Nitrate Storage Research Articles

Skeletal Muscle, Skin, and Bone as Three Major Nitrate Reservoirs in Mammals: Chemiluminescence and 15N-Tracer Studies in Yorkshire Pigs.

In mammals, nitric oxide (NO) is generated either by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes from arginine or by the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by tissue xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and the microbiome and further reducing nitrite to NO by XOR or several heme proteins. Previously, we reported that skeletal muscle acts as a large nitrate reservoir in mammals, and this nitrate reservoir is systemically, as well as locally, used to generate nitrite and NO. Here, we report identifying two additional nitrate storage organs-bone and skin. We used bolus of ingested 15N-labeled nitrate to trace its short-term fluxes and distribution among organs. At baseline conditions, the nitrate concentration in femur bone samples was 96 ± 63 nmol/g, scalp skin 56 ± 22 nmol/g, with gluteus muscle at 57 ± 39 nmol/g. In comparison, plasma and liver contained 34 ± 19 nmol/g and 15 ± 5 nmol/g of nitrate, respectively. Three hours after 15N-nitrate ingestion, its concentration significantly increased in all organs, exceeding the baseline levels in plasma, skin, bone, skeletal muscle, and in liver 5-, 2.4-, 2.4-, 2.1-, and 2-fold, respectively. As expected, nitrate reduction into nitrite was highest in liver but also substantial in skin and skeletal muscle, followed by the distribution of 15N-labeled nitrite. We believe that these results underline the major roles played by skeletal muscle, skin, and bone, the three largest organs in mammals, in maintaining NO homeostasis, especially via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway.

Dietary nitrate flows and accumulation in pig organs:15N-tracer study

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical with multiple functions in virtually all cells. In mammals, NO is generated by nitric oxide synthase from arginine and by reduction of nitrate to nitrite by tissue xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and microbiome. Nitrite is then available for reduction to NO by XOR or several heme proteins. Previously we reported that 1) skeletal muscle acts as a body nitrate reservoir, and 2) stored nitrate is systemically, as well as locally used to generate nitrite and NO. Recently, we identified two additional nitrate storage organs - skeleton and skin. At baseline conditions, nitrate concentration in skeleton was 96±63 nmol/g, skeletal muscle 57±39 nmol/g and skin 56±22 nmol/g. For comparison, plasma and liver contained 34±19 nmol/g and 15±5 nmol/g of nitrate, respectively. We used 15N-labeled dose of dietary nitrate to trace its distribution among organs in time. Three hours after nitrate bolus ingestion, total nitrate levels significantly increased in all organs, reaching 221±91 nmol/g in plasma, 126±55 nmol/g in skin, 119±38 nmol/g in skeleton, 100±79 mmol/g in skeletal muscle, and 21±5 nmol/g in liver. As shown by MS, 15N-labeled nitrate distributes in non-uniform way, accumulating largely in skin. As expected, nitrate reductase activity is highest in liver, but also substantial in skin and skeletal muscle, as seen by presence of 15N-labeled nitrite. With consideration of skeletal muscle, skin and skeleton as three largest organs in mammals, these results underline their major role in maintaining homeostasis of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Also, important from therapeutic point of view, all three organs are well responding to dietary nitrate interventions by increasing their respective nitrate levels, which leads to general increase of systemic and local NO and perhaps could be used as one of the ways to increase NO availability. Work supported by NIH internal grant to ANS. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

The tonoplast localized protein PtNPF1 participates in the regulation of nitrogen response in diatoms.

Diatoms are a highly successful group of phytoplankton, well adapted also to oligotrophic environments and capable of handling nutrient fluctuations in the ocean, particularly nitrate. The presence of a large vacuole is an important trait contributing to their adaptive features. It confers diatoms the ability to accumulate and store nutrients, such as nitrate, when they are abundant outside and then to reallocate them into the cytosol to meet deficiencies, in a process called luxury uptake. The molecular mechanisms that regulate these nitrate fluxes are still not known in diatoms. In this work, we provide new insights into the function of Phaeodactylum tricornutum NPF1, a putative low-affinity nitrate transporter. To accomplish this, we generated overexpressing strains and CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function mutants. Microscopy observations confirmed predictions that PtNPF1 is localized on the vacuole membrane. Furthermore, functional characterizations performed on knock-out mutants revealed a transient growth delay phenotype linked to altered nitrate uptake. Together, these results allowed us to hypothesize that PtNPF1 is presumably involved in modulating intracellular nitrogen fluxes, managing intracellular nutrient availability. This ability might allow diatoms to fine-tune the assimilation, storage and reallocation of nitrate, conferring them a strong advantage in oligotrophic environments.

CHLORIDE CHANNEL-b mediates vacuolar nitrate efflux to improve low nitrogen adaptation in Arabidopsis.

The vacuole is an important organelle for nitrate storage, and the reuse of vacuolar nitrate under nitrate starvation helps plants adapt to low-nitrate environments. CHLORIDE CHANNEL-b (CLC-b) in the vacuolar membrane is a nitrate transporter; however, its regulation and effects on nitrate efflux have not been established. Here, we evaluated CLC-b expression and its effects on physiological parameters under low nitrate conditions. CLC-b expression increased significantly in the roots of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Col-0 under nitrate starvation. Under low nitrate, clcb mutants showed reductions in chlorophyll content and xylem sap nitrate concentration, shoot/root nitrate ratios, shoot/root total N ratios, and biomass. CLC-b-overexpression yielded opposite phenotypes and increased nitrogen use efficiency. CLC-b mutants showed elevated chlorate tolerance and an increased proportion of vacuolar nitrate relative to the total protoplast nitrate content as compared to the wild type. Yeast 1-hybrid, EMSA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that HRS1 HOMOLOG2 (HHO2), the expression of which is downregulated under low nitrate, binds directly to the promoter of CLC-b. clcb/hho2 double mutants and HHO2-overexpressing clcb plants had similar phenotypes under low nitrate to those of clcb single mutants. Thus, CLC-b mediates vacuolar nitrate efflux and is negatively regulated by HHO2, providing a theoretical basis for improving plant adaptability to low nitrate.

Long-term high nitrogen surplus in intensive apple-planting regions results in huge legacy nitrogen in the vadose zone: Potential or real risk to the groundwater?

Understanding the fates of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to soil at the different scales is crucial to increase N use efficiency and reduce N loss to the environment. However, most of studies focus on the field scale. It is a major challenge to study the long-term N fates in intensive agricultural systems at large scale due to high uncertainty. We studied the impact of land-use changes from cereals to apple orchards at a county scale over nearly four decades on N surplus, nitrate accumulation in deep soil profiles, and groundwater quality. The average N surplus in croplands of Liquan County increased from 53.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 1981–411.9 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2019. The average of nitrate accumulation in the 0–8 m soil profiles of apple orchards in the northern, middle, and southern regions of the county (rainfed (farming that relies on natural rainfall rather than irrigation), transition, and irrigated) were 6075, 11554, and 16723 kg N ha-1, respectively, which were higher than that of cereal lands (443 kg N ha-1). Approximately 53.7 % of the total N surplus in croplands at the county was accumulated in the 0–8 m soil profile in the form of nitrate. The nitrate concentrations of 52.0 % of groundwater samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard (11.3 mg N L-1), the samples were mainly located in the southern region of the county, where the vadose zone ranged from 10 to 20 m depth, and there were no groundwater samples that exceeded the standard in the rainfed region. This study highlighted that the large nitrate storage in the vadose zone was the main fate of surplus N over the past 40 years in intensive agricultural systems and has caused severe nitrate pollution of groundwater in irrigated regions with shallow vadose zones.

High nutrients surplus led to deep soil nitrate accumulation and acidification after cropland conversion to apple orchards on the Loess Plateau, China

Nitrate accumulation in the deep vadose zone poses direct or potential threat of environment and agriculture due to the long hydraulic retention time, especially in areas with limited rainfall. This study explored the primary causes and associated environmental problems of deep soil nitrate accumulation in apple orchards on the Loess Plateau by investigating nutrient (N, P, and K) surplus, deep soil nitrate accumulation and acidification, fertilization habits, and farmer awareness, through a combination of questionnaire and experiment. The results revealed much larger nutrient inputs than outputs, with N, P, and K surpluses 1.8–4.0-fold higher than required for apple tree growth. The huge N surplus caused nitrate accumulation and acidification in deep soil under apple orchards (up to 6 m). Soil nitrate storage in 25-year-old apple orchards within 6 m depth ranged from 5039–14,693 kg ha–1, 4.7–11.7-fold higher than under cropland. In addition, soil pH in 25-year-old apple orchards was 0.31–0.40 lower at 2–4 m depth than that of cropland. Overfertilization was the main contributor to the high cost of apple production, with most farmers unaware that they had overfertilized; the farmers also lacked an environmental conscious. We recommend multiple fertilizations, reasonable ratios of chemical and organic fertilizer, and scientific fertilization guidance to balance the economic benefits and environmental protection of apple orchards. In addition, farmers should be educated on environmental protection to sustainably develop the apple industry on the Loess Plateau.

Cryo-EM structure of the plant nitrate transporter AtCLCa reveals characteristics of the anion-binding site and the ATP-binding pocket

Nitrate is one of the major nitrogen sources for most plants. Chloride channel (CLC) proteins mediate the transport and vacuole storage of nitrate in plants, but the structural basis of nitrate transport by plant CLC proteins remains unknown. Here, we solved the cryo-EM structure of ATP-bound Arabidopsis thaliana CLCa (AtCLCa) at 2.8Å resolution. Structural comparison between nitrate-selective AtCLCa and chloride-selective CLC-7 reveals key differences in the central anion-binding site. We observed that the central nitrate is shifted by ∼1.4Å from chloride, which is likely caused by a weaker interaction between the anion and Pro160; the side chains of aromatic residues around the central binding site are rearranged to accommodate the larger nitrate. Additionally, we identified the ATP-binding pocket of AtCLCa to be located between the cytosolic cystathionine β-synthase domains and the N-terminus. The N-terminus may mediate the ATP inhibition of AtCLCa by interacting with both ATP and the pore-forming transmembrane helix. Together, our studies provide insights into the nitrate selectivity and ATP regulation of plant CLCs.

Critical role of water structure around interlayer ions for ion storage in layered double hydroxides

Water-containing layered materials have found various applications such as water purification and energy storage. The highly structured water molecules around ions under the confinement between the layers determine the ion storage ability. Yet, the relationship between the configuration of interlayer ions and water structure in high ion storage layered materials is elusive. Herein, using layered double hydroxides, we demonstrate that the water structure is sensitive to the filling density of ions in the interlayer space and governs the ion storage. For ion storage of dilute nitrate ions, a 24% decrease in the filling density increases the nitrate storage capacity by 300%. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring studies, combined with multimodal ex situ experiments and theoretical calculations, reveal that the decreasing filling density effectively facilitates the 2D hydrogen-bond networking structure in water around interlayer nitrate ions along with minimal change in the layered structure, leading to the high storage capacity.

Evaluation of the Experience of International Accidents Related to the Storage and Handling of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilisers

Due to its high nitrogen content, ammonium nitrate is a popular fertiliser raw material worldwide and is also used as an ingredient in explosives in mines due to its explosiveness. As a result, several dangerous plants in the world are involved in the storage and handling of ammonium nitrate. In order to prevent a serious incident involving the substance, a number of national and international regulations exist. However, despite these strict laws and official controls, serious accidents have occurred that have resulted in significant material, environmental, and last but not least, human losses. The aim of the publication is to describe the major international accidents that have occurred during the storage and handling of ammonium nitrate. Furthermore, a summary is presented of the causes and main experiences identified during the investigation of these injury events.

Enhanced thermal energy storage of sodium nitrate by graphene nanosheets: Experimental study and mechanisms

Molten salt is considered as one of the most promising candidate materials for solar energy storage due to its consistent performance and high energy storage density. The limited thermal conductivity of molten salt, on the other hand, has become a bottleneck for efficient energy storage and heat transfer. Here, we propose a composite phase change material (PCM) to realize ultrafast thermal energy storage based on sodium nitrate (NaNO3) doped graphene nanosheets (GNS). The thermal conductivity of the composite is improved by 245 % with GNS doping ratio of 3.0 wt%, which is due to better phonon vibration matching between GNS and NaNO3. The decrease of phase change enthalpy and melting point are explained from the perspective of mean square displacement. This paper provides a new idea for the selection criteria of the mass fraction of nano-enhancers for molten salt-based PCMs from the perspective of phonon vibration matching.

Development of ammonium nitrate free nutrient media for aluminium toxicity tolerance screening of rice genotypes from North-Eastern India

North-Eastern India is blessed with a vast diversity of rice genotypes with varying yielding abilities. However, the predominant strong soil acidity induced nutrient stresses from the toxicity of aluminum (Al3+) ions often causes sub-optimal rice productivity. The lack of suitable nutrient media for the screening of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance of rice genotypes is one of the limiting factors in Al tolerant varieties' development. Modified Magnavaca's solution has been the most recommended nutrient solution for this purpose where ammonium nitrate is the primary nitrogen source. However, strict regulations related to the handling and storage of ammonium nitrate in India limit the preparation of Modified Magnavaca’s solution for laboratory use. Here, a modified ammonium nitrate-free formulation based upon the Magnavaca's solution has been proposed. The modified formulation was found to have 160.9 µM of active Al3+ concentration when 550 µM of aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6H2O) was added at pH 4.1 to the solution. Through a plant growth screening experiment using ten diverse rice genotypes a significant difference in the response of various genotypes to differential Al toxicity levels on root growth performance indicators was observed. Based on the response, we could able to categorize the genotypes into tolerant and sensitive in relative terms. Thus, the present experiment provided an important nutrient formulation suitable for screening rice genotypes under Al toxicity conditions. Moreover, the selected tolerant and sensitive genotypes can further pave the way for studying the molecular mechanism of Al toxicity response in rice and their use in the breeding program.

Intracellular nitrate storage by diatoms can be an important nitrogen pool in freshwater and marine ecosystems

Identifying and quantifying nitrogen pools is essential for understanding the nitrogen cycle in aquatic ecosystems. The ubiquitous diatoms represent an overlooked nitrate pool as they can accumulate nitrate intracellularly and utilize it for nitrogen assimilation, dissipation of excess photosynthetic energy, and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA). Here, we document the global co-occurrence of diatoms and intracellular nitrate in phototrophic microbial communities in freshwater (n = 69), coastal (n = 44), and open marine (n = 4) habitats. Diatom abundance and total intracellular nitrate contents in water columns, sediments, microbial mats, and epilithic biofilms were highly significantly correlated. In contrast, diatom community composition had only a marginal influence on total intracellular nitrate contents. Nitrate concentrations inside diatom cells exceeded ambient nitrate concentrations ∼100–4000-fold. The collective intracellular nitrate pool of the diatom community accounted for <1% of total nitrate in pelagic habitats and 65–95% in benthic habitats. Accordingly, nitrate-storing diatoms are emerging as significant contributors to benthic nitrogen cycling, in particular through Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium activity under anoxic conditions.

NIT-DRAIN model to simulate nitrate concentrations and leaching in a tile-drained agricultural field

Agricultural pollution, due to excessive land fertilization, affects the quality of both surface and ground water. This paper presents a conceptual and reservoir-based model that simulates the time variation of nitrate concentrations [NO3-] at the outlet of a subsurface drainage network, referred to herein as “NIT-DRAIN.” The model is based on a simplified scheme of water and nitrate transfer processes by decomposing the soil profile located between the drain and the mid-drain into three interconnected and conceptual compartments. Hence, the fast transfer throughout the macroporosity located above the pipe is described by the first compartment while the low and residual nitrate transfers are managed by the two other compartments. The model assumes that all seasonal nitrogen transformations at the field scale lead to the remaining pool of nitrate available for leaching at the beginning of the winter season (RNBW). This variable is updated by the model at the beginning of each hydrological year. The NIT-DRAIN model requires two input data: the measured or simulated drainage discharge and the RNBW. Seven parameters were introduced to manage nitrate leaching and water flow through the three soil compartments using two different transfer functions. The calibration and validation step (C/V) was performed to assess the performance of the model in reproducing the nitrate concentration observations acquired at Rampillon (355 ha, data for 6 years), located east of Paris, France. The results showed performance criteria of KGE greater than 0.5 and of RMSE less than 5 mgNO3-/l, which confirm the ability of the model to simulate the observed nitrate concentrations with a good agreement. The annual model calibration framework, implemented to assess the parameter variability, confirms the model stability and consistency. However, the use of simulated drainage discharges as input underlines the need to reproduce with accuracy the earlier low discharge values by the drainage model. The innovative management of nitrate transfer through the conceptual compartments based on the annual update of the RNBW variable enables the simulation of the nitrate concentrations with a high performance using a limited number of input data. In addition, the periods of flushing and dilution are clearly identified by the NIT-DRAIN model thanks to the accurate estimation of the nitrate storage variation inside each model compartment.

Experiment-based cause analysis of secondary explosion of ammonium nitrate in fire conditions

Ensuring adequate safety during the production, transportation and storage of ammonium nitrate (AN) has always been a matter of concern. In particular, the combustion and explosion of other chemicals in fire conditions could lead to secondary explosions of AN. An understanding of the effect of fire conditions on the blast characteristics of AN and an estimate of the blast characteristic parameters of AN, such as the critical detonation pressure and fragment impact response, are necessary for minimising risks associated with the large-scale storage of AN and AN-based fertilisers at ports and for avoiding secondary explosions. In this study, the blast characteristic parameters of AN were determined by conducting the UN gap test and fragment impact test. An increase in the AN temperature from −20 °C to 140 °C was found to be accompanied by a gradual decrease in the critical detonation pressure from 5.444 GPa to 1.741 GPa. Furthermore, bombardment by high-speed fragments caused the ignition of AN below 60 °C, and when the temperature reached 100 and 140 °C, deflagration and explosion occurred, respectively. When combined with the results of an assessment of an explosion event at Tianjin Port, these results indicate that the bombardment of AN by metal fragments produced by an explosion is likely to trigger secondary explosions.

Loss prevention learnings from Beirut and similar ammonium nitrate explosions

AbstractThe recent catastrophic explosion in Beirut highlights how the safe handling and storage of solid ammonium nitrate (AN) is of paramount importance. This article discusses the explosion hazard of solid AN from a fundamental and historical perspective and focuses on the main mechanisms that contributed to past events, including fire, contamination, product degradation, and shock. Critical loss prevention recommendations are summarized, referencing the recent major update to FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7‐89 from January 2021. Last, a method to predict the explosive yield for explosions of solid AN in storage is presented.

Skeletal Muscle Nitrate as a Regulator of Systemic Nitric Oxide Homeostasis.

Nonenzymatic nitric oxide (NO) generation via the reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions, along with remarkably high levels of nitrate ions in skeletal muscle, have been described recently. Skeletal muscle nitrate storage may be critical for maintenance of NO homeostasis in healthy aging, and nitrate supplementation may be useful for the treatment of specific pathophysiologies and for enhancing normal functions.

A Comparative Study of Conceptual Model Complexity to Describe Water Flow and Nitrate Transport in Deep Unsaturated Loess

AbstractUnderstanding nitrate migration through the deep vadose zone is essential for aquifer vulnerability assessments. The effect of variability of physical properties of the deep vadose zone on nitrate transport has been scarcely explored. Recently, deep nitrate storage profiles were determined in the vadose zone of the Loess Plateau of China. Using these observations along with measured soil properties, this study investigates the effect of loess vertical heterogeneity on water movement and nitrate transport through the deep vadose zone. Models of different complexity were established and calibrated. First, a simple piston flow and nitrate mass balance approach was calibrated to the observed nitrate storage. The results indicate that the total nitrate storage is estimated well, while the estimation of the distribution of nitrate is relatively poor. Subsequently, Richards' equation and the Advection‐Dispersion equation were evaluated. Three different conceptualizations of the numerical models were calibrated against deep vadose zone nitrate and water content observations: (1) one‐layer model assuming homogenous loess vadose zone; (2) a model that considers a hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decay function and (3) a model where the Miller‐Miller scaling factors are prescribed to account for changes of the hydraulic functions with depth. Accounting for the vertical Ks decay in the numerical models improved water flow performances. The study reveals the adequacy of implementing water flow and nitrate transport numerical models together with a simple representation of the vertical loess variability, for simulating nitrate migration in loess deep vadose zone environments.

Расчетно-аналитическое обоснование предельных значений массы аммиачной селитры при хранении на складах и терминалах

On the basis of theory of stationary thermal explosion of A.D. Frank-Kamenetsky, depending on the temperature of the critical size of the ammonium nitrate embankment, the calculations were performed, which show that it can be stored in the large volumes at the temperatures up to 30 °C. On the contrary, at the temperatures above 100 °C (for example, at 200 °C), the decomposition of nitrate occurs with acceleration and can lead to an explosion. Based on the studies performed, it is shown that the changes and additions to the fire safety requirements for ammonium nitrate storage in the buildings and structures should be determined by the requirements for fire resistance of buildings (at least II degree of fire resistance), for the purity of the product and its packaging, for the exclusion of contacts with organic substances and materials, storage conditions. Additional fire safety requirements were developed for inclusion in the normative document regarding ammonium nitrate storage. Ammonium nitrate is allowed to be stored in one-story warehouse buildings of at least II degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0. The floor area within the fire compartment should not exceed 10 500 m2. Between the fire-fighting walls of the 1st type, it is allowed to store no more than 25 000 tons of nitrite in bulk or in the special bags, as well as in the soft specialized containers for bulk products in accordance with GOST 2—2013.The conditions for placing ammonium nitrate in the stacks should be accepted in accordance with the requirements of SP 92.13330.2012. Temperature in the storage room of ammonium nitrate should not exceed 30 °C with a relative humidity of not more than 60 %. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate should be equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust and (or) emergency ventilation, in order to exclude the formation of a fire and explosion hazardous environment in the room during the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate in an amount of not more than 5 thousand tons may be separated from other premises, including from the warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, by solid (without openings) type 2 fire walls.

Nitrate transport in the chalk vadose zone in Picardy, France

Abstract Since the 1980s, nitrate has been shown to be present in soils and the vadose zone of various types of geological materials years after fertilizer application. In chalk, where the vadose zone is thick, nitrate storage can be considerable and its transport time towards groundwater can be lengthy. In this context, evaluation of the impact of changes in agricultural practices on groundwater quality remains a major question. Improvement of groundwater quality can in certain cases be greatly delayed after the implementation of environmental agricultural practices. The principal objective of this study is to improve our knowledge of when changes in agricultural practices will have a noticeable effect on groundwater quality. To meet this objective, nitrate concentration profiles were performed in agricultural plots in Picardy (France). A crop marker event was used to calculate the transport velocity of water and associated solutes. This method is useful when other tracers (such as tritium or chloride) cannot be used. Estimated velocities range from 0.51 to 0.54 m a −1 ; these values are similar to those described in similar chalk aquifers.

Smart system for monitoring ammonium nitrate storage warehouse

&lt;span&gt;Ammonium nitrate (AN, NH4NO3) is one of the materials used in chemical industry and in agriculture. AN is not considered a fire risk but it is a strong oxidizing agent that can lead to fire and explosion, so, the ammonium nitrate must be stored under specific environmental conditions to avoid the occurrence of dangerous situations. In this paper, a smart monitoring system for Ammonium nitrate storage is developed. The system consists of three-parts: monitoring chemicals system part (MCS), warehouse monitoring part (WMP), and emergency part (EP). MCS includes several hardware components: Arduino microcontroller, Ds18b20 sensor, MQ sensors, system for mobile communication (GSM), global position system (GPS), buzzer, and LCD. Two types of alarms are designed, the first one is for the WMP that to receive the alarm when temperature is exceeds than a specific threshold in chemical warehouse. The second one is for EP. It represents the receiver part to receive the alarm with the location of the place that indicates to certain gases leakage that could cause a fire or explosion. Also, a buzzer is listening and display the sensor state on LCD. The system follows the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) approach using unified modeling language (UML).&lt;/span&gt;