the grain yield up to 4.05 t / ha, which is 117 % more than the control. We noted an increase in the productivity of plants, the number of ears, grain per ear and the weight of 1000 grains in relation to the control in the same variant. The fourth option has the highest indicators in terms of nitrogen content in grain and straw – by 5.40 and 8.62% more than in the control. In the second variant, the nitrogen content in the grain is 3.24 % higher than the control, and in the straw – by 5.17 %. In the third variant, the nitrogen content in grain and straw is 2.70 and 6.89 % higher than the control. In terms of the phosphorus content in grain and straw, the increase in the third and fourth variants is at the same level – 3.06 and 5.26 % in relation to the control. The second option does not have an increase in the phosphorus content. There was a decrease in the content of potassium in grain and straw in all variants compared to the control. In the fourth variant, the potassium content in grain is lower than the control by 8.45 %, in straw – by 5.69 %. In the second variant, the potassium content in the grain is lower in comparison with the control by 4.22 %, in the third variant – by 1.40 %. In straw, the potassium content in the second and third variants is reduced by 1.62 %.

The Effect of Increased Ozone Levels on the Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Signature of Wheat Cultivars and Landraces

Several studies have highlighted the negative effects of ozone (O3) on wheat development and productivity. The negative effects of O3 are mediated by changes in photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, which are difficult and time-consuming to assess and are thus only measured sporadically throughout the plant cycle. Stable isotope measurements in grains can help integrate the effects of chronic O3 exposure over the lifespan of the plant. This particular study focuses on the extent to which the stomatal conductance and productivity of Mediterranean wheat are related to carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures under chronic O3 exposure. An open top chamber experiment was designed to analyse the effects of the pollutant on 12 Spanish wheat genotypes, which included modern cultivars, old cultivars and landraces. Four O3 treatments were considered. Stomatal conductance (gs) measurements were carried out during anthesis, and yield and nitrogen content parameters were taken at maturity, along with the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition measured in grains. Modern and old cultivars responded similarly to O3 and were sensitive to the pollutant regarding yield parameters and gs, while landraces were more O3-tolerant. Grain δ13C had a strong negative correlation with grain yield and stomatal conductance across genotypes and O3 conditions, and increased under higher O3 concentrations, showing its capacity to integrate O3 stress throughout the wheat cycle. Meanwhile, a higher nitrogen concentration in grains, coupled with smaller grains, led to an overall decreased grain nitrogen yield under higher O3 concentrations. This nitrogen concentration effect within the grain differed among genotypes bred at different ages, following their respective O3-sensitivity. δ15N showed a possible indirect effect of O3 on nitrogen redistribution, particularly under the highest O3 concentration. The correlations of δ15N and δ13C to the usual effects of ozone on the plant suggest their potential as indicators of chronic ozone exposure.

THE EFFECT OF MOWING DATES AND DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS ON YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2014/2015 in one of the fields of Abi Gharq district, located 10 km west of the Babylon governorate. The randomized complete block design was used under split-plots arrangement with three replications. The main plots were included levels of nitrogen fertilizer (without fertilizer, 50, 100, 150 N, 200, 250 kg). while the sub-plots were included (without a mower, a mower after 45 days, a mower after 65 days, a mower after 85 days) after planting, The data were taken and analyzed according to the used design and the averages were tested according to the LSD test, and the results were summarized as follows: The date of mowing C1 (mower after 45 days of planting) was significantly higher by giving the highest average for the degree of fallowness and the index of harvest, and the percentage of nitrogen in the green fodder was 3.647, 37.63% and 1.837%, respectively. Treatment C0 (without mower) outperformed significantly by giving it the highest average of biological yield, grain yield and nitrogen percentage in grains, as it gave 15,114 tons. H-1 and 5.73 tons. H-1 and 1.242%, respectively The fertilizer level N5 (250 kg N. H-1) gave the highest average of the degree of lying, biological yield, grain yield, nitrogen percentage in green fodder and nitrogen content in grains, as it gave 3.854% and 7.571 tons. H-1 and 6.20 tons. % And 1.397%, respectively, We conclude from the results of the study that lack of without cutting to a significant increase in the degree of resting, biological yield and grain yield, and we conclude that the high levels of nitrogen led to a significant increase in the degree of lying, biological yield, grain yield, and the proportion of nitrogen in green fodder and grains