Nitrogen Compounds Research Articles

Assessing Sugarcane Molasses’ Bioactive Compound Content upon Ultrasound-Assisted Hydroethanolic Extraction at Various pH Values

As widely generated by-products with significant bioactive compound content, sugarcane molasses exhibits high potential for valorization. For the purpose of bioactive compound extraction from sugarcane molasses, ultrasound-assisted extraction with various hydroethanolic solvents (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% ethanol) at different pH values (4.11, 5.11, 6.11, and 7.11) was examined. In the obtained sugarcane molasses extracts, the content of total phenolics, monomeric anthocyanins, total flavonoids, total tannins, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) was estimated alongside the determination of molasses’ major components through GC-MS analysis Based on the GC-MS analysis of molasses, sugars and nitrogenous compounds emerged as the most abundant compounds classes. Hydroethanolic solvent of 2.5% at pH 6.11 exhibited the most prominent extraction power regarding total phenolics (22074.98 µg GAE mL−1) and total flavonoids (245.42 µg QE mL−1). Furthermore, extraction with 2.5% hydroethanolic solvent at pH 5.11 displayed the highest total tannins (1177.85 µg CE mL−1). The behavior of monomeric anthocyanins in ultrasound-assisted extraction with hydroethanolic solvent was slightly different, where 2.5% hydroethanolic solvent extracted the highest amount at pH 4.11 (11.1 µg CGE mL−1) and 7.11 (10.68 µg CGE mL−1). The results of the DPPH assay indicated that extracts obtained using 2.5% hydroethanolic solvent at pH 4.11 (68.35%) and pH 5.11 (68.10%) evinced the highest neutralization power against DPPH free radicals. In conclusion, 2.5% ultrasound-assisted hydroethanolic solvent and pH 4.11-6.11 were the most suitable for extracting bioactive compounds from sugarcane molasses.

Studying the anti-inflammatory activity of a series of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and comparison of the obtained data with the results of quantum chemical calculations

Studying the anti-inflammatory activity of a series of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and comparison of the obtained data with the results of quantum chemical calculations

Nitrogenative Degradation of Polystyrene Waste.

Owing to massive production and poor end-of-life management, plastic waste pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental crises. In response to the mounting crisis, the past several decades have witnessed the development of numerous methods and technologies for plastic recycling. However, most of the current recycling technologies often produce low-quality or low-value products, making it difficult to recover the operating costs. To this end, we report a novel preoxygenation-induced strategy for the nitrogenative degradation of real-life polystyrene plastics into high-value aromatic nitrogen compounds in a cost-effective manner. Thus, expensive and highly demanding benzonitrile as well as benzamide were obtained in up to 74% overall isolated yield from polystyrene waste by using CuBr as the catalyst, O2 as the oxidant, and CH3CN as the nitrogen source. Detailed mechanistic investigations indicate that hydroxyl radicals from O2 activation play a role in this selective aerobic degradation process. Furthermore, multiple reaction pathways contribute to the formation of benzonitrile and benzamide.

Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Using Carbon Catalysts.

Carbon catalysts have shown promise as an alternative to the currently available energy-intensive approaches for nitrogen fixation (NF) to urea, NH3, or related nitrogenous compounds. The primary challenges for NF are the natural inertia of nitrogenous molecules and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Recently, carbon-based materials have made significant progress due to their tunable electronic structure and ease of defect formation. These properties significantly enhance electrocatalytic and photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) activity. While transition metal-based catalysts have solved the kinetic constraints to activate nitrogen bonds via the donation-back-π approach, there is a problem: the d-orbital electrons of these transition metal atoms tend to generate H-metal bonds, inadvertently amplifying unwanted HER. Because of this, a timely review of defective carbon-based electrocatalysts for NF is imperative. Such a review will succinctly capture recent developments in both experimental and theoretical fields. It will delve into multiple defective engineering approaches to advance the development of ideal carbon-based electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. Furthermore, this review will carefully explore the natural correlation between the structure of these defective carbon-based electrocatalysts and photocatalysts and their NF activity. Finally, novel carbon-based catalysts are introduced to obtain more efficient performance of NF, paving the way for a sustainable future.

Response and roles of algal organic matter under copper stress: Spectral and mass spectrometry analysis.

Eutrophication leads to various environmental issues, including pollution caused by the production of algal organic matter (AOM). Algae typically respond to environmental changes (e.g., light, temperature, copper [Cu(II)] concentration and pH) by regulating the production and release of different substances, thereby causing unpredictable effects on water quality. We explored the characteristics of AOM and the response mechanisms of algae under Cu(II) stress in the study, using fluorescence spectrum and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis. The growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was inhibited under Cu(II) stress which was irreversible at Cu(II) concentration≥2μmol/L. Tryptophan- and humic-like fluorophores were important constituents of extracellular organic matter (EOM), and their contents increased with the addition of Cu(II), indicating that Cu(II) stimulates the production of tryptophan- and humic-like compounds. In addition, fulvic acid-like compounds in EOM were the main components binding to Cu(II) and were overproduced by algae under Cu(II) stress. It was found by HRMS at the molecular level that the formula numbers of EOM generally increased over inhibition time. Under 1μmol/L Cu(II) stress, nitrogenous compounds (CHON formulae) were the primary AOM, accounting for 37.3-52.0%. In addition, algae release a large amount of condensed aromatic structures to balance Cu(II) stress. This study provides a molecular-level analysis to explain the variation trends and response mechanisms of algae under various Cu(II) concentrations. The research methods are helpful for utilizing multiple advanced analysis methods to study algae growth and AOM release.

Electro-bioremediation of wastewater: Transitioning the focus on pure cultures to elucidate the missing mechanistic insights upon electro-assisted biodegradation of exemplary pollutants.

Electro-bioremediation of exemplary water pollutants such as nitrogenous, phosphorous, and sulphurous compounds, hydrocarbons, metals and azo dyes has already been studied at a macro-scale level using mixed cultures. The technology has been generally established as a proof of concept at the technology readiness level (TRL) of 3, and there are already specific cases where the technology reached TRL 5. However, this technology is less utilized compared to traditional approaches. Although, mixed cultures result in high electro-biodegradation efficiency, their use hinders process' mechanistic insights which are better determined through pure cultures studies. This knowledge can lead to improved technologies. Therefore, this manuscript focuses on the specific pollutants' electro-biodegradation by pure cultures, assessing the availability of information regarding genes, enzymes, proteins and metabolites involved. Furthermore, studies characterizing the dominant genera or species are assessed, in which the available information at molecular level is evaluated. In total, less than 40 studies were found which were predominantly focused on the electro-biodegradation potential rather than the mechanistic insights. This highlights a gap in the field featuring a motivation to transitioning the focus on the study of pure cultures to unravel the mechanistic insights. Therefore, specific actions are suggested. Characterization of the mixed cultures followed by microorganisms' isolation is crucial. Thus, electroactive and biodegradation characteristics will be revealed using omics, genome annotation and transcriptional kinetics. This can lead to optimization at the microbiological level through genetic engineering, synthetic biology, mathematical modelling and strategic building of co-cultures. This research focus offers new avenues for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Simultaneous biodegradation and mechanism of ammonia nitrogen and aniline compounds from landfill leachate by the engineered aerobic denitrification Rhodococcus erythropolis

Simultaneous biodegradation and mechanism of ammonia nitrogen and aniline compounds from landfill leachate by the engineered aerobic denitrification Rhodococcus erythropolis

Optimization based process modeling of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor system: Application to swine wastewater

To maintain current levels of consumption in the economy with the dwindling supply of non-renewable material and energy, alternative resource streams more traditionally viewed as waste streams must be considered. Fermentation of high-strength wastewaters is one such pathway that allows for the recovery of energy, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon compounds. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) are an emerging technology that allow for the digestion of wastewater in a much smaller footprint than traditional anaerobic digesters. Adoption of this technology into industry has been limited by membrane capital and cleaning costs, but these costs may be offset through the recovery of valuable products. To evaluate the viability of AnMBR technology in the context of swine wastewater treatment, an optimization-based process model built upon Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) has been developed. Modeling results show that a swine wastewater stream provides potential for net positive energy generation from the AnMBR system in most cases. Sensitivity analyses around important variables were conducted to determine focus areas for future research into AnMBR technology and evaluate the robustness of the model to microbial variables that may change with different microbial communities.

Efeito do ferro e cobre na emergência e fisiologia de Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC

ABSTRACT Plants require iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) at low concentrations for metabolic functions; however, excess soil Fe and Cu can cause toxicity and affect plant development. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soil Cu and Fe concentrations on seedling emergence, as well as on the metabolism of the main reserve compounds and the biomass in roots, stems, leaves, and cotyledons of Canavalia ensiformis. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design; the Cu and Fe treatments in the soil were: (control, 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg dm-3) over a period of 10 days. Seedling emergence was not affected by the evaluated treatments; however, the results showed an increase in the emergence speed index (EVI) for the Fe treatment at a dose of 150 mg dm-3 of soil compared to 350 mg dm-3 of soil. Treatment with Cu at a dose of 350 mg dm-3 of soil reduced root length. Cu treatments reduced root dry mass. Fe treatments affected the content of soluble amino acids in the stems, leaves and cotyledons, as well as the total soluble proteins in the cotyledons and the carbohydrate content in the leaves. Cu treatments increased protein and carbohydrate content in leaves and starch content in cotyledons. High concentrations of Cu and Fe modify the production of nitrogenous compounds in the plant and reduce root biomass.

Two decades of bacterial ecology and evolution in a freshwater lake.

Ecology and evolution are considered distinct processes that interact on contemporary time scales in microbiomes. Here, to observe these processes in a natural system, we collected a two-decade, 471-metagenome time series from Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA). We assembled 2,855 species-representative genomes and found that genomic change was common and frequent. By tracking strain composition via single nucleotide variants, we identified cyclical seasonal patterns in 80% and decadal shifts in 20% of species. In the dominant freshwater family Nanopelagicaceae, environmental extremes coincided with shifts in strain composition and positive selection of amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism genes. These genes identify organic nitrogen compounds as potential drivers of freshwater responses to global change. Seasonal and long-term strain dynamics could be regarded as ecological processes or, equivalently, as evolutionary change. Rather than as distinct interacting processes, we propose a conceptualization of ecology and evolution as a continuum to better describe change in microbial communities.

Effect of salinity on nitrogen removal performance, enzymatic activity and metabolic pathway of Chlorella pyrenoidosa treating aquaculture wastewater.

The nitrogen removal performance, enzymatic activity, antioxidant response and metabolic pathway of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) under different salinities have been investigated during the treatment of aquaculture wastewater. The growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity of C. pyrenoidosa were negatively correlated with the salinity from 1% to 3%. The removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen compounds for C. pyrenoidosa decreased with the increase of salinity from 1% to 3%, which was due to the decrease of their corresponding metabolism enzymatic activities. The equilibrium between the reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defensive system in C. pyrenoidosa was destroyed under high salinity stress and then caused an irreversible damage, which decreased the nitrogen assimilation of C. pyrenoidosa. The metabolic pathway of C. pyrenoidosa under 3% salinity had some obvious variation by comparison with 1% salinity, which led to the discrepancy in the microalgae activity and nitrogen transformation performance. Additionally, high salinity could inhibit the expression of gene associated with the chlorophyll synthesis and damaged the photosystem II reaction center. This study can provide an insight into the effect of salinity on the nitrogen removal from aquaculture wastewater by microalgae.

Utilizing Raman spectroscopy for urinalysis to diagnose acute kidney injury stages in cardiac surgery patients

Background The successful treatment and improvement of acute kidney injury (AKI) depend on early-stage diagnosis. However, no study has differentiated between the three stages of AKI and non-AKI patients following heart surgery. This study will fill this gap in the literature and help to improve kidney disease management in the future. Methods In this study, we applied Raman spectroscopy (RS) to uncover unique urine biomarkers distinguishing heart surgery patients with and without AKI. Given the amplified risk of renal complications post-cardiac surgery, this approach is of paramount importance. Further, we employed the partial least squares-support vector machine (PLS-SVM) model to distinguish between all three stages of AKI and non-AKI patients. Results We noted significant metabolic disparities among the groups. Each AKI stage presented a distinct metabolic profile: stage 1 had elevated uric acid and reduced creatinine levels; stage 2 demonstrated increased tryptophan and nitrogenous compounds with diminished uric acid; stage 3 displayed the highest neopterin and the lowest creatinine levels. We utilized the PLS-SVM model for discriminant analysis, achieving over 90% identification rate in distinguishing AKI patients, encompassing all stages, from non-AKI subjects. Conclusions This study characterizes the incidence and risk factors for AKI after cardiac surgery. The unique spectral information garnered from this study can also pave the way for developing an in vivo RS method to detect and monitor AKI effectively.

Nutrient content in tissues of Groenlandia densa, Myriophyllum spicatum and Zannichellia palustris: an attempt to understand the intercompartmental relationships in a small stream in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco

Research has long focused on the relative importance of leaves and roots as sources of nutrient supply for macrophytes, as well as the function each stream compartment plays in their growth and development. This study aims to expand the debate on aquatic ecology and to better understand the connection between compartments in aquatic systems by highlighting the relationship observed in rivers between nutrients in macrophytes tissues, water, and sediments. We measured the concentrations of P-PO4, N-NO3 and N-NH4 in three different compartments of the Amengous stream in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. Myriophyllum spicatum (L.), Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. and Zannichellia palustris (L.) were selected as plant species. Our results show that even if the species coexist in the same habitat, they respond differently to nutrient richness. G. densa has a higher nutrient accumulation capacity than M. spicatum and Z. palustris and prefers the water compartment as a nutrient source. Although M. spicatum can accumulate phosphate compounds from water and sediment, ammonium is not its preferred nitrogen source. Z. palustris shows a tendency to accumulate nitrogen compounds through the roots, while it prefers the assimilation of phosphorus compounds through the leaves rather than the roots.

Simultaneous removal of heavy metals and inorganic nitrogen by using the biofilm of Marichromatium gracile YL28.

Heavy metal and nitrogen contaminations are serious concerns in aquatic environments. Marichromatium gracile YL28, a marine purple sulfur bacterium, has shown great potential as a bioremediation agent for removing inorganic nitrogen from marine water. This study further investigated its ability to simultaneously absorb heavy metals, including Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI), and remove inorganic nitrogen. The contributions of photopigment and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the YL28 biofilm to heavy metal adsorption and tolerance were also evaluated. The YL28 biofilm demonstrated higher adsorption efficiencies for heavy metal ions than planktonic cells. A high level of EPS was detected in the biofilm. The effects of four heavy metal on the inhibition of photopigment synthesis showed that high concentrations of Cu(II) greatly inhibited the production of BChl a and Car. The adsorption efficiencies of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI) in the YL28 biofilm reactor reached 86.59%, 72.94%, 80.06%, and 95.95%, respectively. Elevated concentrations of heavy metal ions only marginally impeded ammonia nitrogen removal; they impacted neither nitrite and nitrate removals nor hindered the simultaneous elimination of three inorganic nitrogen compounds. Coupled with their ability to remove inorganic nitrogen, the high adsorption capacity and tolerance of YL28 biofilms toward heavy metal suggest a promising solution for mitigating metal pollutants.

Nutritional niches of potentially endemic, facultatively anaerobic heterotrophs from an isolated Antarctic terrestrial hydrothermal refugium elucidated through metagenomics

BackgroundTramway Ridge, a geothermal Antarctic Specially Protected Area (elevation 3340 m) located near the summit of Mount Erebus, is home to a unique community composed of cosmopolitan surface-associated micro-organisms and abundant, poorly understood subsurface-associated microorganisms. Here, we use shotgun metagenomics to compare the functional capabilities of this community to those found elsewhere on Earth and to infer in situ diversity and metabolic capabilities of abundant subsurface taxa.ResultsWe found that the functional potential in this community is most similar to that found in terrestrial hydrothermal environments (hot springs, sediments) and that the two dominant organisms in the subsurface carry high rates of in situ diversity which was taken as evidence of potential endemicity. They were found to be facultative anaerobic heterotrophs that likely share a pool of nitrogenous organic compounds while specializing in different carbon compounds.ConclusionsMetagenomic insights have provided a detailed understanding of the microbe-based ecosystem found in geothermally heated fumaroles at Tramway Ridge. This approach enabled us to compare Tramway Ridge with other microbial systems, identify potentially endemic taxa and elucidate the key metabolic pathways that may enable specific organisms to dominate the ecosystem.

Unlocking higher methane yields and digestate nitrogen availability in soil through thermal treatment of feedstocks in a two-step anaerobic digestion

BackgroundThere is an increasing interest in using lignocellulosic feedstocks for biogas production. Treatment of these feedstocks prior to anaerobic digestion (AD) can enhance their accessibility to microorganisms involved in the process. To improve the digestion of recalcitrant feedstocks and boost biogas yields, many biogas plants now employ two-step AD systems, extending substrate residence times. However, the combined effect of feedstock treatment and two-step AD on methane yield and fertiliser value of digestates are underexplored. This study, therefore, evaluated the effectiveness of thermal treatment (TT) of pre-digested agricultural feedstocks before a secondary AD step on the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of digestates following application to soil. It also investigated the effects of TT on methane yields. Pre-digested feedstock (PDF) was treated at three different temperatures (70 °C, 120 °C and 180 °C) for 60 min, followed by parallel secondary AD steps using lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR) and a batch test. Thermally treated feedstocks with and without a secondary AD step were applied to soil to study C and N dynamics and turnover for 2 months.ResultsTT at 180 °C increased ultimate CH4 yields by 7.2%; however, it decreased the net mineral N release in soil from 42 to 34% (of N input). Adding a secondary AD step increased the net mineral N release in soil from an average of 39% to 47% (of N input), with the effect of TT levelling off. Moreover, the secondary AD step significantly reduced C mineralisation rates from an average of 37% to 26% (of C applied).ConclusionsOverall, TT at 120–180 °C can improve biogas yields of recalcitrant feedstocks, but it may lead to the formation of refractory nitrogen compounds resistant to further degradation during AD, potentially resulting in a lower N fertiliser value of digestates.Graphical

Diverse microbiome functions, limited temporal variation and substantial genomic conservation within sedimentary and granite rock deep underground research laboratories

BackgroundUnderground research laboratories (URLs) provide a window on the deep biosphere and enable investigation of potential microbial impacts on nuclear waste, CO2 and H2 stored in the subsurface. We carried out the first multi-year study of groundwater microbiomes sampled from defined intervals between 140 and 400 m below the surface of the Horonobe and Mizunami URLs, Japan.ResultsWe reconstructed draft genomes for > 90% of all organisms detected over a four year period. The Horonobe and Mizunami microbiomes are dissimilar, likely because the Mizunami URL is hosted in granitic rock and the Horonobe URL in sedimentary rock. Despite this, hydrogen metabolism, rubisco-based CO2 fixation, reduction of nitrogen compounds and sulfate reduction are well represented functions in microbiomes from both URLs, although methane metabolism is more prevalent at the organic- and CO2-rich Horonobe URL. High fluid flow zones and proximity to subsurface tunnels select for candidate phyla radiation bacteria in the Mizunami URL. We detected near-identical genotypes for approximately one third of all genomically defined organisms at multiple depths within the Horonobe URL. This cannot be explained by inactivity, as in situ growth was detected for some bacteria, albeit at slow rates. Given the current low hydraulic conductivity and groundwater compositional heterogeneity, ongoing inter-site strain dispersal seems unlikely. Alternatively, the Horonobe URL microbiome homogeneity may be explained by higher groundwater mobility during the last glacial period. Genotypically-defined species closely related to those detected in the URLs were identified in three other subsurface environments in the USA. Thus, dispersal rates between widely separated underground sites may be fast enough relative to mutation rates to have precluded substantial divergence in species composition. Species overlaps between subsurface locations on different continents constrain expectations regarding the scale of global subsurface biodiversity.ConclusionsOur analyses reveal microbiome stability in the sedimentary rocks and surprising microbial community compositional and genotypic overlap over sites separated by hundreds of meters of rock, potentially explained by dispersal via slow groundwater flow or during a prior hydrological regime. Overall, microbiome and geochemical stability over the study period has important implications for underground storage applications.

DEPOSITION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS BY SNOW COVER IN THE ROADSIDE SPACE

The microzone of chemical pollution is crucial for the level of environmental safety of road operation and their interaction with the environment – the transfer of pollutants generated by the combustion of fuels in engines and substances used in road maintenance by air and water. The chemical composition of exhaust gases entering the lower atmosphere in the human breathing zone is dangerous not only for human health but also for the formation of greenhouse gases. The environmental hazard of nitrogen compound emissions is caused by the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere and nitrogen deposition in ecosystems. Roadside snow cover is an extremely informative substrate for monitoring the level and characteristics of roadside pollution by motor vehicle emissions. It adsorbs emission components, which are identified in melted snow as nitrogen compounds – nitrates and ammonium ion, particles in the form of suspended solids, hydrocarbons in the form of petroleum products. These contaminants form an environmental hazard of surface wastewater generated on the roadside for soils and natural water bodies. The aim of the study is to experimentally determine the contamination of snow in the roadside area of urban and suburban roads by the main environmentally hazardous pollutants of exhaust gases immobilized in the snow cover: particles (suspended solids), hydrocarbons (petroleum products), and nitrogen compounds. An experimental study of the contamination of the snow cover in the roadside area with priority pollutants (ammonium, nitrates, suspended particles, petroleum products) from vehicle emissions was carried out. It was found that in the process of exposure of the snow cover, the concentration of all studied pollutants in it increased steadily compared to the content in atmospheric snow. With increasing distance from urban and suburban roads, snow contamination with suspended solids and petroleum products was negatively correlated. This demonstrates the level of anthropogenic load created by motor vehicle traffic in the studied areas. The concentration of nitrogen-containing compounds – ammonium nitrogen and nitrates – had a positive correlation and increased with increasing distance from the road. Thus, on the studied road sections, there was a simultaneous emission of ammonium nitrogen and nitrogen oxides, which creates a particularly dangerous environmental situation in urban areas due to the formation of PM2.5.

Effectiveness of Differentiating Mold Levels in Soybeans with Electronic Nose Detection Technology.

This study employed electronic nose technology to assess the mold levels in soybeans, conducting analyses on artificially inoculated soybeans with five strains of fungi and distinguishing them from naturally moldy soybeans. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to evaluate inoculated and naturally moldy samples. The results revealed that the most influential sensor was W2W, which is sensitive to organic sulfur compounds, followed by W1W (primarily responsive to inorganic sulfur compounds), W5S (sensitive to small molecular nitrogen oxides), W1S (responsive to short-chain alkanes such as methane), and W2S (sensitive to alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones). These findings highlight that variations in volatile substances among the moldy soybean samples were predominantly attributed to organic sulfur compounds, with significant distinctions noted in inorganic sulfur, nitrogen compounds, short-chain alkanes, and alcohols/ethers/aldehydes/ketones. The results of the PCA and LDA analyses indicated that while both methods demonstrated moderate effectiveness in distinguishing between different dominant fungal inoculations and naturally moldy soybeans, they were more successful in differentiating various levels of moldiness, achieving a discriminative accuracy rate of 82.72% in LDA. Overall, the findings suggest that electronic nose detection technology can effectively identify mold levels in soybeans.

High-Pressure and High-Temperature Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of Novel Group 14 Element Nitrogen Compounds

High-Pressure and High-Temperature Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of Novel Group 14 Element Nitrogen Compounds