Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity Research Articles

Evaluation of In Vitro Antihypertensive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Dairy By-Products

Sweet whey (SW) and yogurt acid whey (YAW) are dairy by-products of the cheese-making process and Greek-style yogurt production, respectively. Both of them are considered pollutants with huge volumes of SW and YAW produced due to the growing demand for dairy products worldwide. Moreover, whey-derived peptides, resulting from fermentation as well as from further hydrolysis during digestion, have been associated with various biological activities. In the present study, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of 48 SW samples and 33 YAW samples from bovine, ovine, caprine, and ovine/caprine milk obtained were evaluated. Additionally, the SW and YAW digestates and two of their fractions (smaller than 10 kDa, SW-D-P10 and YAW-D-P10, and smaller than 3 kDa, SW-D-P3 and YAW-D-P3), which were obtained after in vitro digestion and subsequent ultrafiltration, were also subjected to evaluation. Our data indicated that the D-P10 and D-P3 fractions exhibited higher ACE-inhibitory activity compared to the corresponding values before digestion. The ACE-inhibitory capacity after in vitro digestion was higher for the ovine SW samples compared to their bovine and caprine counterparts. The effect of the D-P3 fraction on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and the expression of a selected panel of immune-response-related genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was also evaluated. Fractions from both dairy by-products inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Especially, ovine SW-D-P3 showed a strong NO inhibitory activity and suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) mRNA levels. However, YAW-D-P3 could not trigger neither the gene expression of inflammatory macrophage mediators Nos2 and cyclooxygenase-2 (Ptgs2) nor tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf) and interleukin 6 (Il6) in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages regardless of animal origin. These findings suggest that in vitro digestion could enhance the production of ACE-inhibitory peptides in both dairy by-products, while SW from ovine origin displays higher potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, effectively preventing excessive NO production.

Formulation of 1% α-mangostin in orabase gel induces apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundPlant-derived compounds have chemopreventive properties to be used as alternative medicine. Pericarp of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.), a tropical fruit in Southeast Asia contains a phytochemical α-mangostin (α-MG) that demonstrates potent anticancer effects against various types of cancer. α-MG has been reported to be the most effective agent in human cancer cell lines. The objectives of this study were to develop oral gel formulations containing α-MG and determine their (1) anticancer activity, (2) anti-HPV-16 and antimicrobial activities, (3) nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity, and (4) wound healing effect.MethodsFormulations of oral gel containing α-MG were developed. Anticancer activity on SCC-25 was assessed. Apoptotic induction was determined using flow cytometry technique. Antiviral activity against HPV-16 pseudovirus and antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, P. gingivalis and C. albicans were investigated. NO inhibition was carried out. Fibroblast cell migration was determined by in vitro scratch assay.ResultsThe formulation of 1% α-MG in orabase gel demonstrated anticancer activity by promoting apoptosis in SCC-25. The induction of apoptotic activity was dose dependent with pronounced effect in late apoptosis. The formulation appeared to reduce cell viability of oral keratinocytes (OKC). At CC50 it showed an inhibition against HPV-16 pseudovirus infection. The formulation had no antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, P. gingivalis and C. albicans. No significant NO inhibitory activity and wound healing effects were found.Conclusions1% α-MG in orabase gel exhibited anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis although low level of cytotoxicity observed in OKC was present. The appropriate carrier for novel nano-particles targeting cancer cells should be further investigated.

A new canthinone glycoside isolated from the root barks of Ailanthus altissima with NO inhibitory activity

One new canthinone glycoside (1), together with six known compounds (2–7) including three lignans (2–4), two coumarins (5–6) and one phenol (7) was isolated from the root barks of Ailanthus altissima. The structure of new compound 1 was established by the interpretation of UV, IR, MS and NMR data, while its absolute configuration was determined by acid hydrolysis and GIAO NMR calculations with DP4+ probability analysis. The inhibitory effects of all compounds on Nitric oxide (NO) production were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Results showed that compounds 2 and 5 displayed NO production inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 30.1 and 15.3 μM, respectively.

Rehmapicrogenin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced podocyte injury and kidney dysfunctions by regulating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element signalling.

Apoptosis and oxidative stress in kidneys are critical players in acute kidney injury (AKI). Rehmapicrogenin, a monomeric compound extracted from Rehmanniae radix, has been found to possess nitric oxide inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of rehmapicrogenin in AKI. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce AKI-like conditions. Cell survival conditions were detected by cell counting kit-8 assays and flow cytometry. Several renal function markers including blood urea nitrogen, proteinuria, creatinine, and albumin were measured. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were examined by TUNEL and dihydroethidium staining, respectively. Haematoxylin-eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining were conducted to assess histopathological changes. Gene expression was evaluated by western blotting, commercially available kits and immunofluorescence staining. For in vitro analysis, rehmapicrogenin inhibited the LPS-induced podocyte apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. For in vivo analysis, rehmapicrogenin improved renal functions in LPS-induced mice. Additionally, rehmapicrogenin suppressed LPS-induced podocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress in kidney tissues. Mechanistically, rehmapicrogenin activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway in LPS-induced mice. Rehmapicrogenin relieves the podocyte injury and renal dysfunctions through activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to inhibit apoptosis and oxidative stress.

Chemical compounds from Osmunda japonica and their NO inhibitory activity

Two new compounds, osmjapterpenoid A (1) and osmunjaponin A (2), along with twenty-six known compounds, were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Osmunda japonica Thunb. The chemical structures of them were elaborated by extensive spectroscopic means, including 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Compound 1 is a diterpenoid derived from cembrane with a novel skeleton of 5/13 dicyclic ring system. The possible biogentic pathway of 1 was deduced. Compounds 3 and 26 exhibited moderate inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 value of 32.09 and 19.81 μM, respectively.

Characteristic cembrane-type diterpenoids with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from the gum resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw

Five new characteristic cembrane-type diterpenoids (olibacartiols A–E, 1–5) were acquired from the gum resin of Boswellia carterii. The structures of these diterpenoids were characterized by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and compounds 1–3 were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using LPS-induced BV2 cell model and compounds 2–5 showed moderate NO inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 8.84 ± 1.02, 9.82 ± 1.95, 9.75 ± 2.24, and 7.39 ± 1.24 μM, respectively.

Enhancing the nitric oxide inhibitory activity using a combination of plant essential oils and mixture design approach

The synergistic effects of essential oils (EOs) from three aromatic plant species, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (C.Presl) Bég. (FV), Origanum heracleoticum L. (OH) and Lavandula austroapennina N.G.Passal., Tundis & Upson. (LA), were evaluated for their inhibitory properties on nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We utilized a Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to optimize a formulation by combining three Essential Oils (EOs), while simultaneously taking into account two response variables, maximization of NO inhibition with minimum cytotoxicity. The optimal blend of components was predicted, and the statistical outcome's efficacy was experimentally verified. The combination corresponding to 87.7 % FV, 12.3 % LA and 0.0 % OH showed high inhibitory effect (76.3 %) with negligible cytotoxicity (4.5 %). This research provides new information on the interactions among fennel, oregano and lavender essential oils and shows how they can synergistically inhibit in vitro LPS-induced NO production.

Caffeoylquinic acid esters, lignans and flavones from Yua thomsonii with cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibitory activities

Phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Yua thomsonii resulted in the isolation of 11 secondary metabolites, including a new caffeoyl quinic acid derivative, 3-O-trans-caffeoyl-4-O-acetylquinic acid methyl ester (1), a new dihydrobenzofuran neolignan, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(1″,3″-dihydroxy-2″-propyloxyl)-4′,7-epoxy-8,5′-neolignan-4,9,9′-triol (3) and nine known compounds, methyl 4-O-coumaroylquinate (2), (7S*,8S*)-3-methoxy-3′,7-epoxy-8,4′-oxyneolignan-4,9,9′-triol (4), kompasinol A (5), lyoniresinol (6), schizandriside (7), (−)-isolariciresinol 3a-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (8), lyoniside (9), vitexin (10) and luteolin 4′-O-β-glucopyranoside (11). Their structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESI mass spectra. The absolute configurations of 1 and 3 were deduced by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 3, 5 and 6 exhibited nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 12.18 to 29.45 µM. However, compounds 1, 3, 6 and 8 were non-cytotoxic towards HepG2 and MCF-7 carcinoma cells.

Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Pyxinol Derivatives as Inhibitors of NF-κB Activation.

Pyxinol, an active metabolite of ginsenosides in human hepatocytes, exhibits various pharmacological activities. Here, a series of C-3 modified pyxinol derivatives was designed and virtually screened by molecular docking with the key inflammation-related proteins of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Some of the novel derivatives were synthesized to assess their effects in inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MtROS) in lipopolysaccharide-triggered RAW264.7 cells. Derivative 2c exhibited the highest NO and MtROS inhibitory activities with low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, 2c decreased the protein levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 and suppressed the activation of NF-κB signaling. Cellular thermal shift assays indicated that 2c could directly bind with p65 and p50 in situ. Molecular docking revealed that 2c's binding to the p65-p50 heterodimer and p50 homodimer was close to their DNA binding sites. In summary, pyxinol derivatives possess potential for development as NF-κB inhibitors.

Xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of compounds isolated from Gomphrena celosioides

AbstractIn this study, the investigation of xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide formation inhibitory activities of three compounds isolated from aerial part of Gomphrena celosioides, a folk medicinal plant for treatment of gout disease, is reported. The isolated compounds were determined based on NMR and ESI‐MS spectra, they are umbellatosides B, 20‐hydroxyecdysone, and 20‐hydroxyecdysone‐20,22‐monoacetonide. Biological activity results indicated that three compounds showed great activities, in which, umbellatosides B has good activity with IC50 value of 33.78 ± 0.49 and 19.55 ± 0.61 µm for xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide inhibitory activities, respectively. This is the report on the xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of three compounds that were first time isolated from the G. celosioides.

Synergistic modulation of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages: The therapeutic potential of Elephantopus scaber and Sauropus androgynus ethanol extract

Background and Aim: Elephantopus scaber (ES) and Sauropus androgynus (SA) have broad biological effects and have long been used in traditional medicine. However, the anti-inflammatory properties of the combination of ES and SA have not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of ES and SA ethanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines by inhibiting proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. Materials and Methods: Nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells was assessed using the Griess protocol. The effects of the combination of ES and SA ethanol extract on RAW 264.7 cell viability were determined using WST-1 (4-[3-(4-Iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene sulfonate) assay. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-β), as well as the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were assessed using flow cytometry. Results: This study demonstrated that ES and SA have excellent NO, iNOS, and proinflammatory inhibitory activities on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The formula ratio of 2ES:1SA showed the best NO inhibitory activity without any cytotoxicity, whereas the higher dose of SA (1ES:2SA) showed the best suppression of iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Conclusion: The combination of ES and SA ethanol extract could be an alternative agent for reducing excessive inflammation in inflammatory diseases. Keywords: Elephantopus scaber, inflammation, macrophage, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, Sauropus androgynous.

Profiling the Phytochemicals of Orostachys margaritifolia: Biological Activities, LC-ESI/MS, and HPLC Analyses.

Orostachys margaritifolia Y. N. Lee (OMY) is an endemic Korean plant in the family Crassulaceae that is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds. To assess the physiological activities of an OMY ethanol extract, ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging assays and a nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assay were conducted. The phytochemical makeup of the extract was profiled via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC/PDA). The OMY extract was found to have weaker ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging activities than the control group (green tea). In the NO inhibition assay, the OMY extract induced a significant increase in macrophage cell viability but showed a lower NO inhibitory activity than l-NAME, producing an IC50 value of 202.6 μg/mL. The LC-ESI/MS and HPLC/PDA analyses identified isoquercitrin and astragalin in the OMY extract, quantifying their contents at 3.74 mg/g and 3.19 mg/g, respectively. The study revealed possibilities for the utilization of OMY as a future source of drugs for alleviating inflammation and diseases related to reactive oxygen species.

Metabolites Profile of Extracts and Fractions of Erythroxylum mexicanum Kunth by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and its Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities.

The present study shows the untargeted metabolite profiling and in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxic, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of the methanolic leaves extract (MLE) and methanolic stem extract (MSE) of Erythroxylum mexicanum, as well as the fractions from MSE. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), a total of 70 metabolites were identified; mainly alkaloids in the MLE, while the MSE showed a high abundance of diterpenoids. The MSE fractions exhibited differential activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, the hexane fraction (HSF) against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 (MIC=62.5 μg/mL) exhibited a bactericidal effect. The MSE fractions exhibited cytotoxicity against all cancer cell lines tested, with selectivity towards them compared to a noncancerous cell line. Particularly, the HSF and chloroform fraction (CSF) showed the highest cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC-3) cells, with IC50 values of 19.9 and 18.1 μg/mL and selectivity indexes of 3.8 and 4.2, respectively. Both the HSF and ethyl acetate (EASF) fractions of the MSE inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with NO production percentages of 50.0 % and 51.7 %, respectively, at a concentration of 30 μg/mL. These results indicated that E. mexicanum can be a source of antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory metabolites.

Chemical constituents of Syzygium cerasiforme leaves and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity in LPS‐activated RAW264.7 cells

AbstractA phytochemical study of the methanolic extract of Syzygium cerasiforme leaves led to the isolation of seven compounds (1–7). Their chemical structures were identified as benzyl‐6ʹ‐O‐galloyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (1), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenol 1‐O‐β‐D‐(6ʹ‐O‐galloyl)‐glucopyranoside (2), betulonic acid (3), 3‐epi‐betulinic acid (4), 7α‐methoxy‐stigmast‐5‐en‐3β‐ol (5), dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), and secoisolariciresinol (7), by HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D NMR spectra, and by comparison with the previously published data. Compounds 1–7 exhibited NO production inhibitory activity in LPS‐activated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 33.17, 25.51, 51.09, 54.17, 39.54, 6.98, and 58.12 µm, respectively, compared to that of the positive control compound, L‐NMMA, which showed an IC50 of 32.5 µm. This is the first report on these compounds from S. cerasiforme.

Pharmacological activities of extracts from different parts of <i>Cirsium japonicum</i> var <i>spinossimum</i>

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibitory and cell proliferation activities of Cirsium japonicum (C. japonicum) var. spinossimum.
 Methods: Phytochemicals (polyphenols, flavonoids, and silymarin) in leaves, roots, and seeds of C. japonicum var. spinossimum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was investigated on 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Immunostimulant and hair loss prevention was confirmed through 3'-{1-((phenylamino)-carbonyl)-3, 4-tetrazolium}bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzenesulfonic acid hydrate (XTT)-based cell proliferation assays using Jurkat cells and human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC).
 Results: Extract from seeds exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (610.08 ± 32.40 mg GAE/g), as well as the highest total flavonoid content, while the total polyphenol content of leaves and root extracts were similar. The RC50 values for seed extract against ABTS and DPPH radicals were 8.20 ± 0.02 µg/mL and 40.13 ± 2.47 µg/mL, respectively. In particular, all six Silymarin derivatives were found to be highest in the seed extract. The C. japonicum var. spinossimum seed extract (CSE) showed significant (p < 0.05) nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS at all concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) and exhibited significant (p < 0.05) cell proliferation activity in Jurkat and hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) at 25 µg/mL.
 Conclusion: Extract of C. japonicum var. spinossimum seeds contain polyphenols and flavonoids and show significant NO inhibitory and cell proliferation activity in Jurkat and HFDPC. Therefore, Cirsium japonicum is a promising source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

3D and 2D-QSAR Studies on Natural Flavonoids for Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Activity

Background: Nitric oxide (NO), an important second messenger molecule, regulates numerous physiological responses, while excessive NO generates negative effects on the circulatory, nervous and immune systems. Recently, some natural flavonoids were reported to possess the capability of inhibiting LPS-induced NO production. To fully understand the nature of their own NO inhibitory activity, it is necessary to address the structural requirements of flavonoids as NO inhibitors. Objective: The objective of this work was to develop efficient QSAR models for predicting the NOinhibitory activity of new flavonoids and improving insights into the critical properties of the chemical structures that were required for the ideal NO production inhibitory activities. Methods: To provide insights into the structural basis of flavonoids as NO inhibitors, 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and 2D-QSAR models were developed on a dataset of 55 flavonoids using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) and hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) approaches. method: CoMFA, CoMSIA combining HQSAR methods were employed on a series of flavonoids to generate 3D and 2D-QSAR models. Results: The statistically significant models for CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR resulted in crossvalidated coefficient (q2) values of 0.523, 0.572 and 0.639, non-cross-validated coefficient (r2) values of 0.793, 0.828 and 0.852, respectively. The robustness of these models was further affirmed using a test set of 18 compounds, which resulted in predictive correlation coefficients (r2 pred) of 0.968, 0.954 and 0.906. Furthermore, the models-derived contour maps were appraised for activity trends for the molecules analyzed. result: Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) combining hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) methods were employed on a series of flavonoids to generate 3D and 2D-QSAR models. Result: The obtained models can be used to predict the activities of new flavonoids and identify the key structural features affecting the NO inhibitory activities. Conclusion: The 3D and 2D-QSAR models constructed in this paper were efficient in estimating the NO inhibitory activities of flavonoids and facilitating the design of flavonoid-derived NO production inhibitors. other: none

Anti-Inflammatory Flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb: Focusing on Activity-Guided Isolation.

To elucidate the anti-inflammatory properties and constituents of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (A. pilosa), a comprehensive investigation was conducted employing activity-guided isolation. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated through an in vitro nitric oxide (NO) assay on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Seven bio-active compounds with anti-inflammatory properties were successfully isolated from the butanol fraction and identified as follows: quercetin-7-O-β-d-rhamnoside (1), apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin (4), kaempferol (5), apigenin (6), and apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide-6″-butylester (7). All isolated compounds showed strong NO inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.4 to 31 µM. Compound 6 demonstrated the most potent NO inhibition. Compound 7, a rare flavonoid, was discerned as a novel anti-inflammatory agent, ascertained through its inaugural demonstration of nitric oxide inhibition. Subsequently, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was conducted employing eight flavonoids derived from A. pilosa. The outcomes elucidated that flavones exhibit superior NO inhibitory effects compared to flavonols, and the aglycone form manifests greater potency in NO inhibition than the glycone counterpart. These results highlight A. pilosa as a promising source of effective anti-inflammatory agents and indicate its potential as a health-beneficial dietary supplement and therapeutic material.

Antioxidant and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity of the Six Most Popular Instant Thai Curries.

All living organisms undergo molecular damage by free radical products. Disrupting the balance between antioxidants and free radicals leads to greater risks of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and cancer. Consumption of curries containing various herbs and spices provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits which promote health. The antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory properties of six popular Thai curries, including green curry (G), Panang curry (P), Massaman curry (M), spicy basil leaf curry (SB), southern sour curry (SS), and southern spicy yellow curry (SY) were determined. All six curries contained phenolic and flavonoid compounds and provided antioxidant activity based on electron transfer and hydrogen atom donor properties, as well as having the ability to reduce oxidized metal. The highest antioxidant value was found in SB, followed by M, SS, and SY. The replacement of sugar with dried stevia powder at 50% (Re) improved antioxidant activity. The ORAC assay provided five times higher results than DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Extracts of all curries at 1 mg/mL on the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 showed no cytotoxicity. The highest NO inhibition was found in SB (p < 0.05). All curry extracts contained quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin. The six selected popular Thai curries had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health benefits. Nutraceuticals, functional foods, and the ingredients of each raw material and curry powder should be further investigated.

Bioactive compounds of pigmented rice extracts reveal by NMR-based metabolomics

ABSTRACT The present study determined total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of black (BR), purple (PR), and red rice (RR) extracted with different polarity solvents and characterized the metabolites by using the 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. The methanol extract of RR had the highest DPPH scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The water extracts of PR and RR exhibited the highest NO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 176.28 ± 18.78 and 160.69 ± 14.83 µg/mL, respectively. The metabolites that contribute to radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of RR methanol extract were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and tyrosine, whereas nicotinic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, and citric acid were the metabolites that contributed to the NO inhibitory activity of RR water extract. The RR extracts are potential sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and NO inhibitory properties.

A new coumarin glucoside from Angelica pubescens

A new coumarin glucoside named angelol A-3'-β-D-glucoside and four known compounds (2–5) were isolated from the root of Angelica pubescens. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods involving HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by the CD experiment. All compounds were tested for nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in vitro. The results showed that all compounds exhibited weak to moderate inhibition activities of NO production except compound 5.