Night Training Research Articles

Differences in the effect of high and low maximum oxygen consumption capacity on the increase in lactic acid after exercise at night

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of high and low maximal oxygen consumption on the increase in lactic acid after night training. Materials and Methods: This type of research is comparative. This study uses the Bleep Test tool. The minimum total sample to be selected is 20 people in 2 groups. Data analysis in this study used a test for normality of data using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Test the homogeneity of the data using the chi-square test. Hypothesis testing using ANOVA with a significant level of 5%. Results: According to the results of the study, which showed that high and low levels of maximal oxygen consumption can affect the change or decrease of lactic acid levels, this can be confirmed by a significant value = 0.041 <0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that there is a significant difference in the effect of high and low levels of maximal oxygen consumption on the reduction of lactic acid levels. Further analysis revealed that the exposure of the high maximal oxygen consumption group caused a greater decrease in lactic acid compared to the low maximal oxygen consumption group, with the high maximal oxygen consumption group having a mean of 6.370, while the low maximal oxygen consumption group low peak oxygen consumption averaged 5.460. Conclusions: There are differences in the effects of high and low levels of maximal oxygen consumption on lactic acid levels after nighttime exercise. The high-capacity effect of maximal oxygen uptake has a greater reduction in lactic acid levels compared to the low maximal oxygen uptake treatment.

The Influence of Coaches and Support Staff on the Sleep Habits of Esports Athletes Competing at Professional and Semiprofessional Level

The present study investigated the influence and perspective of esports coaches and support staff on the sleep habits of esports athletes competing at professional and semiprofessional levels. Eighty-four esports coaches and support staff from 19 countries completed an online questionnaire. The first section obtained demographic information. The second section evaluated sleep hygiene knowledge using the Sleep Beliefs Scale. The third section assessed sleep monitoring and sleep hygiene practices used by coaches and support staff with esports athletes, barriers to the use of these practices, and conditions that impact the sleep of esports athletes. Overall, sleep hygiene knowledge was inadequate (<75%, based on the study of Miles et al.). Sleep monitoring frequency was low (48.8%), while sleep hygiene practices were implemented more often (66.7%). The most common barrier to sleep monitoring and sleep hygiene practices was players not liking it (50% and 46.3%, respectively). Night competitions (64.6%), congested competition times (51.2%), and night training schedules (47.6%) all rated highly as having an impact on esports athletes’ sleep. Sleep education and training for coaches and support staff in the optimal use of sleep monitoring and sleep hygiene practices may increase the frequency and quality of sleep health support provided to esports athletes.

Like day and night: Comparing squad level communications and shooting performance under differing battle drill conditions

An indicator of squad lethality is the ability to execute battle drills proficiently in a range of real-world situations and environments. While it is a common understanding that military night operations are vastly different from day operations, there is limited research comparing how squad communications and shooting performance differ from day to night in the field. Communication and shooting data were collected from 18 squads that executed a battle drill in the day, and again at night. In the night drills, there were illumination aids of muzzle flashes, chemlights, and Soldier worn night vision devices. The present field study focused on the support-by-fire team, whose central role was to generate suppressive fire which requires substantial teamwork. Findings revealed day-night differences in Soldier communications, firing activity, and the roles of various weapons in generating suppressive fire. Implications for day and night training are also discussed.

Prediction of diseases detected during the student period in Georgian students

Objective: Deterioration of health in the process of studying at university can be caused by many factors: The aim of our research is to examine the self-assessment of student health in Georgian students. Materials and methods: 766 students from Georgian universities were interviewed, a one-point, cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire compiled by us, the validity of which was determined in previous studies - using Krombach alpha. The following groups of factors were studied: academic achievement, extra work, sports activity, diet type and regimen, sleep hygiene, skills, doctor referral. Universities and students were selected through randomization. The relative chance of morbidity was determined through regression analysis. Results: Among the diseases detected during the student period with the highest frequency are: pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract - 99 (12.92%); Cardiovascular diseases - 39 (5.09%); Nervous system disorders - 106 (13.84%); Hypovitaminosis - 32 (4.18%); Diseases of the nervous system; Visual impairment - 22 (2.87%).Drug use increases the relative chance of neurological diseases during the student period - OR = 10.22 (95% CI: 2.74-38.10); Remuneration work - OR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.05-2.55); Insomnia - OR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.23-2.99); Doctor referral - no OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.08-3.64); Decreases - family, living with parents - OR = 0.15 (95% CI: 0.03-0.79); Hypodynamics - OR = 4.58 (95% CI: 1.99-10.54); Alcohol - OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 2.23-9.68); Living Alone - OR = 3.05 (95% CI: 1.48-6.29); Excess food intake - OR = 4.03 (95% CI: 1.68-9.70). Increases the chance of relative vision impairment: night training - OR = 10.79 (95% CI: 2.54-45.77); Hypodynamics - OR = 8.36 (95% CI: 2.15-32.44); Marijuana Consumption - OR = 11.62 (95% CI: 2.34-57.59); Single mother - OR = 68.18 (95% CI: 14.81-313.74); Intermittent sleep - OR = 5.22 (95% CI: 1.49-18.35): Daytime exercise - OR = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.05-0.73); Drowsiness - OR = 0.07 (95% CI: 0.02-0.31); Living Alone - OR = 3.49 (95% CI: 1.13-10.78). Increases the relative chance of developing hypotaminosis: Unpaid work - OR = 2.88 (95% CI: 1.22-6.76); Intermittent sleep - OR = 3.24 (95% CI: 1.58-6.67); Fast food - OR = 2.05 (95% CI: 0.99-4.21) Conclusion: The development of diseases during studenthood is determined by bad habits, poor sleep, diet and exercise regimes. Socio-economic status of the family.

Nap Opportunity As a Strategy to Improve Short-Term Repetitive Maximal Performance During the 5-m Shuttle Run Test: A Brief Review

Sleep is fundamental for recovery and good mental, cognitive and physical performance. Many factors could affect the sleep of the physical active people or athletes such as: late night training sessions or competition, Ramadan fasting and jetlag. These conditions that affect the sleep quality have significant negative effects on mental, cognitive and physical performance. Thus, scientists have to find strategies to overcome the perturbation of sleep and to optimize mental, cognitive and physical performance especially for physical active people and athletes. One of the proposed strategies is the nap opportunity. Otherwise, in their routinely training sessions, athletes are required to perform short-term repetitive maximal sprints. One of the utilized exercise for testing or training is the 5-m shuttle run test (5mSRT). Recent studies concluded that a nap opportunity has a positive effect on performance during the 5mSRT. These studies reported that this positive effect depends on the duration and the time of day of the nap opportunity. Indeed, the positive effect of the nap opportunity was better after a duration of 45-minutes compared to a 25-minutes. Also, this positive effect was reported when the nap opportunity was performed at 14h00 or 15h00. However, no-positive effect was reported when the nap opportunity was realized at 13h00.

Does Night Training Load Affect Sleep Patterns and Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity in High-Level Female Soccer Players?

Purpose: To analyze whether exercise training conducted at night disturbs sleep and affects nocturnal cardiac autonomic control in high-level female athletes. Methods: A total of 18 high-level female soccer players (mean [SD] age 20.4 [2.1]y) wore actigraphs and heart-rate (HR) monitors during night sleep throughout night training days (n = 8) and resting days (n = 8), for 3 consecutive weeks. This was a longitudinal study that measured internal training load, sleep, nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity, and well-being ratings prior to training sessions. Results: Training load varied across training days (eg,training impulse range, mean [SD]; effect size, ES [95% confidence interval]: 72.9 [18.8] to 138.4 [29.6]a.u.; F4,62 = 32.331; [.001-.16], large effect; P < .001). However, no differences in subjective well-being ratings were observed, although ES was large. Total sleep time (training days vs resting days: 07:17 [00:47]h vs 07:51 [00:42]h; ES = 0.742 [0.59-0.92], P = .005; moderate effect) and sleep-onset time (00:58 [00:19]h vs 00:44 [00:16]h; ES = 0.802 [0.68-0.94], P = .001; moderate effect) were negatively affected after night training. In addition, small effects were detected for wake-up time, time in bed, and sleep latency (P > .05). No differences were detected in HR variability during sleep (range of lnRMSSD: 4.3 [0.4] to 4.5 [0.4] ln[ms] vs 4.6 [0.3] to 4.5 [0.4] ln[ms]; F3,52 = 2.148; P > .05; [.01-.25], medium effect), but HR during sleep was significantly higher after training days (range of HR: 56 [4] to 63 [7] beats/min vs 54 [4] to 57 [6]beats/min; F2,32 = 15.956; P < .001; [.20-.63], large effect). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that exercise training conducted at night may disturb sleep and affect HR, whereas limited effects can be expected in HR variability assessed during sleep in high-level female soccer players.

Engaging the Community through Science Nights: An Elementary School Case Study.

Parental involvement increases K-12 student interest in STEM careers; however, when parents lack confidence in STEM content, or language and cultural barriers exist, parental engagement decreases. The Teacher Enrichment Initiatives (TEI) collects annual teacher feedback regarding the level of parental involvement with students during science nights, which laid the foundation for teachers to develop a science night training. Using qualitative methods, this single-case study follows elementary teachers who participated in the TEI science night training as they implement a Science Night program at a majority-minority elementary school. Data were gathered by TEI staff during the inaugural and third year of the Science Night program showing an increase in attendance from 700 (2016) to 800 (2018) and an increase in parental engagement with their student in STEM-related activities from 46% (2016) to 62% (2018). The data and follow-up summary were used by the case study school teachers to write and secure grants to support an annual Science Night program. This case study suggests Science Nights can be a mechanism to promote parental engagement with their student in hands-on STEM activities. Further, this case study suggests teacher feedback and inclusion in developing a science night model is central to successful implementation of a science night program.

Nap Opportunity As a Strategy to Improve Short-Term Repetitive Maximal Performance During the 5-m Shuttle Run Test: A Brief Review

Sleep is fundamental for recovery and good mental, cognitive and physical performance. Many factors could affect the sleep of the physical active people or athletes such as: late night training sessions or competition, Ramadan fasting and jetlag. These conditions that affect the sleep quality have significant negative effects on mental, cognitive and physical performance. Thus, scientists have to find strategies to overcome the perturbation of sleep and to optimize mental, cognitive and physical performance especially for physical active people and athletes. One of the proposed strategies is the nap opportunity. Otherwise, in their routinely training sessions, athletes are required to perform short-term repetitive maximal sprints. One of the utilized exercise for testing or training is the 5-m shuttle run test (5mSRT). Recent studies concluded that a nap opportunity has a positive effect on performance during the 5mSRT. These studies reported that this positive effect depends on the duration and the time of day of the nap opportunity. Indeed, the positive effect of the nap opportunity was better after a duration of 45-minutes compared to a 25-minutes. Also, this positive effect was reported when the nap opportunity was performed at 14h00 or 15h00. However, no-positive effect was reported when the nap opportunity was realized at 13h00.

A Narrative Review: Risk Factors of Low Back Pain in Military Personnel/Recruits

Military personnel are one of the occupations at high risk of developing low back pain (LBP) due to its job demands. Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of morbidity and lost from work among military personnel. This narrative review was conducted to determine the risk factors of LBP in military personnel/recruits. Searches focusing on causal comparative and epidemiology studies using OVIDMedline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Scopus databases from year January 1950 to April 2018. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used to select and synthesis of studies. The strongest personal risk factors identified were history of LBP (OR = 8.91, CI = 1.71 -46.5), female gender (OR: 6.59, CI 1.79 – 24.24), aerobic exercise involvement (OR = 4.39, CI 1.53- 12.57) and older age (OR 4.16). The strongest occupational risk factors identified were prolonged hours of flight per day (OR=11.3, CI 5.2 -24.8), driving in forward bending posture (OR = 3.63, CI 1.06 – 12.42), branch of services (Army; OR 2.74, CI 2.60-2.89 &amp; Air Force; 1.98, CI 1.84 -2.14), Night training (OR = 1.8-2.0, CI 1.1 – 3.1) and whole-body vibration exposure (OR 1.94, CI 1.02 -3.69). The strongest psychosocial risk factors identified were worries (OR = 5.47, CI 1.70- 17.62), no support from others (OR = 4.0, CI 1.31 -12.34) high work stress (OR = 3.47, CI 1.31 – 12.34), depression (OR = 1.75, CI 1.08 -2.83), and psychological stress (OR 1.71). This review summarizes the personal, occupational and psychosocial risk factors associated with LBP among military personnel/ recruits. LBP risk factors differs based on the military branch of services and job scope. Primary LBP risk factor for Air Force pilots, helicopter pilots and military vehicle drivers LBP is sitting ergonomics. Primary LBP risk factor for army (i.e. combat infantry) identified are occupational physical exposure (military training, heavy lifting and carrying, patrol durations.) Further studies are required to verify if there is any interaction between personal, occupational, and psychosocial LBP risk factor categories among military personnel/recruits.

Effect of Brief Mindfulness Induction on University Athletes' Sleep Quality Following Night Training.

Given the need to alleviate sleep problems confronting athletes, the present experiment, conducted as much as possible in a naturalistic fashion that mimics daily life, seeks to examine whether a brief mindfulness induction immediately prior to sleep following night training can improve athletes’ sleep. A sample of university athletes (n = 80) was recruited and 63 of them were eligible to participate in this experiment. They were then randomly assigned into experimental group (n = 32) and control group (n = 31). Following night training and just prior to sleep, those in the experimental group received a self-administered brief 6-min mindfulness induction via a video clip, whereas the control group participants viewed a similar 6-min video devoid of mindfulness induction passively. Questionnaire-based measures of training intensity, pre-sleep arousal, state mindfulness, and sleep diary (i.e., level of rest, sleep duration, and overall sleep quality) were administered. Results showed that brief mindfulness induction reduced pre-sleep arousal, and improved level of rest and overall sleep quality, but not sleep duration. Pre-sleep arousal was also found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between the brief mindfulness induction and reported level of rest during sleep. These findings suggest that the brief mindfulness induction may be an effective approach for decreasing pre-sleep arousal and improving sleep quality after night training among athletes.

Selected Coordination Motor Abilities of Students of the University of Physical Education During Survival Training

Abstract Introduction. Taking up emergency actions when fighting various types of natural disasters requires appropriate psychophysical preparation. Thanks to the development of technique, coordination motor abilities have gained greater importance than physical strength and endurance in such activities. The purpose of the present work was to assess the impact of 36 hours of survival activities and sleep deprivation on selected coordination motor abilities in students of the University of Physical Education. Material and methods. The study involved 12 male students of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw, specialising in “Physical Education in Uniformed Services”. The age of the participants was 21.0 ± 0.74 years, their body height was 179.5 ± 5.6 cm, and their body mass was 74.6 ± 8.0 kg. The assessment was performed based on the following coordination motor ability tests: a test measuring the differentiation of the use of forearm muscle strength, a running motor adjustment test, and a measurement of divided attention. A test involving shooting from a pneumatic gun and a measurement of the maximal force of the forearm were also carried out. Tests and trials were conducted before training (P1), after 24 hours of training (P2), after completing the training - that is after 36 hours of training (P3), and after 12 hours of rest (P4). During the training, the participants completed 12 km on foot, paddled for approximately 6 hours, rowed kayaks for about 4 hours, and performed survival tasks. Results. The analysis of the results of the study of maximal force and the ability to differentiate forearm muscle strength showed that the forearm muscle strength remained at the same level during the entire training. The ability to differentiate forearm muscle strength deteriorated after night training. There were no statistically significant differences in the results of the running motor adjustment tests and in shooting performance between individual measurements. Conclusions. Participation in long-term survival training with very low intensity, combined with sleep deprivation, caused a temporary deterioration in the ability to differentiate forearm muscle strength. This may indicate that people involved in rescue operations during which the psychophysical load is small will be able to perform tasks correctly for a long time.

Prevalence of low back pain among soldiers at an army base

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a major medical and social problem among working populations and is associated with high medical expense, loss of productivity, and disability. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of LBP among soldiers and evaluate the possible causative factors in military training. The results may provide an insight into changes needed in military training that will reduce the occurrence of LBP among soldiers. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a group of young soldiers in China to estimate the prevalence of LBP and evaluate possible causative factors in military training. Results The survey was distributed to 1659 soldiers, of whom 1624 responded. LBP was reported by 425 of the 1624 (26.2%) soldiers. The prevalence of LBP was higher in the armored force (51.3%) than in the artillery (27.5%) or infantry (11.9%). A multivariate logical regression analysis identified night training, 5 km cross-country race, and grenade-throwing training as military training risk factors for LBP. Conclusions The relatively high incidence of LBP among soldiers was related to night training, 5 km racing, and grenade throwing. Modifications in these training methods should enhance the health of recruits and lower the incidence of LBP.

Simple effect analysis on the influence of relaxation training time on relaxation effect of hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease

Objective To explore the influence of different relaxation training time on relaxation effect of patients with coronary heart disease. Methods 108 patients with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into the morning group, the night group and the morning-night group, each group adopted morning, night and morning-night relaxation training. The relaxation effect was compared between these groups. Results Significant difference existed in sleep quality, anxiety condition and hypnotic dose of the patients in these groups. The time factor played a significant role in the effect of relaxation. The morning group was different in sleep quality improvement and anxiety condition alleviation from the night group and the morning-night group. Conclusions Relaxation training at night or morning-night could effec-tively help improve the sleep quality of patients, decreasing the level of anxiety and tendency of hypnotic in pa-tients with coronary heart disease. Key words: Relaxation training; Anxiety; Sleep quality; Effect of relaxation training

Effects of winter survival training on selected motor indices

Effects of winter survival training on selected motor indices Study aim: To assess the effects of prolonged winter survival activities of moderate workouts on selected motor skills in male participants of survival instructor training course. Material and methods: A group of 11 physical education students, participants of a survival course camp for instructors, aged 21 - 25 years, participated in the study. They were examined 3 times: before starting the course (Day 1), on the following morning - after a 12-h night training when the participants were deprived of sleep (Day 2) and 24 h later, after a 6-h sleep and survival activities lasting all day (Day 3). At the end of the course all the participants were assessed by a single 10-point scale. In the mornings of all 3 days the participants were subjected to the following tests: 15-m straight run, shuttle run 3×5 m, 15-slalom run, 15-m squat, computer-aided co-ordination test, maximum handgrip, 50%-handgrip and corrected 50% handgrip. Results: Running velocity on Day 3 was significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased in relation to the previous days but a running performance index computed from the standardised values of all running tests did not decrease and on Day 2 was even significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than on Day 1. No significant between-day differences were found for the visual co-ordination test and for handgrip strength indices despite exhausting workloads applied. Conclusions: Although the applied tests did no fully reflect the real performance of subjects under the winter survival conditions, it seems that engaging soldiers in consecutive military actions without an adequate recovery should be avoided whenever possible in order to improve the execution of strenuous tasks.

Healthy shiftwork, healthy shiftworks.

Reflecting diversifying shift systems, extensive effort is put into managing shiftwork and reducing safety and health risks. It is accepted that shiftworkers are exposed to particular risks inherent in their irregular work schedules. This raises the question of how and to what extent we can ensure healthy work life for shiftworkers. In answering the question, we need to identify effective measures to improve both shiftworking conditions and the health of shiftworkers. Based on recent experiences in managing shiftwork, we note three directions of such measures: (a) comprehensive action to avoid risk-enhancing conditions based on general guidelines, (b) risk control as to workload, worksite ergonomics and risk reduction, and (c) support for flexible and restful working life. International standards are obviously relevant to these three aspects. Our own experiences in applying a set of ergonomic checkpoints to plant maintenance shiftwork demonstrate the usefulness of focusing on flexible work schedules and on multiple job-related factors such as night workload, ergonomic environment, resting conditions and training. There is a strong need for participatory planning and implementation of multi-area improvements as well as for relying on flexible schedules and autonomic teamwork. We may conclude that healthy shiftwork and healthy shiftworkers are compatible with each other only when certain conditions are met. In achieving this end, we need to combine (a) comprehensive measures to improve work schedules and job life, (b) strict risk management and (c) locally adjusted participatory steps for continual improvement.

NIGHT TRAINING THROUGH PARENTS' IMPLICIT USE OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

BENJAMIN, LORNA S.; SERDAHELY, WILLIAM; and GEPPERT, THOMAS V. Night Training through Parents' Implicit Use of Operant Conditioning. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 963-966. 90 parents rated their youngest night-trained child on a questionnaire describing parent-child interactions concerning learning to be dry at night. Results supported the hypothesis that the operant conditioning model was implicitly used in night training, and suggested the most effective reinforcers were hugging and kissing. Negative interpersonal reinforcers-such as shaming, rejecting, spanking, and name calling-signficantly retarded learning.

Night Training Through Parents' Implicit Use of Operant Conditioning

Night Training Through Parents' Implicit Use of Operant Conditioning

A CHILD-ORIENTED APPROACH TO TOILET TRAINING

Results of toilet training obtained from the records of 1,170 children in pediatric practice over a 10-year period are summarized. The suggested method stressed the child's interest and compliance in developing autonomous control. This was instituted at about 2 years of age and depended on his physiologic and psychologic readiness. Initial success was achieved simultaneously in both bowel and urinary control in 79.5% of the cases, 12.3% in bowel control alone, and 8.2% in urinary control. This first accomplishment was reached at an average age of 27.7 months. Daytime training was completed between 2 and 2½ years of age in 80.7% of this group. The average age for day training was 28.5 months; males and females showed no significant difference; first children were 1.2 months slower than their siblings. Night training was accomplished by 3 years in 80.3% of cases. The average age for completion of all training was 33.3 months. Males took 2.46 months longer for complete training. First children were delayed 1.7 months in complete training in relation to their siblings. Of the children who had chronic difficulties in this area, 76 (6.5%) were untrained at 4 years, and 16 (1.4%) were failures by the age of 5 years. The value of such a child-oriented program in preventing residual symptoms is stressed.

University of Sheffield

THE thirty-sixth annual report of the Senate to the Court of Governors of the University of Sheffield for the year ending July 31, 1941, shows that the University had an active year in which academic and national interests had to be nicely balanced. During the year, the Departments of Zoology, Botany and Geography moved into the extensions at Western Banks in preparation for the 1941-42 session, thus releasing much-needed accommodation for the medical sciences and mathematics, and for the library. Fortunately, although no University building escaped damage during heavy air raids, there was little interference with work. The number of full-time students, which was 767 in 1938-39, fell to 667, but it is stated that the figures for the current session show no further decline ; only about a quarter of the students submitted themselves for voluntary medical examination at the beginning of the session. The Department of Engineering was engaged for some time with day and night training of semiskilled mechanics for armament factories, thus anticipating the Ministry of Labour scheme, and has since turned to the production of munition components. Many members of the staffs of the Departments of the Faculties of Pure Science, Medicine, Engineering and Metallurgy, have carried on research work in connexion with the war effort in addition to their normal duties. The Regional Committee for Education in H.M. Forces, centred in and worked from the University, arranged 702 lectures and talks.