Nile River Water Quality Research Articles

Effect of the permanent presence of major agricultural drains on the Nile River water quality

This work was designed to study the effect of major drains, such as El Rahawy, on the Nile's water quality over time. The data in this study includes six years of physical and chemical variables data, starting from 2015 to 2020, covering three different water streams. The present results showed that the Rosetta branch and Khandaq sharky canal were directly affected by the agricultural drainage of the Rahway drain, with the change over time for the worse. Rayah El Nasery canal enjoyed complete independence from the negative impact of the drain while maintaining the quality at an appropriate level over time. The study predicts a decline in the water quality of the Rosetta branch in the future and recommends exerting more efforts to treat all pollutants that are discharged on the Nile and raise the efficiency of the Rahawy drain.

Appraisal of Surface Water Quality of Nile River Using Water Quality Indices, Spectral Signature and Multivariate Modeling

Surface water quality management is an important facet of the effort to meet increasing demand for water. For that purpose, water quality must be monitored and assessed via the use of innovative techniques, such as water quality indices (WQIs), spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), and multivariate modeling. Throughout the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile River, water samples were collected, and WQIs were assessed at 51 different distinct locations. The drinking water quality index (DWQI), metal index (MI), pollution index (PI), turbidity (Turb.) and total suspended solids (TSS) were assessed to estimate water quality status. Twenty-three physicochemical parameters were examined using standard analytical procedures. The average values of ions and metals exhibited the following sequences: Ca2+ > Na2+ > Mg2+ > K+, HCO32− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > CO3− and Al > Fe > Mn > Ba > Ni > Zn > Mo > Cr > Cr, respectively. Furthermore, under the stress of evaporation and the reverse ion exchange process, the main hydrochemical facies were Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4. The DWQI values of the two Nile branches revealed that 53% of samples varied from excellent to good water, 43% of samples varied from poor to very poor water, and 4% of samples were unsuitable for drinking. In addition, the results showed that the new SRIs extracted from VIS and NIR region exhibited strong relationships with DWQI and MI and moderate to strong relationships with Turb. and TSS for each branch of the Nile River and their combination. The values of the R2 relationships between the new SRIs and WQIs varied from 0.65 to 0.82, 0.64 to 0.83, 0.41 to 0.60 and 0.35 to 0.79 for DWQI, MI, Turb. and TSS, respectively. The PLSR model produced a more accurate assessment of DWQI and MI based on values of R2 and slope than other indices. Furthermore, the partial least squares regression model (PLSR) generated accurate predictions for DWQI and MI of the Rosetta branch in the Val. datasets with an R2 of 0.82 and 0.79, respectively, and for DWQI and MI of the Damietta branch with an R2 of 0.93 and 0.78, respectively. Therefore, the combination of WQIs, SRIs, PLSR and GIS approaches are effective and give us a clear picture for assessing the suitability of surface water for drinking and its controlling factors.

Application of Surface Water Quality Classification Models Using Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis

Water quality monitoring has one of the highest priorities in surface water protection policy. Many variety approaches are being used to interpret and analyze the concealed variables that determine the variance of observed water quality of various source points. A considerable proportion of these approaches are mainly based on statistical methods, multivariate statistical techniques in particular. In the present study, the use of multivariate techniques is required to reduce the large variables number of Nile River water quality upstream Cairo Drinking Water Plants (CDWPs) and determination of relationships among them for easy and robust evaluation. By means of multivariate statistics of principal components analysis (PCA), Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and K-means algorithm for clustering analysis, this study attempted to determine the major dominant factors responsible for the variations of Nile River water quality upstream Cairo Drinking Water Plants (CDWPs). Furthermore, cluster analysis classified 21 sampling stations into three clusters based on similarities of water quality features. The result of PCA shows that 6 principal components contain the key variables and account for 75.82% of total variance of the study area surface water quality and the dominant water quality parameters were: Conductivity, Iron, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Coliform (TC), Ammonia (NH3), and pH. However, the results from both of FCM clustering and K-means algorithm, based on the dominant parameters concentrations, determined 3 cluster groups and produced cluster centers (prototypes). Based on clustering classification, a noted water quality deteriorating as the cluster number increased from 1 to 3. However the cluster grouping can be used to identify the physical, chemical and biological processes creating the variations in the water quality parameters. This study revealed that multivariate analysis techniques, as the extracted water quality dominant parameters and clustered information can be used in reducing the number of sampling parameters on the Nile River in a cost effective and efficient way instead of using a large set of parameters without missing much information. These techniques can be helpful for decision makers to obtain a global view on the water quality in any surface water or other water bodies when analyzing large data sets especially without a priori knowledge about relationships between them.

Characterization of chemical and microbiological quality of Nile River surface water at Cairo (Egypt)

Weighted arithmetic method of water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the water quality of Nile River at Cairo (Egypt) according to drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life water utilization. The aim of the present study was to characterize the physicochemical and bacteriological water quality of about 70 km long of Nile River at Cairo city area. The objective of the index is to transform complex water quality data into understandable and usable information by the public. The general annual average of WQI values of Nile River at Cairo was poor water for drinking (50.71), good for aquatic life (28.87), and it was excellent for irrigation utilizations (7.27). Microbiological results revealed an increases in total bacterial and pollution indicator counts from the collected water samples.

Effects of Bahir Dar Textile Factory Effluents on the Water Quality of the Head Waters of Blue Nile River, Ethiopia.

The study was conducted in 2013/14 with the objective of determining the effects of Bahir Dar textile factory effluents on the head of Blue Nile River water quality. Dissolve oxygen was higher at the upstream site of the river, whereas BOD5, TDS, and total alkalinity values were higher at wastewater outlet of the factory site. The mean values of dissolved oxygen, BOD5, and total alkalinity were above maximum permissible limits set by WHO for drinking water at head of Blue Nile River. The mean value of BOD5 was above permissible limit of IFC for textile effluents to be discharged to surface water. A total of 836 aquatic macroinvertebrate individuals belonging to 21 families were collected. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, the Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index, family richness, and percent dipterans were calculated. Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index and percent dipterans metrics differed significantly among sampling sites (P < 0.05). Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index was higher at the most downstream site but percent dipterans were higher at site of discharge of effluent to the head of Blue Nile River. Therefore, there is indication that effluent demands frequent control and proper treatment before being discharged to the environment.

Development of a GIS-based decision support tool and assessment of Nile River water quality

The objective of this paper is to develop and present a GIS-based and software tool capable of data management, data visualisation, and data analysis. The developed software is proved to be a good tool in the initial assessment of the quality status of the Nile river water quality. In addition a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was fully designed and implemented to make the GIS tool very easy and handy for the decision maker. Spatial analysis and visualisation of water quality data can be easily presented through the interface. It is concluded that water quality along the main stem is much better than the quality along the two main branches, where more violations are observed.

Separation and preconcentration in a batch mode of Cd(II), Cr(III, VI), Cu(II), Mn(II, VII) and Pb(II) by solid-phase extraction by using of silica modified with N-propylsalicylaldimine

The complexes formed between IE11 and Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II) were identified and confirmed by IR, UV and pH-metric titration. The uptake behavior of porous silica modified with N-propylsalicylaldimine (IE11) and these metal ions were studied. Log k d was found to be within the range 2.19–5.16 depending on pH and time of stirring. IE11 was used in the separation and preconcentration of Cd(II), Cr(III, VI), Cu(II), Mn(II, VII) and Pb(II) from some natural water samples. Data were compared with those obtained by the solvent extraction method APDC/MIBK. The proposed methodology allows to verify an improvement in the water quality of Nile River probably attributed to high to moderate floods in the last few years. The method was found to be accurate and not subject to random error, i.e. precise.

Microbiological and chemical study of the nile river water quality

This study aims to Integrate the biological and chemical characteristics of Nile river to evaluate the trophic and autotrophic state of the river. The use of biological indices especially phytoplankton as an indicator of pollution, and the relation between some chemical variables revealed that the Nile river has poor quality water and light pollution conditions. Regarding the bacteriological examination, the results showed seasonal fluctuation of the faecal indicator bacteria, new indicators of pollution and pathogenic bacteria with highly significant correlation between the faecal bacterial indicators. The use of total yeasts as indicators of pollution revealed significant negative correlation with classical bacterial indicators. The statistical analysis between some bacterial and chemical variables (algal groups and chlorophyll “a") indicated significant relation between each other. The variation of zooplankton counts in the four seasons was positively correlated with the chlorophyll “a” concentration, both zooplankton and chlorophyll “a” content peak in the winter. The virological examination showed only one sample which induced CPE in BGM cells, and the virus count was 12 plaque forming unit per liter (PFU/L).

Seasonal variation of water quality of nile river at helwan area

Abstract The importance of Nile River as a main source for fresh water in Egypt necessitates the always monitoring of the quality of its water. Chemical, physical and biological characteristics River Nile water were analyzed for a period of two years 1991 (Summer and Autumn) and 1992 (Winter and Spring). The data show that spatial and seosonal changes have been identified in water quality parameters along the working area. The results referred to the pollution of certain positions neer the wastewater resources, which required purification system for treatment before drainage in the River. The results of four seasons and relations between Nile River water quality parameters were verified. This work is a part of an Egyptian ‐ Canadian analytical monitoring programme which involves assessment of the impact of discharged effeluent into the Nile River on the quality of the water.

Effect of Kima drain wastewaters on Nile river waters

The influence of industrial and domestic wastewaters discharged from the Kima drain (Aswan, Egypt) on the quality of the Nile river waters is described by measuring the concentrations of inorganic nonmetals (free CO2, CO32−, HCO3−, OH−, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, NO2−, NO3−, SiO2, COD, DO, and pH value), metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn), and the physical parameters (cond., T°C, SS, and DS). Kima drain wastewaters exhibit high concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly close to where the waste of the Kima factory enters, but decrease substantially near the end of the Kima drain. The reason is the dilution factor, aeration, sedimentation, oxidation reductions, and the biochemical effects. A slight increase of the dissolved solids (DS) in the Nile river water at the Kima drain does not effect the Nile river water quality, as the regeneration of the Nile water continuously (the Nile River receives 200 Mm3/d of fresh water from the High Dam Lake) prevents the accretion of the concentrations of metals and anions. Statistical analysis of the database exhibits positive, good, and interesting correlation coefficient values.

Effect of Nile River water quality on algal distribution at Cairo, Egypt

Changes of phytoplankton density and their relation to physicochemical characteristics along the Nile River have been noted in the Cairo district between 1976 and 1982. Three major phytoplankton groups were found to dominate the river Nile: green algae, blue-green algae, and diatoms. Diatoms represent the most dominant group and comprised from 42% to 96% of the phytoplankton community during the investigated period. Blue-green algae comprised from 0.7% to 48% of total cell number. Green algae represent the low percentage group, which ranges from 0.2% to 41% of Nile water algae. High species diversity ( H′) was detected in green algae (1.22) followed by diatoms (0.84); the lowest diversity was in blue-green algae (0.45). The density of total phytoplankton count fluctuated between 10 6 and 10 7 organism/L. The concentration of chlorophyll- a ranged from 5 to 37 mg/m 3. Primary production rates in the Nile River ranged from 8.5 to 52 mg O 2/m 3h. Statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations between chlorophyll- a content, and concentrations of phosphoruss and nitrate. Phytoplankton diversity, primary production, ammonia, and nitrite content revealed that there is no indication of pollution in the Nile.