Nitrofurazone Research Articles

Efficient detection for Nitrofurazone based on novel Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 fluorescent probe

In the paper, a novel fluorescent probe based on Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized by loading Ag2S quantum dots (Ag2S QDs) on the surface of g-C3N4 through in-situ synthesis method and developed to detect Nitrofurazone (NFZ) sensitively. The results showed that the linear detection range of Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 to NFZ was 0–30 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.054 μM. The results of time-fluorescence-resolved spectroscopy and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy exhibited that the possible detection mechanism of Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 to NFZ was proposed to be Internal Filtration Effect (IFE). Moreover, Multiwfn wavefunction analysis was employed to uncover the possible interaction between the Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 and NFZ, thereby further revealing the fluorescence detection mechanism from the scale of atoms. Combining experiments and theoretical calculations, we proposed the sensing mechanism of the formation of non-fluorescent ground state complex linked by hydrogen bonds. This work indicated that the Ag2S QDs/g-C3N4 composite processed the ability to detect NFZ efficiently and sensitively.

Water-stable europium(III) and terbium(III)-metal organic frameworks as fluorescent sensors to detect ions, antibiotics and pesticides in aqueous solutions

The reliable, convenient and rapid detection methods for various environmental pollutants using fluorescent sensors had attracted great attention. Herein, we reported the assembly and characterizations of two new fluorescent 3D lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), namely [Eu(PMBB)1.5(H2O)2] (Eu-MOF) and [Tb(PMBB)1.5(H2O)2] (Tb-MOF) (H2PMBB = 4,4′-((1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(oxy))dibenzoic acid). The fluorescent sensing results reveal that the two MOFs exhibit effective sensitivity toward Fe3+, Cr2O72−, cefixime (CFX), nitrofurazone (NFZ), imidacloprid (IMI) and nitenpyram (NTP) in aqueous medium. Notably, the Tb-MOF is more sensitive toward MnO4− than Eu-MOF due to the enhanced fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. This work provides the example for more effective designs to employ Ln-MOFs as fluorescent sensors for detection of environmental pollutants in aqueous solution.

A novel covalent organic framework with multiple adsorption sites for removal of Hg2+ and sensitive detection of nitrofural

It is urgent to control serious drug pollution and heavy metal ion pollution. Covalent organic framework (COF) is becoming a promising material for the removal of heavy metal ion and adsorption of organic small molecule because of the designed functional sites, ordered pore channel, high specific surface area and abundant π electrons. Herein, 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbohydrazide (BTH) was used to design a stable yet efficient beta-ketoenamine COF (COFTFP-BTH) adsorbent, which would provide multiple adsorption sites of Hg2+ by dense acylhydrazine. The maximum adsorption capacity of COFTFP-BTH toward Hg2+ achieved 909 mg g−1, coinciding with Langmuir adsorption and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model, with the h value as high as 71.43 mg g−1 min−1. COFTFP-BTH was also grown on NH2-carbon nanotubes (CNT) to form a novel COFTFP-BTH@NH2-CNT composite for sensitive detection of nitrofural (NF). The NF sensor based on COFTFP-BTH@NH2-CNT showed a low detection limit (3.2 nM) and a wide linear range (9.6 nM-100 μM). The excellent performances were also attributed to the ordered channels of COFTFP-BTH exposing more adsorption sites of Hg2+ and NF, as well as the good stability of beta-ketoenamine COFTFP-BTH.

Dual-functional UiO-type metal-organic frameworks for the sensitive sensing and effective removal of nitrofurans from water

Herein, a dual-functional platform for simultaneous detection and removal of Nitrofurans (NFs), a class of widely used antibiotics, from aqueous solution is developed on the basis of water-stable luminescent UiO-Type Metal-Organic Frameworks (Zr-fcu-sti). Specifically, Zr-fcu-sti responds to NFs at parts per billion (ppb) levels based on the efficient luminescence quenching and is one of the most sensitive luminescent MOF-based sensing materials. The efficient luminescence quenching can be explained by a combined effect of the strong absorption of NFs at the excitation wavelength and the photo-induced electron transfer process from the ligand of Zr-fcu-sti to NFs. In addition, NFs can obviously cause the red shift of the probe's maximum emission, which can be used as an indicator for the qualitative detection of NFs, clearly distinguishing them from other types of antibiotics. Meanwhile, its suitable pore size, large surface areas and the widely distributed hydrogen bonding sites on pore surfaces endow the MOF with excellent uptake capacity toward NFs in aqueous environment. These results show that, as a water-stable dual-functional material with great application prospects, Zr-fcu-sti can achieve high-sensitivity fluorescence sensing and efficient adsorption of NFs from water.

A multi-functional Cd(II)-based coordination polymer for the highly sensitive detection of nitrofurazone and photocatalytic efficiency of Rhodamine B

A new Cd(II)-based metal–organic framework, namely {[Cd(H3L)(bb)(μ2-H2O)]·H2O}n (1) (H5L = 3,5-bis(3,4-dicarboxylphenoxy)benzoic acid and bb = 4,4′-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl), was hydrothermally prepared. 1 tackled effectively photocatalytic capacity to defeat the dye Rhodamine B (Rh B). Furthermore, The sensing experiments indicated that the 1 displayed sensitive and selective sensing against nitrofurazone (NFZ) with limit of detection (LOD) of 1.34 ppm and Ksv value of 1.33 × 103 M−1. The plausible mechanism worked by 1 for the catalytic degradation toward Rh B was conducted and suggested by the LC-MS studies.

Analysis of metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics in animal-derived food by UPLC-MS/MS

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was used for the simultaneous detection of four metabolites of nitrofuran (NF) antibiotics in eight animal-derived foods, namely porcine muscle, chicken, fish, duck, pork liver, crab, shrimp, and egg. Briefly, the sample was first acid-hydrolysed, derivatised, and extracted by ethyl acetate. The extract was then analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Later, sample pre-treatment and UPLC-MS/MS conditions were optimised. The results showed that the method had good linearity over the range of 0.5~50 μg·kg-1. The average recoveries were 80.3~119.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were < 8.1 and < 10.9% for intra-assay and inter-assay precision, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM), 5-morpholino-3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ), and 1-amino-hydantoin (AHD) were 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, and 0.4~0.5 μg·kg-1, respectively, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) for AOZ, SEM, AMOZ, and AHD were 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.8~1.0 μg·kg-1, respectively. The proposed method was used to detect NF residues in 100 animal-derived food samples and quality control samples. The results were close to those detected by the China national standard method GB/T 20752-2006, and the results of quality control samples were within the detectable ranges. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the detection of NF residues in different kinds of animal-derived foods.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antimicrobial potential and chemosensing of a mutagenic drug nitrofurazone in real samples

Mutagenic drugs (e.g. nitrofurazone) introduce highly toxic pollutants in the environment, thus establishing simple and economical assay for their strict monitoring is significantly important at trace levels. In the present study, Tasmanian flax-lily dried leaves aqueous extract was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (D-AgNPs) using biogenic reduction method. Synthesized D-AgNPs served as green sensor for mutagenic drug nitrofurazone (NFZ) demonstrating excellent selectivity and sensitivity in environmental, clinical and poultry samples with excellent recovery rates (up to 100%). Typical SPR peak at 450 nm along with spectroscopy (UV–visible/ FTIR), electron microscopy (SEM/EDS/ TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques established the synthesis and mechanism of interaction. The limit of detection and quantification were found to be 2.71 and 8.22 nM, respectively. Devoid of any cellular toxicity and higher stability the synthesized nanoparticles offered very potent antimicrobial, antibiofilm and biofilm eradicating activities, suggest promising potential application in different fields of environmental, clinical and food sciences.

Nitrofurazone repurposing towards design and synthesis of novel apoptotic-dependent anticancer and antimicrobial agents: Biological evaluation, kinetic studies and molecular modeling

Drug repurposing has gained much attention as a cost-effective strategy that plays an exquisite role in identifying undescribed biological activities in clinical drugs. In the present work, we report the repurposing of the antibacterial drug nitrofurazone (NFZ) as a potential anticancer agent against CaCo-2, MDA-MB 231 and HepG-2 cancer cell lines. Novel series of nitrofurazone analogs were then designed considering the important pharmacologic features present in NFZ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the target compounds revealed their promising anticancer activities endowed with antimicrobial potential and possessing better lipophilicity than NFZ. Compound 7, exclusively, inhibited the growth of all tested cancer cells more potently than NFZ with the least cytotoxicity against normal cells, displaying anti Gram-positive bacterial activities and antifungal potential. Analysis of the stereo-electronic properties of compound 7 via investigating the energies of HOMO, LUMO, HOMO-LUMO energy gap and MEP maps demonstrated its high reactivity and the expected molecular mechanism of action through reduction of the 5-nitrofuryl moiety. Data of the bioactivity studies indicated that the potent anticancer activity of 7 is mainly through increasing intracellular ROS levels and induction of apoptosis via significantly down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 while up-regulating BAX, p53 and caspase 3 expression levels. Compound 7 potently inhibited the cellular expression levels of antioxidant enzymes GPx1 and GR compared to NFZ. Antioxidant enzymes kinetic studies and blind molecular docking simulations disclosed the mechanistic and structural aspects of the interaction between 7 and both GR and GPx1. Thus, the successful discovery of 7 as a potential dual anticancer-antimicrobial nitrofurazone analog might validate the applicability of drug repurposing strategy in unravelling the unrecognized bioactivity of the present conventional drugs, besides furnishing the way towards more optimization and development studies.

Luminescent Eu-Coordination Polymer: Selective Detection of Nitrofuran Antibiotic and Treatment Activity on Pain After Radiotherapy Mice with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

A novel europium coordination polymer (Eu-CP) was generated with the aid of Eu(NO3)3·6H2O with the presence of 3,3′-((5-carboxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy))dibenzoic acid (H3cpboda) under the solvothermal condition. The structural analysis results show that the prepared Eu-CP shows a 2D layered network based on the [Eu2(R-COO)4] units, and its network features a (3,6)-connected topology. The luminescent studies reveal that the prepared Eu-CP reveals strong red emission, excellent dispersion and high stability, which could be further applied to determine the antibiotic nitrofurazone (NFZ) having low limits of detection and strong quenching constants. Furthermore, the application values of the compound on the pain after radiotherapy in lung cancer mice with the non-small cell were assessed, and simultaneously, the detailed mechanism was investigated. The pain threshold of the radiotherapy mice was measured with analgesia experiment (hot plate method). Moreover, the real time RT-PCR was performed and the cholinergic receptor expression levels on presynaptic membrane were determined.

Preparation of novel nanostructured WO3/CuMnO2 p-n heterojunction nanocomposite for photoelectrochemical detection of nitrofurazone

Herein this research, a visible light active tungsten oxide/copper manganate (WO3/CuMnO2) p-n heterojunction nanocomposite was prepared and has been applied for a signal on photoelectrochemical sensing of antibiotic nitrofurazone (NFZ). Firstly, the n-WO3 nanotiles were synthesized from the cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) assisted hydrothermal method and the p-CuMnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using the ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method. The photoelectrochemical NFZ sensing performance of WO3/CuMnO2 nanocomposite was 1.9 times higher than that of as-synthesized pure WO3 nanotiles. The resulting higher photoelectrochemical performance of the nanocomposite is due to more visible light absorption ability and synergy from p-n heterojunction formation. The designed WO3/CuMnO2 nanocomposite sensor gives satisfactory photocurrent signals for the detection of NFZ in the range of 0.015–32 μM with the detection limit (LOD) of 1.19 nM. The practical applicability of the nanocomposite sensor was monitored in pork liver and tap water samples.

Highly sensitive and visualized sensing of nitrofurazone on 2D Tb3+@Zn-AIP ultrathin nanosheets

Ultrathin Tb3+-doped Zinc metal-organic-framework two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets (Tb3+@Zn-AIP-NS, AIP = 5-aminoisophthalic acid) were synthesized by an ultrasonic exfoliation method at room temperature, employing Tb3+@Zn-AIP microrods prepared in advance as the raw material. Experiments revealed that the as-prepared ultrathin Tb3+@Zn-AIP-NS could be dispersed homogeneously in deionized water to obtain a stable sol, and emit the strong characteristic fluorescence of Tb3+ ions. Since the above strong luminescence of Tb3+ ions was quenched by nitrofurazone (NFZ) antibiotic without the interference from other antibiotics, anions, cations and amino acids in aqueous systems, the ultrathin Tb3+@Zn-AIP-NS could be employed as a sensitive probe for visualized fluorescence detection of NFZ with a high Ksv of 4.59 × 105 M−1, a low LOD of 0.24 μM and a quick response time of 20 s. Systematic investigations on the sensing mechanism suggested that the synergistic action between the inner filter effect and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer resulted in the selective detection of NFZ. Moreover, the practical application of the present Tb3+@Zn-AIP-NS sensor was also investigated.

Nitrofurazone Removal from Water Enhanced by Coupling Photocatalysis and Biodegradation.

(1) Background: Environmental contamination with antibiotics is particularly serious because the usual methods used in wastewater treatment plants turn out to be insufficient or ineffective. An interesting idea is to support natural biodegradation processes with physicochemical methods as well as with bioaugmentation with efficient microbial degraders. Hence, the aim of our study is evaluation of the effectiveness of different methods of nitrofurazone (NFZ) degradation: photolysis and photodegradation in the presence of two photocatalysts, the commercial TiO2-P25 and a self-obtained Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2 magnetic photocatalyst. (2) Methods: The chemical nature of the photocatalysis products was investigated using a spectrometric method, and then, they were subjected to biodegradation using the strain Achromobacter xylosoxidans NFZ2. Additionally, the effects of the photodegradation products on bacterial cell surface properties and membranes were studied. (3) Results: Photocatalysis with TiO2-P25 allowed reduction of NFZ by over 90%, demonstrating that this method is twice as effective as photolysis alone. Moreover, the bacterial strain used proved to be effective in the removal of NFZ, as well as its intermediates. (4) Conclusions: The results indicated that photocatalysis alone or coupled with biodegradation with the strain A. xylosoxidans NFZ2 leads to efficient degradation and almost complete mineralization of NFZ.

Voltammetric Generation and Kinetic Stability of Nitro Anion Radical from Nitrofurazone in Ionic Liquids

The nitrofurazone (NF) electrochemical reduction has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in non-aqueous medium using three different ionic liquids (IL): BMImTf2N, BMImBF4 and BMMImTf2N, having a carbon fiber microelectrode as working electrode. In all of them, two reversible cathodic peaks were recorded for NF. Under higher frequency values, only one reversible cathodic peak was registered. The systems reversibility could also be observed by CV, since a reversible redox couple was registered for this reduction. The systems reversibility with product and reagent adsorptions on the electrode surface was confirmed and the electrons number involved in this reduction indicated the nitro-anion radical formation followed by its respective dianion. For the first reduction, the EC mechanism (an electrochemical step followed by a chemical one) was considered for the systems in aprotic medium, in which there was a probable second-order chemical reaction after the charge transfer process, being the kinetic constants calculated following the Olmstead and Nicholson model.

Water-Stable Europium(III) and Terbium(III)–Metal Organic Frameworks as Fluorescent Sensors to Detect Inorganic Ions, Antibiotics and Pesticides in Aqueous Solutions

Development of reliable, convenient and rapid detection methods for environmental pollutants using fluorescent sensors has attracted great attention. Herein, we reported the assembly and characterizations of two new fluorescent 3D lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), namely [Eu(PMBB)1.5(H2O)2] (Eu-MOF) and [Tb(PMBB)1.5(H2O)2] (Tb-MOF) (H2PMBB = 4,4'-((1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(oxy))dibenzoic acid). The structural data veal that both of the structures constructed in 3D network, in view of topology, Eu-MOF is in a bnn net and Tb-MOF is in an mab net. The fluorescent sensing results revealed that the two MOFs exhibit effective sensitivity toward Fe3+, Cr2O72-, cefixime (CFX), nitrofurazone (NFZ), imidacloprid (IMI) and nitenpyram (NTP) in aqueous medium. Notably, the Tb-MOF is more sensitive toward MnO4- in fluorescent quenching tests than Eu-MOF due to the Forstert resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. This work provides the first example to employ MOFs as fluorescent sensors for detection of IMI in aqueous solution.

Synthesis of recyclable 3D LC/h-ZIF-8 by Zn(Ⅱ) containing wastewater for photocatalytic degradation of mixed-dye under UV-Vis irradiation

The treatment process of metal plating wastewater in industry usually exists excessive consumption of chemicals, coproduction of sludge and complex reuse of metal. At present, some available technologies have been designed for effective removal of specific metal ions rather than entire metals ions in effluents. Herein, a novel strategy of treating waste with waste is proposed that using metal plating wastewater containing Zn(Ⅱ) to prepare 3D Luffa cylindrical (LC) / heterogeneous ZIFs (h-ZIF-8) composite (LC/h-ZIF-8) for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants (Nitrofurazone (NFZ), Methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB) and Congo red (CR)) and mixed-dye wastewater. The strategy realized the efficient treatment of electroplating wastewater, expediently reuse of metal ions and removal of organic contaminants. Moreover, investigations of cycling performance indicated the photocatalytic stability and easy separation from water. Furthermore, the spectroscopy and electrochemical are employed to elaborate possible degradation mechanisms, expounding the LC/h-ZIF-8 possess lower recombination rates of carriers and transfer resistance of electron compared with ZIF-8. Therefore, the work proposes a new strategy for the efficient treatment of metal wastewater and achieves the combination of resource recovery and wastewater treatment with the advantages of simple operation and mild conditions.

An ultra-stable Cadmium(II) Coordination Framework Constructed From the new Bi-Functional Ligand and Application as Fluorescent Probe for Acetylacetone and Antibiotics

In the last thirty years, light-emitting metal organic frameworks (MOFs) sensors have attracted immense interest by scientists because these functional coordination materials possess good framework stability and high surface areas, and excellent stability in adsorption, separation, catalysis, etc. These MOFs-based sensors have the broad applications in the national security, surrounding protection and mankind's health. In this work, a new bi-functional ligand H3L (H3L = 4'-(1H-tetrazole-5)-biphenyl-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) simultaneously containing tetrazole and carboxylate groups can be synthesized. Further, the ultra-stable tetrazolium Cadmium (II) MOFs {[Cd2 (μ7-L) (μ3-OH) (H2O)2]·1.3H2O}n (1) has been successfully prepared under the solvo-thermal conditions. In 1, neighboring tetranuclear cadmium (II) building blocks are inter-linked through the bridging tetrazole moieties and aromatic bi-phenyl backbones forming the 3D micro-porous framework. It is interesting that 1 exhibits excellent chemical stability, the coordination framework of 1 can be kept not only in various different solvents but also the water environment with pH varying from 2 to 12 for 24 h. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns have been investigated demonstrating these bulky as-synthesized samples 1 are pure phases. Compared with other coordination polymers, 1 has some other advantages such that 1 possesses good water dispersibility, excellent photo-luminescence emissions and fluorescence stability, which has the potential to be utilized as the excellent chemical sensor. Fluorescent characterization reveals that 1 also can behave highly sensitive and real-time discrimination of acetylacetone (Hacac) with good reusability (high quenching efficiency Ksv for Hacac: 2.5 × 105 M−1) and extremely low detection limit values (For Hacac: 35 μM). On the other hand, 1 can behave highly sensitivity, recyclability and real-time chemical sensing for antibiotics nitrofurazone (NFZ) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) (Ksv for NFZ: 5.9 × 106 M−1 and NFT: 9.0 × 106 M−1) and extremely low detection limit values (For NFZ: 2.2 μM and NFT: 1.4 μM).

A simplified modification to rapidly determine the residues of nitrofurans and their metabolites in aquatic animals by HPLC triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

A simplified method is described for reducing the analysis time of nitrofurans (NFs) and nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs) in the aquatic animals. Most existing HPLC-MS/MS methods are intended only for NFMs and are based on their fast metabolic transformations. We optimized a method for simultaneously detecting major NFs and their metabolites, including nitrovin (NV) that imply use of an optimized buffer solution. The novel method was validated by six different aquatic animal matrices (loach, catfish, shrimp, lobster, scallop, and eel) spiked with the analytes at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0μgkg-1. Recovery rates and %RSDs (relative standard deviations) of 82-97% and 1-8% were observed for NFMs, respectively, with values of 70-96% and 1-8% obtained for furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, and NV, respectively. Linearity was observed in the 0.1-20μgL-1 range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 recorded for all compounds. The developed method is sensitive, accurate, easier to use, and faster than previous methods when applied to real samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that can simultaneously determine NFs and their metabolites, as well as NV, using a single-step extraction process.

Electrodeposition of Silver in a Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent and the Electrochemical Sensing Ability of the Ag-Modified Electrode for Nitrofurazone.

The determination of nitrofurazone (NFZ) has received substantial attention because it is a kind of antibiotic drug. Herein, a rapid and low-cost electrochemical sensor for the analysis of NFZ is reported. The method uses Ag-modified electrodes in which different surfactants, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate, in a ternary choline chloride-urea-glycerol deep eutectic solvent were deposited. The physical properties of the solutions with various surfactants are investigated by a conductivity meter, viscometer, and tensiometer. The morphologies and crystallinity of the Ag-modified electrodes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and CV analyses indicate that the as-prepared Ag-SDS electrode exhibited better performance as a NFZ sensor. The dynamic linear range of NFZ is 0.66-930 μM with a corresponding detection limit of 0.37 μM. The proposed electrochemical sensor was applied to detect NFZ in the aquaculture water sample, and the results showed good recovery in the range from 100.28 to 102.65%.

Improving sensitivity of antimicrobial drug nitrofurazone detection in food and biological samples based on nanostructured anatase-titania sheathed reduced graphene oxide

In this study, we have prepared anatase titanium (IV) oxide warped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TiO2-rGO NC) using ultrasonic methodology. The morphology of the TiO2-rGO NC was studied using FESEM and TEM. In addition, XRD, Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and XPS are used to analyze the crystallinity and chemical composition of the TiO2-rGO NC. We have also investigated the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared NCs with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and different pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV). The TiO2-rGO NC modified electrode shows the lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 62.87 Ω. Next, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with sonochemically prepared TiO2-rGO NC and used to determine the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrofurazone (NTF). Thus, the proposed sensor established the wider covering range (WCR) of 0.01 to 380 µM and an excellent detection limit of 2.28 nM. Finally, the TiO2-rGO NC/GCE was applied to determine the NTF in real samples, including crayfish and human blood serum samples, which acquired good found and recovery values.

Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection with Thermostatic Ultrasound-Assisted Derivatization.

Nitrofuran (NF) is a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used illegally in animal feeding. NF and its metabolites have proven to pose potential risk to human health. To address the current analytical needs to quantify low levels of NF metabolites in animal foods, a sensitive method was developed for simultaneous detection of four NF metabolites in fish products by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD). With 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA) as the derivatizing reagent, the metabolites were hydrolyzed and derivatized under the assistance of thermostatic ultrasound. Compared with the current detection methods, the time of the derivatization reaction has been shortened from 16 to 2 h. The relative coefficient of four NF metabolite derivatives reached more than 0.998, with excellent linear relationship. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of six repeated determinations reached 0.25–0.33 and 0.80–1.10 μg/kg, respectively. For all four NF metabolites, the limit of detection of the method was below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 1.0 μg/kg, which makes it compatible with the EU requirements. The recoveries ranging from 89.8 to 101.9% with relative standard deviation below 6.5% were obtained for all of the NF metabolites. What’s more, this method was successfully applied for the determination of four NF metabolites in the fish products. As a promising approach, this method could also be extended for the quantitation of NF metabolites in aquaculture and poultry products.