Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Evaluation of different solvents for extraction of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the leaves of Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson

Bear's breech or mountain thistle (Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson) is a shrub belonging to Acanthaceae family. It is widespread in Africa, Romania, Greece, and Eastern Mediterranean. African people engage its medicinal use for the management of urethral pain, endometritis, urogenital infections, urinary disease, aches and pains. Fresh leaves of A. montanus were collected from Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) herbal garden and identified at the Forestry Herbarium, Ibadan. About 200 g of the powered sample was macerated in 400 mL each of three organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol respectively, for 24 h. Each extracts were screened for phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, phlobotannins, alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Estimation of total flavonol content, and antioxidant assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were also carried out. The quantitative phytochemical test (flavonol content) revealed that Acanthus montanus methanol extract was the richest one among the solvent systems while acetone extract gave the best antioxidant activity. It was observed that the antioxidant activity could be attributed to moderately polar extracts. The study, therefore, provides evidence that various solvents used in extraction can result in differences in quantitative phytochemicals and antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants from the Rubiaceae Family in Thailand

Several plants of the Rubiaceae family possess potential pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant activity, for subsequent drug development. We investigated the methanolic extracts from the bark and wood of five Rubiaceae species for phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Regarding the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity, Mitragyna diversifolia wood (437.57 ± 9.90 mg GAE g-1) and Haldina cordifolia wood (30.11 ± 0.20 mg QE g-1) displayed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) respectively. Morinda coreia bark followed the highest antioxidant activities (IC50 = 360.58 ± 19.28 µg ml-1) in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Catunaregam tomentosa bark (IC50 = 13.96 ± 5.32 µg ml-1) in the nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NO), M. coreia wood (IC50 = 918.27 ± 0.16 µg ml-1) in the superoxide radical scavenging activity (SO) and M. coreia wood (IC50 = 236.65 ± 1.66 µg ml-1) in ferric reducing antioxidant power activity (FRAP). The TPC and TFC displayed strong correlations with DPPH in M. diversifolia wood and with FRAP in M. diversifolia bark and wood. We found high correlation between TFC and FRAP in all plant extracts except C. tomentosa wood, while no relation was detected between TFC and NO in all plant extracts. Comparing Rubiaceae species, the highest antioxidant potential were showed in C. tomentosa bark. Overall, it is worth mentioning that the Rubiaceae species exhibit potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants.

In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of dioecious Morus alba (Moraceae) extracts

Background: Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries. Objectives: The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious (male and female) mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons. Materials and Methods: In vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed. Results: All extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50 values of extracts used in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts. Conclusion: Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Evaluation of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle leaves

Context: People all over the world are suffering from cancer. Liver cancer is considered the second most common malignancy among Egyptian men and the sixth most common malignancy among Egyptian women. Plant-derived antioxidants are believed to prevent or delay the occurrence of many chronic diseases such as cancer. Ailanthus altissima has been used in many traditional prescriptions. Aims: The current study aimed at investigating the phytochemical profile of A. altissima leaves’ extract and its derived fractions, determining their content of phenolics and flavonoids as well as assessing their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and aluminum chloride/ sodium acetate assays, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different in vitro methods: DPPH•, total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl (•OH), nitric oxide (NO•) radical scavenging activities, and permanganate-reducing antioxidant capacity (PRAC). The antiproliferative potential against HepG2 cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine-B assay (SRB). Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest content of phenolics, flavonoids, and flavonols (551.72 ± 1.81 mg GAE/g ext., 371.24 ± 4.36 mg RE/g ext., and 100.47 ± 1.30 mg QE/g ext., respectively). It also had the most potent reducing power (DPPH• SC50 = 7.19 ± 0.05 µg/mL, TAC= 369.88 ± 1.51 mg AAE/g ext., •OH SA = 95.46 ± 0.14%, NO• SA = 40.65 ± 0.91%, and PRAC = 77.19 ± 0.27%). The n-butanol fraction exhibited the most potent cytotoxic potential against HepG2 cells (IC50 = 16.70 µg/mL). Conclusion: A. altissima leaves could be considered potent antioxidant and cytotoxic alternatives.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activities and GC-MS Profiling of Ethanol Bract Extract of Musa paradisiaca L.

In recent year’s trend towards authentication, standardization and quality assurance of selected medicinal plants has been rapid increase for potential therapeutic significance. Despite the modern techniques, identification of plant drug by pharmacognostic study is more reliable. In Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine Musa Paradisiaca is commonly used in Asthma, Diabetes, Anthelmintic, Hypertension, Insomnia, Snake bite. The whole plant as well as specific parts (leaves, ripe and unripe fruits, stems) of plant extract and its active constituents have been used for the treatment of large number of human ailments. Phytochemicals are virtually present in all the fruits, vegetables, pulses/legumes and grains which are commonly consumed, so it is quite easy to incorporate them in our daily diet. Current research studies were carried out for evaluating the antioxidant activities of ethanol bract extract of Musa paradisiaca. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH˙ radical, Superoxide (O2.-) radical, Nitric Oxide (NO) radical, ABTS●+ radical cation, phosphomolybdenum reduction and Fe3+ reduction were carried out for ethanol bract extract of Musa paradisiaca. The maximum DPPH˙ radical, Superoxide (O2.-) radical and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities were 52.05±0.38%, 57.71±0.45% and 49.63±0.32% at 120 µg/mL concentration and the IC50 values were 68.47 µg/mL, 71.37 µg/mL and 93.94 µg/mL concentrations respectively. The maximum ABTS●+ radical cation scavenging activity was 84.28±0.13% at 30 µg/mL concentration and the IC50 value was 10.04 µg/mL concentration respectively. The maximum Mo6+ reduction and Fe3+ reduction were 45.38±0.40% and 57.06±0.32% at 120 µg/mL concentration and the RC50 values were 121.44 µg/mL and 85.43 µg/mL concentrations respectively. Z-2-Tridecen-1-ol, Nonadecane-2,4-dione, a-Ketostearic acid, 2,5-Furandione, dihydro-3-(2-tetradecenyl)- were found to be the potent antioxidant compounds detected from GC-MS analysis.
 Keywords: Antioxidant, phenolic compounds, Nitric Oxide (NO) radical, ABTS●+ radical cation, Fe3+ reduction and a-Ketostearic acid.

Investigation of Antioxidant Compositions and Antioxidative Activities of Ethanol Extract of <I>Alstonia boonei </I>Stem Bark

Background: Oxidative stress is the major mechanism of action employed by many drugs, xenobiotics and toxicants that generate reactive metabolites in the body to elicit adverse reactions when there are insufficient antioxidants to neutralise the excess reactive metabolites.
 Objectives: This study evaluated antioxidant compositions and antioxidative activities of ethanol extract of Alstonia boonei stem bark with the view of understanding its ameliorative potentials on oxidative stress.
 Materials and Methods: Thirty-six rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each was used for this study. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2-6 were carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress which served as treatment groups. Group 2 was untreated, group 3 was treated with silymarin (100 mg/kg) while group 4-6 were treated with the extract 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg body-weight for 28 days respectively. The animal study and antioxidant compositions of the extract were analysed using standard methods.
 Results: The extract was found to rich in antioxidant components such as phenols, flavonoids, β-carotene and lycopene. The extract showed high DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities and high ferric reducing antioxidant power with increasing concentrations. The significant (P < 0.05) reduction in antioxidant enzymes activities and increased level of lipid peroxidation caused by the carbon tetrachloride induction were significantly (P < 0.05) reversed, in the extract-treated groups relative to the normal control.
 Conclusions: These findings suggest that the extract possesses antioxidative properties and can be used in the management of oxidative stress and its related disease conditions.
 Keywords: Antioxidant components, Alstonia boonei stem bark, Antioxidative stress, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidant enzymes.

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MORINGA CONCANENSIS NIMMO

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract and isolated compound from the whole plant of Moringa concanensis Nimmo
 Methods: Immunomodulatory activities were determined by in vitro models-plaque-forming cell assay, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity, inhibit RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line from generating harmful NO induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay.
 Results: Showed significant (P<0.01) phagocytic effect on human neutrophils in the parameters studied. Scavenged nitric oxide radical by ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis inhibition 34% and isolated compound scavenged nitric oxide radical inhibition 44% respectively compared to control group exerted 52% decrease of nitric oxide radical respectively concentration at 0.1,0.01 and1.0 mg/ml. LPS in murine macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells culture medium induced a high release of NO but pretreatment with Moringa concanensis extract and isolated compound resulted in inhibition of NO production by 29, 37, 95 % and 32,44,96 % at concentrations of 0.5, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml, compared to LPS-induced sample. ethanolic extract and isolated compound significantly stimulate RAW 264.7 cell viability (P<0.001) by MTT assay.
 Conclusion: The present experimental finding demonstrated that isolated compound has superior immunomodulatory activity than the ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis this effect presumably due to the greater ability of an isolated compound to boost the innate and adaptive immune system.

Synthesis And Evaluation Of Herbal Formulation Using Natural Extract

Our study is intended to prepare and evaluate the polyherbal formulation (PHF) using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Piper nigrum, and lemon juice. Poly Herbal Formulation F1 and F2 were synthesised and subjected to qualitative, quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was measured using a standard protocol. Antimicrobial activity of PHFs was observed by the agar well diffusion method. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities (In-vitro) were studied in F1 by using inhibition of albumin denaturation method. TLC and FTIR are done for the structural elucidation in F1. The F1 and F2 exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, saponins, Glycosides and proteins. The F1 and F2 show significant activity against the standard in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The presence of flavonoids and alkaloids may contribute to the anti-microbial activity. The Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and a metal chelating assay of the F1 possess the highest antioxidant activity of 73.1% and 69% respectively. TLC confirms the presence of flavonoids in F1. FTIR spectrum shows the functional group of amines, alcohols, nitrites, aromatic and aliphatic compounds. These FTIR bands denote stretching and vibrational bands responsible for the compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and amino acids. This investigation shows the excellent result in antimicrobial, antioxidant and in-vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. In future, the PHF of F1 can be used as potent therapeutical agents and can be further exploited for their other beneficial effect in the pharmacological studies.

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma with diethylnitrosamine in rats

This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves (CALAF) during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The methanolic leaf extract was fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the fractions were estimated by the assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential, and total antioxidant capacity. CALAF had the most antioxidant effect. Rats were orally pretreated daily with CALAF at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg or silymarin (hepatoprotective drug) at 50 mg/kg from 2 weeks prior to HCC induction and through 6 weeks of HCC induction. The HCC induction was by a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN at 200 mg/kg as an initiator, followed 2 weeks later by daily oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene at 30 mg/kg as promoter. At the end of HCC induction, levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), liver function and antioxidants, gamma histone 2A family member X (γH2AX), and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expressions were determined. HCC rats treated with CALAF at all doses had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced levels of AFP, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and γH2AX protein expression, whereas MGMT protein expression was elevated when compared with untreated HCC rats. Thus, CALAF could be effective in protecting against DEN-induced HCC in rats by ameliorating hepatic injury and genotoxicity.

(E)-2-(2-Allylidenehydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives: Design, green synthesis, in silico and in vitro antimycobacterial and radical scavenging studies.

By understanding the rampant infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and inflammations caused due to the generation of radical species during the Mtb infection, a series of (E)-2-(2-allylidenehydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives, with dual-action properties, was designed. The molecules were designed with a considerable variation in LogP, one of the critical parameters in physicochemical properties, and analyzed for their drug-likeness. For the synthesis, a simple, green, and multicomponent one-pot synthesis method was developed. The in vitro inhibition potentials were evaluated against Mtb H37 Rv by the microplate Alamar Blue assay. The results reveal that compound 6 was potent, with a MIC value of 6.5 µg/ml, and showed better interactions with the KasA protein with binding free energy (ΔG) of -9.4 kcal/mol. Also, the radical scavenging properties were studied to establish the dual-action properties of the molecules. Compound 9 exhibited promising antioxidant and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities, with 81.7% and 81.0%, respectively, at 1,000-μg/ml concentration.

Effects of Some Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) Concentration on Qualitative Traits of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Soil pollution is a global concern from past to recent. Toxic and high resistance nature of chemical pollutants, such as heavy metals show their important as environmental risk and a serious problem for human health, because they can introduce to the food chain from contaminated environments. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn on qualitative parameters of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in polluted soil environment. Heavy metals concentration, total phenol and flavonoid, essential oil percentage, DPPH radical scavenging activity, super and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in leave and stem parts of the plants were analysed in this study according to standard methods. According to results, Cu was the dominant heavy metal in leave and stem of both studied plants, followed by Pb, Zn, and Cd. The concentration of various heavy metals in dill was more than two times higher than basil. Total phenol and flavonoids showed significant differences in leave and stem in both plants. DPPH, super oxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity showed significant higher values in leave than stem in both plants.

Identification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from bee pollen (Apis mellifera) hydrolysate in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages

Bee pollen protein was hydrolyzed using the commercial Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Neutrase enzymes. The Neutrase hydrolysate formed from a 1:1 (v/v) enzyme/substrate ratio (NH1) showed the highest nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. The NH1 was further separated into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW1–5) and MW1, the smallest weight fraction (< 0.65 kDa), possessed the highest NO inhibitory activity. The effects of NH1 on the production of NO were assessed by incubating with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. NO levels from the culture supernatants were determined by the Griess reaction. The results showed that MW1 suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor interleukin-6 (IL-6) and necrosis factor transcript expression (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Thus, the MW1 fraction was fractionated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography into six principal fractions (H1–6), where H2, H3 and H4 showed strong NO inhibitory activity. Seven peptide sequences were obtained by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, three of which displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity and may be useful ingredients in functional food and pharmaceutical drugs.

In vitro and in vivo Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from the Root of Curcuma longa Linn

Many plants possess antioxidants that exhibit additive or synergistic activities. The antioxidant activities of the root of Curcuma longa Linn extracts extracted different solvents were investigated by using several established in vitro systems: α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen Peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NOSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The result showed that methanol extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity in vitro which was statistically significant compared to the other extracts. Based on the in vitro results, the methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography. Six pooled fractions (FI-FVI) were evaluated for in vivo antioxidant activity in liver and kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats using a total of forty-five (45) rats which were grouped into nine (9) groups of five (5) rats. The in vivo antioxidants showed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) levels in both liver and kidney of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These changes were significantly reversed after treatment with methanol fraction II and the standard drug. Thus, Curcuma longa Linn may be useful in the management of diabetes and oxidative stress.

Determination of Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Extract of Selected Citrus Fruit Peel

Flavonoids capture and neutralize the oxidative agents, and quench free radicals. The peel which represents almost one half of the fruit mass has been found to be the main sources of total phenols and flavonoids in the citrus fruit. In present study, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from some selected citrus fruit peels grown in Ethiopia were determined. Colorimetric aluminum chloride was used for flavonoid content determination. In vitro antioxidant properties of the citrus fruit peels were determined by measuring DPPH and Nitric Oxide radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. The study result showed that lemon peel contained significantly the highest flavonoid content (8.88 ± 0.621 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of extract) at 100 µg/ml concentration. When compared to vitamin C used as standard, lemon peel extract showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging of 75.60 ± 2.4 %. Lime peel extract showed highest (0.38 ± 0.01) reducing power activity at 1000 µg/mL concentrations. Strong linear correlations was observed between flavonoid contents of selected citrus peel extract and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (r = 0.975, p = 0.025). Overall, in vitro antioxidant potential of citrus fruit peels extract grown in Ethiopia was confirmed and correlation between in vitro antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of citrus peel extract showed different trends. Further analysis is required to purify specific structure of flavonoid components of citrus fruit peel from Ethiopian cultivar using advanced purification techniques.

Phenolic profile and anti-inflammatory activity of four Moroccan date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed varieties

Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds are seen as good drug to cure rheumatoid arthritis and asthma in Moroccan traditional medicine. The present research aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effect, of methanol extract of different date seed varieties using membrane stabilizing effect, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, inhibition of protein denaturation, carrageenan-induced paw edema and croton oil induced ear edema. The polyphenolic profile was examined using HPLC-DAD. Rutin, quercetin, p-coumaric and caffeic acids were the main among the analysed phenolic compounds. Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, the analysed date seed were significantly effective in scavenging nitric oxide free radical, in stabilisation of erythrocyte membrane and possessed a high anti denaturation effect. In agreement with this finding, date seed exhibited a profound ability to reduce paw and ear swelling induced by carrageenan and croton oil respectively. The biochemical parameters showed that date seed are able to reduce the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ERS) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in rats used in Carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The predominant phenolic compounds are the potential candidates that drive these activities and the differences observed among varieties are related to their chemical composition. These data suggest that date seeds can be explored as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

An Investigation of free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Olax scandens (family Olacaceae)

Olax scandens Roxb. (family Olacaceae) Available in throughout tropical India. The current study, aerial parts of different extracts of Olax scandens by different in-vitro methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(OH radical), Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity(NO radical), and total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid method) with reference standard Ascorbic acid. An IC50 value was originated that methanolic extracts of Olax scandensis more efficient in Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity than that of EA and petroleum ether extract. The methanolic extracts of Olax scandens &amp; ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 253µg/ml &amp; 135µg/ml (NO radical ), 205µg/ml &amp; 57µg/ml (Phosphomolybdic acid method), 265µg/ml &amp; 65µg/ml (OH radical) respectively. But when compared to all the three extracts with ascorbate (standard), the methanolic extract of the Olax scandens showed a better result. Moreover, the results were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously showed that methanolic extracts of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandals could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful to prevent free radical-induced diseases.

Quantification of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Evaluation of in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Activities in Psidium guajava L.

The present study was undertaken to quantify total phenolics and flavonoids and investigate in vitro free radical scavenging activities of leaf extracts of two varieties of Psidium guajava L. viz., Lalit and Allahabad safeda. Leaf extracts of Lalit and Allahabad safeda were prepared by Soxhlet extraction and ethanol extracts were used for in vitro assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide and super oxide free radical scavenging activities were determined at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 µg/ml concentrations of Lalit and Allahabad safeda leaf extracts. Results indicated the presence of higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in the leaf extract of Lalit compared to that of Allahabad safeda. The leaf extracts of Lalit and Allahabad safeda showed dose-dependent increase in 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities and a decrease in super oxide radical scavenging activities. However, Lalit showed higher free radical scavenging activity compared to that of Allahabad safeda. Further, the IC50 values of Lalit for DPPH, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), nitric oxide and super oxide free radicals were 229.56, 503.07, 430.40, 07 and 377.96 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the IC50 values of Allahabad safeda for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), nitric oxide and super oxide free radicals were, 270.24, 543.63, 469.99 and 515.50 µg/ml, respectively. This study clearly demonstrated antioxidant activity in both the extracts of Lalit and Allahabad safeda. The better antioxidant activity of Lalit extract could be due to the presence of higher phenolic content compared to Allahabad safeda.

Production of GABA-enriched idli with ACE inhibitory and antioxidant properties using Aspergillus oryzae: the antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The present study aimed to develop a fermented food (idli) with enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties using a GABA-producing fungus. Aspergillus oryzae NSK fermented idli batter and GABA was maximized (451.7 mg kg-1) in 120 h. The ACE inhibitory, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities increased to 41.8%, 1.9 and 0.6 μmol trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) per gram in 120 h, respectively. In contrast, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activities decreased to 3.01 g kg-1 and 30.8 mg kg-1, respectively. The systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats in the fermented idli diet group was lower than those fed a plain idli diet. Lipid peroxidation in the plain idli diet group was significantly higher, whereas superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly lower. The expression of genes ET-1, HSP70, NF-κB and iNOS in the aorta of SHRs that received GABA-containing diets was down-regulated between 2.2 and 3.8 fold. The production of GABA-enriched foods can be a promising approach to lower the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Different Extracts of Holoptelia Integrifolia

Medicinal plants are play significant impact in the personal medicine for most of the people all over the world as an alternative live saving medicines and most of their medicinal properties are well known for anticancer activity. The different extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia (H.integrifolia) leaves, stem bark and fruits were studied as a potent natural source of antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing potential. This work was carried out to evaluate antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of H.integrifolia. The antimicrobial activity of the H.integrifolia ethanolic extract was studied against five fungal and bacterial strains by utilizing the agar well diffusion method and MIC. Among several strain, the ethanolic extract of fruit has shown higher antimicrobial inhibition zone as 9.25-16 mm compare to other two extracts of stem and leaves as 10- 13.25 mm and 6-10.2 mm respectively. The antioxidant activities for different extract were also determined by DPPH free radical assay, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity method. The anti-inflammatory activity also estimated basedon formalin induced paw edema method on Wistar albino rats. The different extracts of leaves, stem bark and fruit parts of Holoptelea integrifolia were estimated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against the animal model of female Wistar albino rats. The results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the Ethanol extracts showed vital and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings revealed that aerial parts of H.integrifolia contais potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, which expose the medicinal potential of the selected plant could be a significant drug candidates against microbial, oxidative and inflammation-related pathological processes as a future alternative medicine.

Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Different Extracts of Holoptelia Integrifolia

Medicinal plants are play significant impact in the personal medicine for most of the people all over the world as an alternative live saving medicines and most of their medicinal properties are well known for anticancer activity. The different extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia (H.integrifolia) leaves, stem bark and fruits were studied as a potent natural source of antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing potential. This work was carried out to evaluate antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of H.integrifolia. The antimicrobial activity of the H.integrifolia ethanolic extract was studied against five fungal and bacterial strains by utilizing the agar well diffusion method and MIC. Among several strain, the ethanolic extract of fruit has shown higher antimicrobial inhibition zone as 9.25-16 mm compare to other two extracts of stem and leaves as 10- 13.25 mm and 6-10.2 mm respectively. The antioxidant activities for different extract were also determined by DPPH free radical assay, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity method. The anti-inflammatory activity also estimated basedon formalin induced paw edema method on Wistar albino rats. The different extracts of leaves, stem bark and fruit parts of Holoptelea integrifolia were estimated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against the animal model of female Wistar albino rats. The results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the Ethanol extracts showed vital and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings revealed that aerial parts of H.integrifolia contais potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, which expose the medicinal potential of the selected plant could be a significant drug candidates against microbial, oxidative and inflammation-related pathological processes as a future alternative medicine.