Nitrofurazone Research Articles

A new 3D Cd(II)-based metal-organic framework as dual-function luminescent sensor to ions and antibiotic: mechanism and theoretical studies

A new Cd(II) metal-organic framework (Cd-MOF), namely [Cd2(L)(H2O)3·3.4H2O]n (1) (H4L = (3-(2,4-dicarboxylphenyl)-2,6-dicarboxylpyridine)) was effectively produced. 1 shows a new 3D 3,5-connected network with gra topology built by the multi-carboxylate linker through (κ2)-(κ1)-μ2, (κ1)-(κ1)-μ1 and (κ0)-(κ1)-μ1 coordination modes. The sensing results showed that 1 would be a viable possibility for developing luminous sensors to sensitively probe nitrofurazone (NFZ), Fe3+, and CrO42-. The limits of detection (LODs) for Fe3+, CrO42− and NFZ were calculated to be 1.17 × 10-7 M-1, 1.63 × 10-7 M-1 and 7.03 × 10-8M-1, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT), UV-vis spectroscopy, and PXRD research have reinforced the understanding of luminescence sensing mechanisms.

Synthesis and structure of an aqueous stable Cu(II)-based coordination polymer with multifunctional fluorescence sensing property

Advanced methods for both biological and environmental hazardous pollutants are of sustained interest. Herein, a new coordination polymer, namely, [Cu2(OH)(1,2,4-bca)(bmoe)]·H2O (Cu-CP) has been hydrothermally constructed with a mix-ligand strategy, employing 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,2,4-bca) and 1,1′-bis(1H-benzimidazolyl) oxydiethane (bmoe) as organic ligands. The intrinsic strong blue-light emission and the great stability in water solutions with the broad range of pH values (pH = 4 − 12) of Cu-CP provide a platform for practical fluorescence sensing application in water samples. Fluorescence measurements reveal that Cu-CP displays interesting multi-responsive dection activities toward toxic heavy-metal ions Cr2O72- / CrO42− / MnO4−, nitrofuran antibiotics nitrofurantoin (NFT) / nitrofurazone (NFZ) and acetylacetone (ACAC) in aqueous solutions achieving both high sensitivity and low detection limits (micromolar for Cr(VI) / Mn(VII) / ACAC and nanomolar for NFT / NFZ). Furthermore, the interference experiments have verified its excellent selectivity. A synergetic contribution of internal filtration effect (IFE) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Cr2O72- / CrO42− / MnO4− and the framework of Cu-CP realize the fluorescence quenching behavior for Cr(VI) / Mn(VII) detection, while FRET, IFE and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms are synergistically responsible in the case of NFT / NFZ, ACAC sensing supported by the molecular simulations and UV−vis spectral overlap experiments. This present work affords precious guidance for the effective and facile design and preparation of multifunctional luminescent coordination polymers with promising performance.

Two lanthanide coordination polymers: Syntheses, structures and selective detection of Fe3+, Cr2O72−/ CrO42− and antibiotics

Two new lanthanide coordination polymers (CPs) [Tb(bptc)(4,4′-H2bipy)0.5·2H2O]n (1) and [Gd(bptc)(4,4′-H2bipy)0.5·2H2O]n (2) (H4bptc = 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. They were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis. CPs 1 and 2 are isomorphous and display a 2D layer structure with the Schlafli symbol of {46·64}{47·63}. CP 1 exhibits excellent fluorescence properties, which can be used for sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+, Cr2O72− / CrO42− and antibiotics (tetracycline (TC), metronidazole (MDZ), and nitrofurazone (NFZ)) simultaneously. The possible luminescence sensing mechanisms were explored in detail. Cyclic experiments demonstrated that the fluorescence intensity of the CP 1 remained basically unchanged even after five cycles.

Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water vs. common topical antiseptics in the healing of full‑thickness burn: Preclinical trial in a mouse model.

Burn injuries impose challenges such as infection risk, pain management, fluid loss, electrolyte imbalance and psychological and emotional impact, on healthcare professionals, requiring effective treatments to enhance wound healing. The present study evaluated the efficacy superoxidized electrolyzed solution (SES), with low (SES-low) or high (SES-high) concentrations of active species, alone or in combination with a formulation in gel (G), in comparison with commonly prescribed treatments for burn injury, including nitrofurazone (NF) and silver sulfadiazine (S); normal saline was used as placebo (PI). A scald burn model was established in BALB/c mice. Measurements of the burned area and histological parameters such as inflammatory infiltration state, epithelial regeneration and collagen fibers were evaluated on days 3, 6, 9, 18 and 32 to assess healing score and status. All treatments achieved wound closure at day 32; histopathological parameters indicated that SES-low and SES-low + G performed better than the Pl and S groups (P<0.05). All treatments showed a lower count of inflammatory cells compared with S (P<0.05); for collagen deposition and orientation, SES-low + G showed a more uniform horizontal orientation compared with Pl, SES-high + G, NF and S groups (P<0.05). SES-Low was the most effective substance to induce favorable and organized healing, while S was the worst, inducing disorganized closure of the wound due to a pro-inflammatory effect.

Residue Depletion of Nitrofurazone Metabolites, Semicarbazide and 5-Nitro-2-Furaldehyde, in Broiler Chickens After Oral Administration.

Nitrofurazone (NFZ) antibiotic is banned in food-producing animals, and its metabolite, semicarbazide (SEM), is used as a marker residue for nitrofurazone abuse. However, SEM can also be generated during food processing without veterinary treatment. Therefore, SEM cannot be considered an unequivocal marker of NFZ. This study investigates the use of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5-NF) as an additional marker for nitrofurazone in broiler chickens. After oral administration of NFZ and 5-NF at 25 mg·kg-1 BW for 10 days, tissues (muscle and liver) and plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In NFZ-treated chickens, 5-NF was detected within 1 h in plasma at a peak concentration of 1.4 ± 0.25 μg·kg-1, while in 5-NF-treated ones, the maximum concentration was 0.85 ± 0.06 μg·kg-1 after 2 h. 5-NF was not detected in muscle and liver for both treated groups from 0 to 21 days. However, SEM persisted for up to 3 weeks in muscle (0.3 ± 0.018 μg·kg-1), 2 weeks in liver (0.16 ± 0.008 μg·kg-1), and 1 week in plasma (0.4 ± 0.05 μg·kg-1) with a faster elimination rate in liver tissues (half-life of 4.6 days) compared to muscle tissues (half-life of 6.5 days). These findings suggest that SEM remains a better marker for detecting nitrofurazone abuse in chickens compared to 5-NF.

New 1,4-bis(1-imidazolyl)-2,5-dimethylbenzene ligand based Cd(II) MOF displaying pcu topology: Insights into antibiotics sensing and photocatalytic properties

In this work synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of a new Cd(II)-based metal-organic framework comprising 1,4-bis(1-imidazolyl)-2,5-dimethylbenzene (bdb) ligand having formula {[Cd(bdb)3]·2ClO4-}n (1) have been reported. The single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that MOF 1 shows octahedral coordination geometry and a two-fold interpenetrated pcu topology. MOF 1 have been employed as fluorescent sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of antibiotics and study suggests that 1 can be employed as an apt sensor for the detection of nitrofurazone (NFZ) antibiotic with KSV value of 2.94 × 104 M-1. Also, MOF 1 has been employed as light driven catalyst for the photodegradation of NFZ antibiotic and it photo-decomposes up to 91.79 % of NFZ in 20 min. The plausible sensing as well as photocatalytic mechanism employing which MOF 1 detects and photodecomposes NFZ, respectively have been explained with the aid of integrated experimental and theoretical calculations.

A new Zn(II)-based 3D MOF with PCU-like topology: Potent photocatalyst for nitrofurazone antibiotic degradation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a sub-class of coordination polymers, are versatile multidimensional materials that have the potential to serve as photocatalysts for the degradation of antibiotics found in wastewater. Herein, a new three dimensional (3D) Zn(II)-based MOF [Zn(TA)(bpyp)·3H2O] (1) (bypy = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine; H2TA = terephthalic acid) has been synthesized and characterized. The MOF 1 shows a 3D PCU-like topology and exhibits semiconducting properties with band gap of 3.34 eV and hence used as a photocatalyst for photodegradation of antibiotics viz. sulfasalazine (SLA), nitrofurazone (NFZ) and furazolidone (FZD) under simulated UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic results suggest that MOF 1 exhibits best photocatalytic activity for the photodegradation of nitrofurazone (NFZ) in 60 min time-span. The effects of initial concentration of NFZ, and photocatalyst dosage have been monitored for the photocatalytic performance of 1. The radical trapping experiments suggest that (holes) h+ and superoxide radical (O2·−) collectively catalyzes the photodecomposition of antibiotics. The possible mechanism for the antibiotic degradation by photocatalyst 1 have been proposed by integrating experiment with density of states (DOS) calculations and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Two new transition CdII and MnII-based MOFs for highly effective photodegradation antibiotics

Two coordination polymers (CPs), [Cd3(L)3(phen)2]n (1) and [Mn(L)(phen)]n (2), [H3L=3,3′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methylenoxy)dibezoic acid] were synthesized via hydrothermal method. 1 features a 2D layered structure with the potential for 3D network formation through weak interactions, 2 exhibits a 1D waved chain capable of forming 3D polymeric chains via intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding (OH···O) interactions. Both CPs demonstrate promising photocatalytic activity against antibiotics, including chloramphenicol (CAP), metronidazole (MDZ), nitrofurazone (NFZ), oxytetracycline (OXY), and sulfamethazine (SMZ). Notably, CP 1 shows superior photocatalytic activity for NFZ degradation. Systematic investigations revealed that under optimized conditions, CP 1 achieves a remarkable ∼ 92.21 % photodegradation of NFZ at a concentration of 40 ppm NFZ with a photocatalyst dosage of 25 mg/L within 50 min. Radical quencher experiments identified h+ (positive holes) and O2•- as the primary active species driving the photodegradation process. Additionally, CP 1 maintained consistent performance over five cycles, indicating its stability and reusability for NFZ degradation.

A new Zn(II)-based coordination polymer as an efficient catalyst for nitrofurazone photodegradation: Mechanism and calculation

The incremental use of herbicides is now contributing to a pollution issue in aquatic environments. Coordination polymers (CPs) represent a unique category of multidimensional materials suitable for use as photocatalysts in the degrading of antibiotics which present in discharged wastewater. A comprehensive investigation was undertaken on a newly developed CP, [Zn(bpyp)(CH3COO)(NO3)·1.75H2O]n where bpyp = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine to explore its photocatalyst towards antibiotic. CP 1 shows semiconducting in nature with an Eg of 3.31 eV. CP 1 exhibited significant catalytic activity for the degradation of many antibiotics, including four popular antibiotics: nitrofurazone (NFZ), furazolidone (FZD), oxytetracycline (OXY), and nitrofurantoin (NFT) in an aqueous solution. It exhibited an impressive 99 % degradation of NFZ within 60 min. The radical trapping experiments were used to conduct a preliminary investigation into the catalytic mechanism of the reaction.

Stable Europium(III) Metal-Organic Framework Fluorescence Probe for Intelligent Visualization Detection of Gossypol and Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Real Samples.

Gossypol (Gsp) and antibiotics present in water bodies become organic pollutants that are harmful to human health and the ecological environment. Accurate and effective detection of these pollutants has far-reaching significance in many fields. A new three-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Eu3(L)2(HCOO-)(H2O)3]·2H2O·2DMF}n (Eu-MOF), was synthesized from 3,5-bis(2,4-dicarboxylphenyl)nitrobenzene (H4L) ligand and Eu3+ via the solvothermal method in this paper. The Eu-MOF demonstrates strong red fluorescence and can remain stable in different pH solutions. The MOF fluorescence probe could detect organic pollutants through the "shut-off" effect, with a fast response speed and a low detection limit [Gsp, nitrofurantoin (NFT), and nitrofurazone (NFZ) for 0.43, 0.38, and 0.41 μM, respectively]. During the testing process, Eu-MOF exhibited good selectivity and recoverability. Furthermore, the mechanism of fluorescence quenching was investigated, and the recoveries were also good in real samples. This paper introduced a deep learning model to recognize the fluorescence images, a portable intelligent logic detector designed for real-time detection of Gsp by logic gate strategy, and an anticounterfeiting mark prepared based on inkjet printing. Importantly, this work provides a new way of thinking for the detection of organic pollutants in water with high sensitivity and practicality by combining the fluorescence probe with machine learning and logical judgment.

Rationally design a novel Zn-MOF for fluorescent detection of nitrofuran antibiotics: The synthesis, structure and sensing applications

Nitrofuran antibiotics (NFAs) residues in waterare a persistent concern for the public due to the potential threats they pose to human health and the environment. Therefore, efficient probes that are capable of detecting trace amounts of antibiotics in real water environments have become a top priority. Herein, a novel fluorescent Zn-MOF probe (MOF-1) was revealed for the highly selective and sensitive sensing of NFAs. MOF-1 was rationally constructed with Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 5,5′-(anthracene-9,10-diyl) diisophthalic acid (H4ADIP) and 1,3-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzene (mbib) by using the solvothermal method. Fluorescence sensing experiments demonstrate that MOF-1 can function as a fluorescent sensor for selective, sensitive, and rapid detection of NFAs among 15 antibiotics including ciprofloxacin (CPFX), chloramphenicol (CAP), sulfonamides and NFAs. Fluorescence titration experiments indicated that MOF-1 exhibited remarkably low detection limits of 0.19 μM, 0.26 μM, and 0.34 μM for furazolidone (FZD), furaltadone (FDH) and nitrofurazone (NFZ), respectively. Meanwhile, MOF-1 was successfully employed for NFAs detection in real samples with the recoveries of 98.7 % − 104.1 %, and a relative standard deviation below 5.1 %. Moreover, the sensing mechanism could be ascribed to the synergistic effect between the internal filtering effect and photoinduced electron transfer according to the experiment results and DFT calculations. Additionally, test strips were prepared based on MOF-1 for point of care testing of NFAs.

A new 3D Zn(II)‐based coordination polymer with kgd topology as potent photocatalyst for antibiotic degradation

A new coordination polymer (CP) with composition [Zn3(bpyp)2(TCB)2(H2O)2]n (1) has been engendered by performing reaction of Zn(II) with 1,3,5‐tris‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)benzene (H3TCB) and 2,5‐bis(pyrid‐4‐yl)pyridine (bpyp) under solvothermal condition. The single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis for 1 suggests kgd topological behavior having resemblance with a tessellation composed of diamond shapes arranged in a star pattern and represented by the Schläfli symbol {41}2{42·62·81}. This newly designed CP exhibits optical band gap of 2.92 eV and employed as photocatalyst for photodegradation of antibiotics, namely, nitrofurazone (NFZ), chloramphenicol (CAP), sulfasalazine (SLA), oxytetracycline (OXY), and furazolidone (FZD). Among these antibiotics, 1 displays best photocatalytic activity against the photodegradation of NFZ and under optimized conditions viz. photocatalyst dosage of 15 mg, and initial NFZ concentration of 40 ppm, the CP 1 displays best catalytic performance and photo‐decomposed 93.04% NFZ with pseudo first order rate constant k of 0.04502 min−1 in 1 h. The likely photocatalytic mechanism has been evaluated using theoretical calculations.

Stable Cd(II)-based coordination polymer as a multifunctional fluorescent sensor for ascorbic acid, acetylacetone and nitrofuran antibiotics

The concentrations of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pharmaceutical antibiotics and biomolecules in water systems are closely related with public health and ecological security. Thus, the convenient and accurate detection of these harmful items can not only reflect the state of human health but also evaluate the level of homologous contamination in the environment. To this end, a new Cd(II)-CP ({[Cd3L2(bmoe)]·DMF}n) with excellent luminescence properties was designed by employing the semi-rigid tricarboxylic acid 4-(2′,3′-dicarboxylphenoxy) (H3L) and N-donor ligand 1,1′-bis(1H-benzimidazolyl) oxydiethane (bmoe). The as-prepared Cd-CP features the unique uninodal sql topology. Benefiting from its great stability in the aqueous system, Cd-CP serves as a versatile multifunctional fluorescent sensor for different analytes, ascorbic acid (AA), nitrofuran antibiotics nitrofurantoin (NFT) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) and acetylacetone (ACAC). The established methods are characterized with impressive low detection limits, ultrafast response time, high sensitivity, strong anti-interference ability, as well as reliable reproducibility. Experimental and theoretical calculation reveals that the collaborative effects of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), inner-filter effect (IFE) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) are the most probable causes behind the quenching of the CP's fluorescence signal.

Synthesis of nanoflakes-covered microparticles of nickel-Application for electrocatalytic oxidation and quantitation of nitrofurazone

Nickel microparticles covered with nanoflakes (NMCN) were hydrothermally synthesized in an alkaline solution of acrylamide dissolved in ethylene glycol/ethylenediamine at 200 °C. Structure and morphology of NMCN were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, respectively. NMCN was applied, as an electrode modifier, with a surface concentration of 5.1 × 10−8 mol cm−2, and a detailed study was performed for the kinetics of charge transfer across the modified electrode/electrolyte interface using cyclic voltammetry. For the redox transition of NMCN in an alkaline solution, electron transfer coefficient and apparent charge-transfer rate constant were acquired as 0.65 and 0.6 s−1, respectively. The modified electrode was then applied for a study on the electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrofurazone (NF) on the NMCN surface through an electrochemical-catalytic (EC') mechanism. The oxidation process was followed by a NF diffusion coefficient of 2.9 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 and a catalytic rate constant of 3.0 × 104 cm3 mol−1 s−1. Also, an electron transfer coefficient of 0.40 was attained. The modified electrode was employed as a novel, time-saving, sensitive and simple amperometric sensor for NF, and quantified the drug with a linear range of 30–570 μmol L−1 and a sensitivity of 0.694 ± 0.002 A L mol−1 cm−2. Also, a detection limit of 4.3 μmol L−1 was attained. The sensor was employed for direct assay of NF in the human serum and ointments.

Silver nanopopcorns decorated on flexible membrane for SERS detection of nitrofurazone.

Thesynthesis of three-dimensional silver nanopopcorns (Ag NPCs) onto a flexible polycarbonate membrane (PCM) for the detection of nitrofurazone (NFZ) on the fish surface by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)is presented. The proposed flexible Ag-NPCs/PCM SERS substrate exhibits significant Raman signal intensity enhancement with the measured enhancement factor of 2.36 × 106. This is primarily attributed to the hotspots created on Ag NPCs, including numerous nanoscale protrusions and internal crevices distributed across the surface of Ag NPCs. The detection of NFZ by this flexible SERS substrate demonstrates a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.7 × 10-9M and uniform and reproducible Raman signal intensities with a relative standard deviation below 8.34%. It also exhibits excellent stability, retaining 70% of its efficacy even after 10days of storage. Notably, the practical detection of NFZ in tap water, honey water, and fish surfaces achieves LOD values of 1.35 × 10-8M, 5.76 × 10-7M, and 3.61 × 10-8M,respectively, which highlights its effectiveness across different sample types. The developed Ag-NPCs/PCM SERS substrate presents promising potential for sensitive SERS detection of toxic substances in real-world samples.

Highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probes for nitrofurazone and Hg2+ by two Zn (II)‐based coordination polymers

The self‐assembly of the π‐conjugated 1,4‐di(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (dib) and 4,4′‐di(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (dibp) ligands together with 4′‐(3,4‐ dicarboxylphenyloxy)‐4‐biphenylcarboxylic acid (H3L) reacts with metal Zn (II) salts to construct two new coordination polymers (CPs), namely [Zn (dib)(HL)(H2O)] (1) and [Zn (dibp)(HL)] (2). Fluorescence measurements reveal that 1 and 2 could display a highly sensitive fluorescence response toward Hg2+ and nitrofurazone (NFZ). Fluorescence investigations suggest that 1 and 2 are promising multi‐responsive sensing materials for detecting Hg2+ and NFZ through fluorescence quenching (turn‐off). The limits of detection toward Hg2+ ions are 0.221 μM and 0.124 μM, while the limits of detection toward NFZ are 0.757 μM and 0.960 for 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, these Hg2+ and NFZ selective sensing processes can even be completed by the reusable CPs detected by the naked eyes. Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots are extensively used to investigate intermolecular interactions, which play a crucial role in creating diverse supramolecular designs that can be compared.

A postsynthetically modified MOF-808 as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of nitrofurazone antibiotic

The excessive use of nitrofuran drugs in human healthcare as well as in animal husbandry are a major threat to both the environment and human health. As a result, there is an urgent requirement for extensive research to develop materials that can efficiently detect these residual pollutants. However, developing sensor materials with high sensitivity, selectivity, and recyclability is still a challenging task. Herein, we design and synthesize a stable photoluminescent metal–organic framework (MOFs) named MOF-808-AAA, where we have first time integrated a fluorescent organic molecule, 3-anthracen-9-yl-acrylic acid (AAA), via solvent-assisted ligand exchange (SALE) method. Comprehensive structural characterization employing various techniques including PXRD, FT-IR spectra, N2 adsorption, 1H NMR, UV–Vis, and fluorescence spectra, confirmed the successful integration of AAA into the MOF-808 framework. The synthesized MOF-808-AAA demonstrates remarkable luminescence properties and exhibits quick sensitivity towards nitrofurazone (NFZ) with quenching constant (Ksv) of 2.98 × 104 M−1 and low detection limit of 0.51 µM in acetonitrile medium, demonstrating the efficacy of MOF-808-AAA as a promising fluorescent chemical sensor for NFZ detection. In addition, we have proposed a plausible turn off sensing mechanism based on photophysical and electrochemical studies.

Zinc-based 1D coordination polymer for selective luminescent detection of nitrofuran antibiotics at part-per-billion level

With the harm caused by the misuse of antibiotics, the problem of water pollution has attracted much attention. Besides, water resources are closely related to human health. Therefore, the development of efficient and rapid methods for the detection of antibiotics is an important and urgent task. Here, a series of isostructural metal–organic framework materials (SYUCT-M, M = Zn, Co) was synthesized, SYUCT-Zn demonstrated sensing properties for efficient detection of nitrofuran antibiotics (NFAs). The detection limits of nitrofurazone (NFZ), furazolidone (FZD) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) by SYUCT-Zn were 1.47 ppb, 1.73 ppb and 2.43 ppb, respectively. Meanwhile, a fast response time and anti-interference ability of SYUCT-Zn is outstanding for 12 antibiotics in 5 classes. Apart from the sensitivity and selectivity, SYUCT-Zn featured excellent stability in acidic, basic or organic solvent media. Recyclability of SYUCT-Zn sensor was established, which indicates its great potential as sensory material for antibiotics detection.

A new 3D Cd(II) metal organic framework (MOF) as an efficient photocatalyst for nitrofurantoin antibiotic degradation

A new Cd(II)-based MOF with composition [Cd3(bpyp)3(HCOO)4(H2O)2·2NO3−]n (1) (bpyp = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The MOF 1 forms 3D framework comprising elliptical channels of size 5.1×8.8 Å along the c-axis and possess (3,4,5)-connected topology. The MOF have been employed as catalyst for photodegradation of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin (NFT), nitrofurazone (NFZ) and furazolidone (FZD). Amongst, these antibiotics, the MOF exhibits best photocatalytic degradation of NFT upto to ∼99.66% in 1 h. The photocatalytic efficacy of MOF 1 against antibiotics follows the order NFT > NFZ > FZD. The impact of NFT concentration as well as photocatalyst dosage on catalytic efficacy of 1 have been explored. These experiments suggest that most appropriate reaction conditions for 1 assisted photodecomposition of NFT are 5 mg dose of 1 and 40 ppm starting NFT amount. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching experiments suggest that superoxide (O2·−) is majorly responsible for NFT decomposition. The plausible mechanism employing which the MOF 1 photodegrades NFT has been explained by density of states plot and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Further, LCMS studies have been performed to explore the possible intermediates formed during photodegradation of NFT.

A new 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine based Mn(II) metal–organic framework on photochemically antibiotic degradation

The synthesis of a new Mn(II)-based metal–organic framework (MOF), denoted as [Mn3(bpyp)3(HCOO)4(H2O)2·2NO3–·H2O]n(1) (bpyp = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). 1 exhibits a new 3D porous network with a (3,4,5)-connected topology. The photocatalytic degradation capability of 1 was investigated against various antibiotics, including dimethonidazole (DTZ), nitrofurazone (NFZ), nitrofurantoin (NFT), tinidazole (TDZ), and furazolidone (FZD). 1 exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity against NFT, with a dosage of 5 mg/L resulting in a remarkable degradation efficiency of 96.81 % for 40 ppm NFT. Furthermore, a proposed photodegradation mechanism was investigated through radical trapping experiments, providing insights into the underlying pathways involved in the photocatalytic degradation process.