Nineteenth-century Scotland Research Articles

The Catholics, The Irish Delinquent and the Origins of Reformatory Schools in Nineteenth Century England and Scotland

In the autumn of 1851, a group of philanthropists, magistrates, and prison officials sent out a circular inviting like-minded persons to a conference on ‘the Condition and Treatment of the “Perishing and Dangerous Classes” of Children and Juvenile Offenders.’ On December 9 and 10, this conference met in Birmingham and adopted a number of resolutions advocating that destitute and criminal children be sent to reformatory institutions instead of prison. It also appointed a committee to advance the reformatory cause, and this group subsequently presented the Birmingham Conference's resolutions to the Home Secretary (Sir George Grey).

Schooling and Literacy in Early Nineteenth Century Scotland: Some Additional Evidence and its Implications

Schooling and Literacy in Early Nineteenth Century Scotland: Some Additional Evidence and its Implications

‘A tyrant and tormentor’: violence against wives in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scotland

There has recently been a tremendous new awareness of male violence against women, an awareness which spans the academic world, the services that come in contact with it, and popular initiatives. Edinburgh District Council's Zero Tolerance campaign (which arose out of a report on adolescents' knowledge about, and attitude to, domestic violence) began in 1992 and was a landmark in bringing this issue out into the open in Britain. Hundreds of articles have appeared in American medical journals in the last four or five years, and March 1995 saw the launch of a new interdisciplinary journal, entitled simply Violence Against Women. And of all the women who suffer violence, the greatest number are wives whose husbands abuse them.

Empire and Union: Imperial and national identity in nineteenth century Scotland

This paper tries to show the main thread of Scottish national identity in the nineteenth century and how Scotland's close connection with the empire did not asuage Scottish desires to retain a national identity. The paper tries to illustrate that the interpretation of the union connection by the Scottish political classes was central to the understanding of Scotland as a nation during the period. Examples are also provided of the way in which the union could be questioned in this century, but this was with the caveat that this would necessarily be limited; for such was the extent to which national identity was played out on an imperial stage. Although Scots never lost sight of their distinctiveness, any extension of the critique of union would have ultimately worked against their ability to confidently display their identity as they did quite successfully in the nineteenth century.

Schooling and Literacy in Early Nineteenth Century Scotland: Some Additional Evidence and its Implications

Schooling and Literacy in Early Nineteenth Century Scotland: Some Additional Evidence and its Implications

Walter Geikie: the life, schooling and work of a deaf artist at the beginning of the nineteenth century

The life and works of Walter Geikie (1795-1837), a profoundly deaf Edinburgh artist elected to the Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, Drawing and Architecture, are investigated as a source of insight into the experiences of deaf people in early nineteenth-century Scotland. Accounts of Geikie's early education, his family life and contacts with the rest of Edinburgh's deaf community are discussed in light of their possible weight as evidence that sign was recognized and used as part of the schooling of deaf students at the time. The artist's life is presented as an instance of the experiences of a profoundly deaf person at a time when the expectations of society regarding the education and socialization of deaf people was in process of expansion.

Where was nineteenth-century Scotland?

Those who go in search of nineteenth-century Scotland face a bewildering experience. The literature and the sources are rich, yet attempts to produce a coherent history of nineteenth-century Scotland as Scotland are few and often lack assurance. Let us start with the best. The recent books by Smout and Lynch stand as dolmens to the scholarship of recent decades. For Christopher Smout, the Scottish people had a history between 1560 and 1830, yet between 1830 and 1950 they only had a 'century'.1 He firmly announces that he writes about their 'experiences'; they had work, drink, sex, religion, education and a working class radical tradition. Scotland emerges as a rather dreich and dour place with 'experiences' that seem to fragment under the historian's gaze. Michael Lynch, writing within the broader 'modern history' tradition, has to work hard to mould this Scottish century into specific events, personalities, groups and themes.2 He does so by attaching the Scottish story to religion and religious identities. The disruption of 1843 is a central event in his narrative. Identities of evangelical and moderate, ofOrange and temperance, are important explanatory features in his accounts of politics and working-class culture. Lynch throws a few lifelines. He refers to the 'localism' of Scotland and to Scotland as a 'melting pot of different identities', but there is little here to answer the recent plea by Christopher Harvie and Graham Walker for an account of the 'culture' or society of Scotland.3 This tendency to fragmentation in Scottish history has only been increased recently by the proliferation of volumes of 'essays'. When the Saltire Society produced its own contribution to Scotland as a land of essays, entitled Why Scottish History Matters, Tom Devine and

Response: North of the Border

Professor Morris and Dr Morton rightly argue against the fragmenta tion imposed by historians on the history of nineteenth-century Scotland. Social historians are particularly culpable here; for whereas in England the social history of the nineteenth century challenged a dominant political history, Scottish social history moved into a space which was not strongly held by political historians. Hence the microscopic approach, which often produces valuable results in social history, is not always complemented by a 'national' picture. Nevertheless, I do not share their anxiety about the boundaries of Scottish identity, or about the possible complexities of reconciling Highland and Lowland history. The Anglo-Scottish Border has always been more than a line on the map. It is also the division between two legal systems produced by many centuries of separate political development, a division deliberately left intact in 1707. One step over the Border, and the historian, like the escaping felon, is in a different world. This is reflected in the notorious inability of 'British' historians to produce genuinely British statistics on subjects ranging from crime to causes of mortality.1 And English historians are forced, because of the differing nature of Scottish and English sources, to accept that Scotland is a foreign country: they do things differently there. The separate legal codes affected the populations of England and Scotland from cradle to grave, and are more than a tedious bureau cratic issue.2 Scots births were not registered until a decade after the English, because of the profoundly different systems of local administration, and their methods of registration remained different.3 Scottish children attended schools and universities within a separate

Protestants First. Orangism in nineteenth-century Scotland. By Elaine W. McFarland. Pp. viii + 255. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991. £30. 0 7486 0202 X

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The ‘photographic tour’ in nineteenth century Scotland

Abstract This paper examines the emergence of the ‘photographic tour’ as a distinct cultural form in Scotland. Analysis of the written accounts of photographers visiting Scotland in the mid 19th century reveals a pattern of recurring attitudes in which Scottish topography is understood in terms of its history, literature and social culture. It is also related to parallel developments in other branches of leisure and recreation, and is thus shown to be an integral element in the growth of mass tourism.

Contexts of Ambivalence: The Folkloristic Activities of Nineteenth Century Scottish Highland Ministers

These early years might be termed 'pre-scientific'-a time when theories had not yet been fully articulated and folklorists could not truly be said to be operating under a paradigm (in the sense in which Thomas Kuhn employs the term in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: '... models from which spring particular coherent trends of scientific research').' Nevertheless, folklore was forming as a discipline, given impetus and structure by William Thoms' 1846 definition.2 The founding of the Folklore Society in Britain in 1878 further solidified the position of folklore as an area of serious scholarship. Alfred Nutt, publisher for the Society and an ardent Celticist, was instrumental in getting considerable Scottish lore into print, as will be discussed presently. The later nineteenth century saw a burgeoning of interest and activity in gathering materials on beliefs and customs of the Scottish Gaidhealtachd, and particularly in the collecting, from oral sources, of folklore in the original Gaelic language. One group that contributed greatly to folklore scholarship at this time was the Calvinist clergymen of Highland Scotland. Their role in the forging of folkloristics, however, has been misapprehended by scholars such as Richard Dorson. I suggest that this comes as a consequence of failing to recognise the context of ambivalence in which supernatural folklore was communicated and collected in Gaelic-speaking nineteenth-century Scotland. In the interest of demonstrating the emergence of folkloristics as a discipline, Dorson has ignored the milieu-the history of the people and the ambivalent attitudes-in which the ministers were operating. Awareness of these circumstances is essential to understanding both the contributions of the clergy to the emergence of folklore studies and the mixture of meanings that supernatural folklore had for people (including the clergy themselves).

Seduction in Psychoanalysis and Psychiatric History

A course of public lectures on lunacy reform in early nineteenth-century Scotland; a course of clinical lectures on nervous diseases delivered in late nineteenth-century Paris; and a self-consciously staged and self-professedly perverse performative reading of seduction scenes in psychoanalysis and fiction by a contemporary American feminist. To snatch a line from the not altogether inappropriate context of Moby Dick, this is about as diverse an ensemble of texts as any poor devil of a Sub-Sub scribbler could hope to grubworm her way through in a review. Let me elaborate briefly, beginning with the two tomes reprinted in the Tavistock Series under the equally able editorial eyes of sociologist Andrew Scull and historian Ruth Harris. Despite sharing a common lecture format, W. A. F. Browne's What Asylums Were, Are, and Ought To Be (1837) and J-M. Charcot's Clinical Lectures (originally published between 1882-85) are products of both markedly distinct psychiatric epochs and cultural milieus, and inherently unlike in terms of substance and scope of address. The work of the Scottish alienist, Browne, focuses primarily upon psychiatric practice: the construction and management of asylums in past, present, and future. Charcot's book, conversely, is comprised of a series of detailed investigations of pathological anatomy in relation to disorders such as hysteria, and focuses alternately upon

Thinking Nationally/Writing Colonially? Scott, Stevenson, and England

Colonized peoples struggle for permission to narrate, according to Edward Said.' That is, they battle to tell their own tale, to assert a reality distinct from that imposed by intrusive power.2 But Said's phrase applies most usefully to those peoples colonized by violence and with a clearly defined colonial presence against which to rebel. What if a people is not conventionally colonized? Will they still struggle to narrate? And if a people stand complicit in their own colonization, or if colonial narrative holds certain attractions for them, what tale, exactly, will they struggle to tell? Nineteenth-century Scotland provides some context-specific answers, for across that period and place, novelists from Scott to Stevenson joined literary battle with England, writing within and against a narrative determined by their neighboring power. But why did they need to? Scotland never was physically colonized by England. Although successive English armies swept over Scottish border, forces that conquered Scotland were often comprised of Englishmen allied with some local faction. And after battles, was local faction that implemented conquerors' shared policies, that oppressed some other Scottish group. Christopher Harvie notes, for instance, that after Charles Edward Stuart's defeat in battle of Culloden, the internal colonisers were Scots. He adds, More Scots had fought for Cumberland than for Charles Edward; more Scots than English soldiers thereafter wasted glens; was Scots landlords and factors, not Englishmen, who forced Highlanders on to emigrant ships.3 Yet Scots were colonized-if not by force, by culture. When in 1707 they willingly joined in Union with England, Scots imagined they would become equal partners with their sister kingdom-equal because separate. Had they not carefully set aside a space for difference and thus for equality rather than subservience within Union by retaining their own law and religion? But by beginning of nineteenth century, Scots began to realize that London parliament was encroaching on their legal and religious sovereignty. As N.T. Phillipson writes: it became increasingly clear ... that assimilation was

Stepwise migration and Highland migration to Glasgow, 1852–1898

Permanent and temporary movement of population from the rural Highlands to the urban Lowlands was a major element in the demographic modernisation of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Scotland. Most studies of Highland-Lowland migration have considered movement between birthplace and place of enumeration as the result of single direct moves. Little attention has been paid to the “steps” by which migrants actually moved. This paper examines sources which allow reconstruction of stepwise migration patterns of a sample of Highland migrants to late-nineteenth-century Glasgow. The source is critically assessed in relation to other work both on stepwise migration and on Highland-Lowland migration in Scotland.

The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of past Environments

Preface Introduction: iconography and landscape Stephen Daniels and Denis Cosgrove 1. The geography of Mother Nature Peter Fuller 2. The evocative symbolism of trees Douglas Davies 3. The political iconography of woodland in later Georgian England Stephen Daniels 4. Places and dwellings: Wordsworth, Clare and the anti-picturesque John Lacas 5. Art and agrarian change, 1710-1815 Hugh Prince 6. 'Fields of radiance': the scientific and industrial scenes of Joseph Wright David Fraser 7. The privation of history: Landseer, Victoria and the Highland myth Trevor P. Pringle 8. The iconography of nationhood in Canadian art Brian S. Osborne 9. Rhetoric of the western interior: modes of environmental description in American promotional literature of the nineteenth century G. Malcolm Lewis 10. Symbolism, 'ritualism' and the location of crowds in early nineteenth-century English towns Mark Harrison 11. Symbol of the Second Empire: cultural politics and the Paris Opera House Penelope Woolf 12. The sphinx in the north: egyptian influences on landscape, architecture and interior design in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Scotland Eric Grant 13. The geometry of landscape: practical and speculative arts in sixteenth-century Venetian land territories Denis Cosgrove 14. Maps, knowledge, and power J. B. Harley Index.

Scottish Banking before 1845: A Model for Laissez-Faire?

During the free era in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scotland, there were a number of restrictions affecting the evolution of the system. Scottish banking was characterized by restrictions on small-denomination and interest-bearing notes. There were also restrictions inhibiting the development of capital markets and entry into banking. Furthermore, the Bank of England operated as a shadow central bank for the Scottish system. These considerations call into question the use of the Scottish banking experience as the appropriate model for laissez-faire and as evidence against the legal restrictions theory of money and the new monetary economics. Copyright 1989 by Ohio State University Press.

The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of past Environments

Preface Introduction: iconography and landscape Stephen Daniels and Denis Cosgrove 1. The geography of Mother Nature Peter Fuller 2. The evocative symbolism of trees Douglas Davies 3. The political iconography of woodland in later Georgian England Stephen Daniels 4. Places and dwellings: Wordsworth, Clare and the anti-picturesque John Lacas 5. Art and agrarian change, 1710-1815 Hugh Prince 6. 'Fields of radiance': the scientific and industrial scenes of Joseph Wright David Fraser 7. The privation of history: Landseer, Victoria and the Highland myth Trevor P. Pringle 8. The iconography of nationhood in Canadian art Brian S. Osborne 9. Rhetoric of the western interior: modes of environmental description in American promotional literature of the nineteenth century G. Malcolm Lewis 10. Symbolism, 'ritualism' and the location of crowds in early nineteenth-century English towns Mark Harrison 11. Symbol of the Second Empire: cultural politics and the Paris Opera House Penelope Woolf 12. The sphinx in the north: egyptian influences on landscape, architecture and interior design in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Scotland Eric Grant 13. The geometry of landscape: practical and speculative arts in sixteenth-century Venetian land territories Denis Cosgrove 14. Maps, knowledge, and power J. B. Harley Index.

Destitution and migration: labour mobility and relief from famine in Highland Scotland 1836–1850

Migration from the rural Highlands and Islands to the urban Lowlands was a vital element in the demographic and economic experiences of eighteenth- and nineteenthcentury Scotland. Both permanent and temporary migration reflected the capitalist transformation of Highland society. Both types increased following failure of the Highland potato crop between 1836 and 1850. This paper examines the patterns of directed labour mobility that characterised one means of relief from destitution following the Highland potato famines.

School Attendance in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: A Reply

School Attendance in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: A Reply

School Attendance in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: A Reply

School Attendance in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: A Reply